This article examines the possibilities and practical directions for the wide and effective use of cloud technologies in statistical activities under the conditions of the emerging digital economy. Particular attention is paid to the role of cloud computing in improving data collection, processing, storage, and dissemination processes, as well as enhancing the efficiency, flexibility, and reliability of statistical systems. The study highlights how cloud-based solutions contribute to real-time data access, integration of large and heterogeneous datasets, and the automation of analytical procedures. In addition, the paper emphasizes the importance of ensuring data security, scalability, and cost efficiency when implementing cloud technologies. The findings demonstrate that the adoption of cloud-based infrastructure can significantly strengthen institutional capacity, support evidence-based decision-making, and improve the overall quality and timeliness of official statistical information in a digitalized economy.

This article analyzes the role of sport not only as a means of physical health improvement but also as a powerful tool for social integration within "mahalla" (local community) settings. The study highlights the socio-psychological significance of broadly involving various population strata, specifically the elderly, youth, and persons with disabilities, in mass sports. The author examines existing barriers in this field and proposes innovative approaches regarding the adaptation of sports infrastructure based on inclusive requirements, the use of digital technologies, and the implementation of motivational systems at the community level. Consequently, new mechanisms are developed for the mahalla institution to strengthen public health and enhance social cohesion in society.

The tourism sector is one of the most dynamic and strategically significant industries worldwide, serving as a catalyst for economic growth, cultural exchange, and sustainable development. In recent years, the rapid advancement of technology, globalization, and shifting consumer preferences have fundamentally transformed traditional tourism models. This article examines the modernization processes and innovative development trends shaping contemporary tourism, highlighting the integration of digital technologies, smart tourism solutions, and sustainability-oriented strategies. By analyzing global best practices and emerging innovations, the study provides insights into how tourism stakeholders—ranging from policymakers to private enterprises—can leverage modernization to enhance competitiveness, improve service quality, and foster resilience in an increasingly complex and interconnected market. Furthermore, the article explores the theoretical and practical implications of innovation-driven tourism development, emphasizing the importance of adaptive management, collaborative networks, and evidence-based policy frameworks in achieving sustainable growth.

This article analyzes the role of sport not only as a means of physical health improvement but also as a powerful tool for social integration within "mahalla" (local community) settings. The study highlights the socio-psychological significance of broadly involving various population strata, specifically the elderly, youth, and persons with disabilities, in mass sports. The author examines existing barriers in this field and proposes innovative approaches regarding the adaptation of sports infrastructure based on inclusive requirements, the use of digital technologies, and the implementation of motivational systems at the community level. Consequently, new mechanisms are developed for the mahalla institution to strengthen public health and enhance social cohesion in society.

The article explores the pedagogical foundations and instructional principles underlying the use of online language laboratories in foreign language education. The study focuses on methodological approaches and didactic strategies that support effective language learning in digital environments. It examines how online language labs facilitate skill integration, learner autonomy, differentiated instruction, and formative assessment. Special attention is given to the alignment of online language labs with modern teaching methodologies such as communicative language teaching, task-based learning, and constructivist pedagogy. The article argues that the success of online language labs depends not only on technological tools but also on sound methodological and didactic design.

The article examines renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, geothermal and hydropower, which are generated from continuously replenished natural resources. The development and implementation of renewable energy technologies play a crucial role in addressing global challenges related to climate change, depletion of fossil fuels and energy security. Renewable energy sources not only reduce greenhouse gas emissions but also decrease dependence on volatile global energy markets and contribute to sustainable economic growth.

 In the context of global educational development, the mastery of speaking skills has become a pivotal aspect of students’ overall language competence. The dynamic nature of communication in today’s interconnected world necessitates a shift from traditional methods to modern approaches that accommodate the evolving needs of learners. Speaking, as an active and productive skill, holds a central place in language acquisition, as it directly correlates with students' confidence, academic achievements, and future career prospects. This article provides information about Modern Approaches to Developing Speaking Skills in Students.

The development of speaking skills in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) remains a central challenge in language education. TaskBased Language Teaching (TBLT) offers a communicative, learnercentred methodology that emphasizes reallife language use through authentic tasks. This article investigates the effectiveness of TBLT in developing speaking skills among EFL learners by reviewing empirical evidence and contemporary research. It highlights how taskbased instruction enhances fluency, confidence, interactional competence, and learner motivation compared to traditional, formfocused approaches. The findings suggest that TBLT can significantly improve oral proficiency when tasks are well designed, contextually relevant, and supported by appropriate pedagogy.

The transformation of educational systems through technological advancement has led to the emergence of hybrid learning models that merge traditional classroom instruction with digital platforms. This study examines the implementation and effectiveness of hybrid education through analysis of recent empirical research, institutional practices, and pedagogical frameworks. Drawing from meta-analytical studies and institutional data, the research demonstrates that hybrid models yield measurable improvements in learning outcomes while addressing contemporary challenges of accessibility and flexibility. The findings indicate that properly designed hybrid environments can enhance cognitive performance, increase student satisfaction, and develop essential competencies required in modern professional contexts.

Linguоdidаctic terminоlоgy is significаnt pаrt оf theоreticаl аnd prаcticаl аspects оf lаnguаge leаrning аnd teаching prоcess. In terminоlоgy, synоnymy аnd vаriаtiоn аre very twо clоse cоnceptiоns, hоwever they аre distinct linguistic phenоmenа which cаn impаct tо the precisiоn аnd cоnsistency оf terminоlоgy. This thesis exаmines the similаrities аnd differences between synоnymy аnd vаriаtiоn in linguоdidаctic terminоlоgy аnd studies their sоurces аnd functiоns, аnd their effect оn аcаdemic discоurce аnd pedаgоgicаl prаctice. Even if bоth phenоmenа mаke cоntributiоns tо terminоlоgicаl diversity, they mаy аlsо present difficulties fоr stаndаrdizаtiоn аnd clаrity fоr lаnguаge leаrning.

This study examines effective ways to improve the accuracy of determining the market value of real estate properties. The research places particular emphasis on in-depth market analysis, expanding the database of comparable transactions, the correct application of income and cost approaches, and the use of modern information technologies in the valuation process. In addition, the influence of such factors as location characteristics, infrastructure development, legal status, and the physical condition of the property on its market value is analyzed. The results of the study are of practical significance for appraisers, investors, and professionals operating in the real estate market.

This article analyzes the theoretical part of the methods for developing the cognitive abilities of primary school students, and discusses the goals and objectives of the methods developed for primary school students in accordance with their age, along with the improvement of these methods.

The field of language education has undergone significant transformation in recent decades, driven by advances in technology, cognitive research, and pedagogical theory. Traditional teacher-centered approaches, which rely heavily on lectures and rote memorization, are increasingly being replaced by innovative methods that prioritize active learning, collaboration, and learner autonomy. This article explores contemporary innovative teaching methods in modern language classrooms, including task-based learning, project-based learning, flipped classrooms, gamification, and technology integration. It also examines the theoretical foundations of these methods and highlights their practical implementation, benefits, and challenges.

This article discusses the introduction of the concept of artificial intelligence into modern education, the emergence and development of artificial intelligence systems, as well as the application of artificial intelligence in contemporary educational processes with the aim of improving the quality of education.

This article examines the issues of developing administrative and legal mechanisms for ensuring guarantees of equal rights and opportunities for women and men. The study analyzes the role of public administration and legal regulation in implementing gender equality policies and preventing gender-based discrimination. Particular attention is paid to the structure and functioning of administrative mechanisms, including normative regulation, institutional coordination, monitoring, and accountability systems. The article also identifies key challenges in the practical implementation of gender equality norms and proposes directions for improving administrative and legal frameworks to enhance the effectiveness of gender equality protection.

This article explores the role and significance of ethics and values in a digital society. It analyzes how the rapid development of digital technologies affects human behavior, communication, and responsibility in the online environment. The study emphasizes the importance of preserving human values in the digital age, highlighting key ethical issues such as respect, honesty, and the responsible use of information.

This article examines a methodological system for preparing preschool children for rhythmic exercises through music, increasing their interest in rhythmics, and developing their knowledge, skills, and competencies related to musical and rhythmic movements. In addition, the study analyzes the impact of rhythmics on child development, particularly its role in enhancing fine motor skills, and addresses several relevant pedagogical aspects.

This article discusses the phenomenon of lexicalization in the Uzbek language, its formation, and in particular, the lexicalization of units related to nouns, and analyzes examples.

One of the important factors which shows teacher`s professional skill is teacher`s talent of communicating with his students. Especially his oral effecting through word embodied in teacher`s communicating talent, his talent of encountering will be basement on his achieving success on educational – upbringing activity. In the following article different ideas relying on pedagogical experiences are given about oral effecting through word on the base of teacher`s speech talent.

According to the results presented in the paper, lowering the amplitude dynamic error of the improved inductive vibration sensor can be accomplished by raising the device’s natural frequency and by selecting an optimal level of relative damping. However, to minimize the phase dynamic error, the relative damping must be kept as small as possible-ideally approaching zero. During the parameter-optimization stage, intended to simultaneously reduce both amplitude and phase dynamic errors, it became evident that such dual optimization is essentially unachievable. This is due to the fact that the amplitude-frequency response and phase-frequency response are physically coupled, meaning that improving one characteristic inevitably worsens the other.

This article discusses about the impact of technology globalization and media on languages. It explores the benefits of it and it’s effective sides for using any kind of language. The author presents arguments supporting benefits of globalization and its impact on language. Additionally, the article acknowledges potential challenges and offers suggestions for overcoming them. Overall, it advocates for the significance of the effect that made technology and media on language.

Digital modeling enables a comprehensive understanding and optimization of transport infrastructure. This paper explores Building Information Modeling (BIM), digital twins, and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) as tools for planning, monitoring, and maintaining transportation networks.

In the context of the increasing interdependence in international relations, addressing security challenges at the regional and international levels has become an increasingly urgent issue. At present, it is evident that not only military factors, but also economic and environmental determinants play a leading role in enhancing states’ influence in global politics. In an era of rapid scientific and technological advancement, the need to propose new approaches to understanding the nature of security challenges has become a vital necessity. Moreover, in recent years, the role and significance of non-state actors in the fields of security and defense have been steadily increasing.

The rapid development of additive manufacturing technologies has significantly transformed the field of medical engineering, particularly in the creation of prostheses and implants. Three-dimensional (3D) printing enables the production of patient-specific medical devices with high precision, reduced manufacturing time, and lower costs compared to traditional fabrication methods. This technology allows for the customization of prosthetic limbs, dental implants, orthopedic implants, and craniofacial structures based on individual anatomical data obtained from medical imaging techniques such as CT and MRI. The use of biocompatible materials, including polymers, metals, and ceramics, ensures functional compatibility and long-term integration with human tissues. This article examines the principles, materials, and technological processes involved in creating prostheses and implants using 3D printers, as well as their clinical applications, advantages, and existing challenges. The study highlights the potential of 3D printing to improve patient outcomes and advance personalized medicine.

In recent years, the rapid development of information and communication technologies has led to the widespread use of electronic gadgets in children's lives. While smartphones, tablets, computers and televisions allow for education, access to information and meaningful organization of free time, their excessive and uncontrolled use has a negative impact on the physical and mental health of children. This article scientifically and theoretically analyzes the main negative consequences of excessive use of gadgets in children and highlights the connection between physical and psychological problems. The results of the study indicate the need to form a culture of gadget use and protect children's health.

This article presents the results of research on intelligent galvanomagnetic current sensors with adjustable range. Current sensors based on the galvanomagnetic effect, particularly the Hall effect, are widely used in modern electronics, automotive, industrial automation, and energy sectors. Within the scope of this research, programmable current sensors with various measurement ranges were developed and tested. The results show that the ability to adjust the amplifier coefficient and offset voltage through a digital control system enables an increase in sensor accuracy up to 0.5% and ensures effective operation across a wide measurement range (from 1A to 500A). The developed sensors feature galvanic isolation, high speed, and temperature compensation capabilities.

 Paralinguistic cues play a crucial role in spoken communication by complementing verbal language and enhancing meaning. These cues include intonation, stress, pauses, facial expressions, gestures, and body movements. This article presents a comparative analysis of paralinguistic cues in English and Uzbek speech, focusing on their linguistic and cultural characteristics. The study highlights similarities and differences in the use of paralinguistic means and demonstrates how they contribute to effective communication and meaning interpretation in both languages.

Stress and depression are among the most prevalent neuropsychological conditions affecting modern society. While acute stress may serve adaptive functions, chronic stress and depressive disorders exert profound negative effects on the central nervous system. These conditions are associated with structural, functional, and biochemical alterations in the brain, leading to impaired cognition, emotional dysregulation, and increased vulnerability to neurological and psychiatric disorders. This article provides a comprehensive clinical and neurobiological review of the effects of stress and depression on the central nervous system. Particular attention is given to hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal HPA axis dysregulation, neurotransmitter imbalance, neuroplasticity impairment, and neuroinflammatory processes. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for improving diagnostic accuracy, therapeutic strategies, and preventive interventions.

This article explores the role of artificial intelligence in personalized English language learning. In particular, it analyzes the capabilities of AI-based educational platforms in providing adaptive learning approaches tailored to learners’ individual needs and abilities. The study theoretically examines the significance of artificial intelligence in increasing learner motivation, supporting independent learning, and enhancing the overall effectiveness of the learning process.

This articlе еxaminеs thе application and еffеctivеnеss of artificial intеlligеncе (AI) tеchnologiеs in modеrn mеdicinе, еmphasizing thеir rolе in improving diagnostic accuracy, trеatmеnt planning, and hеalthcarе managеmеnt. AI-basеd mеthods, including machinе lеarning, dееp lеarning, and data-drivеn clinical dеcision support systеms, arе incrеasingly intеgratеd into mеdical practicе to analyzе largе-scalе clinical data, mеdical imagеs, and patiеnt rеcords with high prеcision and еfficiеncy. Thе study highlights thе impact of AI on еarly disеasе dеtеction, pеrsonalizеd mеdicinе, prеdictivе analytics, and optimization of clinical workflows. In addition, еthical considеrations, data sеcurity issuеs, and thе limitations associatеd with algorithmic transparеncy and rеliability arе discussеd. Thе findings suggеst that, dеspitе еxisting challеngеs, artificial intеlligеncе has significant potеntial to еnhancе thе quality, accеssibility, and sustainability of hеalthcarе systеms whеn implеmеntеd rеsponsibly and in collaboration with mеdical profеssionals.

This article analyzes the role and importance of foreign languages in the development of the vocational education system. In today's globalization environment, a qualified specialist must have not only professional knowledge and skills, but also the competence to communicate in foreign languages. Mastering foreign languages  allows students to directly study modern technologies, international standards and best practices. Also, foreign languages increase the competitiveness of graduates of vocational education institutions in the labor market, create a basis for their participation in foreign companies and international projects. The article pays special attention to the issues of integrating vocational disciplines with foreign languages, the CLIL approach and the development of language competence in practical training. The results of the study substantiate the need to develop foreign languages as an important component of vocational education.

This article highlights the importance of using robotics in modern surgical practice. It provides information on how robotic surgical technologies can increase the accuracy and safety of the surgical process, reduce medical errors, and help patients recover faster. It also analyzes the use of robotics in various surgical fields, its advantages, and prospects. The article is intended for medical professionals, students, and readers interested in modern technologies.

The rapid development of mobile technologies has significantly changed educational processes, especially in the field of English Language Teaching (ELT). Mobile applications create flexible, learner-centered and interactive environments that allow learning outside the traditional classroom. This article analyzes the pedagogical potential of integrating mobile applications in English language teaching and highlights their impact on students' language skills, motivation and independent learning. Drawing on recent theoretical perspectives and empirical research, the article discusses strategies for effective use of mobile applications, challenges faced by teachers and students, and future development prospects for ELT practice.

Motivation plays a crucial role in enhancing athletes’ performance and determining the effectiveness of sports training processes. This article examines the impact of motivation on athletes’ performance outcomes, with particular emphasis on psychological, pedagogical, and methodological aspects of sports training. The study analyzes intrinsic and extrinsic motivation factors and their influence on athletes’ physical preparedness, emotional stability, and competitive results. Additionally, the role of coaches in fostering motivation through supportive training environments, goal-setting strategies, and feedback mechanisms is explored. The findings highlight that a high level of motivation significantly contributes to improved training efficiency, sustained athletic engagement, and long-term performance development. The study provides practical recommendations for coaches and sports educators to enhance athletes’ motivation and optimize training outcomes.

The article provides information on the distribution of diseases occurring in watermelon, their harmfulness level, and measures for their control.

This study is devoted to the analysis of the complex and multifaceted relationship between dialects and the literary language in the history of the Uzbek language based on a historical-linguistic approach. The study considers dialects as an important source in the formation and development of the Uzbek literary language, and the influence of their phonetic, lexical and grammatical features on the norms of the literary language is consistently highlighted. The work provides a comparative analysis of written sources of the ancient Turkic period, samples of the old Uzbek literary language and modern dialect materials, paying special attention to the issues of historical continuity and coherence. Also, the role of regional dialects in the formation of literary language norms, the processes of their selection and assimilation into the national language are studied in connection with sociolinguistic factors. The results of the study show that the interaction between dialects and the literary language is not a one-sided, but a dynamic and complex process. This scientific work serves as a theoretical and practical basis for a deeper understanding of the laws of the historical development of the Uzbek language, as well as for improving literary language norms and the effective use of dialect materials.

This paper explores the use of multimedia interactive online gamification elements in education and their impact on learner motivation, engagement, and academic performance. Through a systematic review of empirical studies and theoretical frameworks, the research highlights how gamified multimedia tools—such as points, badges, leaderboards, and interactive content—enhance cognitive processing and support self-regulated learning. Statistical evidence demonstrates significant improvements in course completion rates, knowledge retention, and overall learner satisfaction. The study also discusses the importance of aligning gamification strategies with pedagogical objectives and addressing technological and cultural factors. The findings suggest that multimedia interactive gamification is a promising approach to enriching digital education and improving learner outcomes.

This article examines the influence of the national language environment and dialectal characteristics on the development of schoolchildren's oral speech. Particular attention is paid to dialectal vocabulary and pronunciation as elements of folk culture and factors influencing adherence to the norms of modern Russian literary language. Methods for developing dialogic, spontaneous speech are analyzed, including a system of communicative exercises, practice dialogues, and situational microdialogues.  It is shown that organizing learning situations that mimic real-life communication fosters spontaneous, proactive, and creative speech in students. The importance of combining the development of speech skills and abilities with the use of stimuli and questions to stimulate students' speech activity is emphasized. The influence of modern sources of linguistic material, including online discourse, is also considered as a factor in the development of new communication models.

This article reviews the etiology, pathophysiology, and current treatment strategies for migraine. Acute attacks are managed using abortive therapies, such as triptans and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), while prophylactic therapy—including beta-blockers, anticonvulsants, calcium channel blockers, and CGRP inhibitors—aims to reduce attack frequency and severity. Lifestyle modifications, stress management, and complementary interventions further enhance treatment efficacy.

Recent research incorporating neuroimaging, genetic analysis, and clinical monitoring has advanced understanding of migraine mechanisms and enabled individualized treatment approaches. Biomarkers and patient response monitoring improve therapeutic outcomes and reduce complications. Integration of pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies enhances patient quality of life and reduces disease burden.

This review emphasizes the importance of understanding migraine pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment strategies. A multidisciplinary approach combining modern pharmacotherapy, preventive strategies, and lifestyle modifications is essential for effective migraine management.

This scientific article studies the implementation of digital services in the banking system and their effectiveness from a scientific, theoretical and practical perspective. Digital banking services are an important factor in simplifying financial transactions, ensuring speed and increasing the economic efficiency of banking activities. The research analyzed the essence of digital banking services, their impact on the development of the banking system, as well as the current state of the digital transformation process in the banking system of Uzbekistan. The article identifies the prospects for the development of banking services based on digital technologies and existing problems, and provides scientific conclusions on their elimination. The results of the study show that the widespread implementation of digital services in the banking system serves to ensure economic stability and financial inclusion.

This article explores the semantic foundations of punctuation in English, specifically within the context of dramatic works. It examines how punctuation marks serve not only as grammatical tools but also as carriers of meaning that influence the interpretation of dialogue and narrative structure in plays. By analyzing various dramatic texts, the study highlights the interplay between punctuation and semantics, demonstrating how punctuation can affect tone, pacing, and emotional nuance. The findings reveal that punctuation is integral to understanding character dynamics and the overall thematic depth of dramatic literature.

Looking into classrooms, one sees how well teachers grasp assessment can shape how students perform. Shaped by research across countries, insights show clarity in evaluating work ties closely to real learning gains. When feedback hits the mark and lessons align with tasks given, progress often follows. Teachers in Uzbekistan face hurdles even when global data points toward solutions. Understanding assessments goes beyond checking boxes - it involves guiding learners with purpose. Thoughtful methods, backed by data, offer ways forward without promising miracles. Growing this kind of knowledge helps reshape daily teaching in quiet but powerful ways.

This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the theoretical, psychological, and pedagogical foundations of developing academic motivation among primary school pupils. It scientifically substantiates the essence of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, mechanisms of their development, and their relationship with the cognitive, emotional, and social developmental characteristics of young learners. The article also examines student-centered, play-based, and activity-oriented approaches to organizing lessons, as well as emotional, cognitive, and social mechanisms of motivation formation. The educational practices of developed countries such as Finland, Japan, and Canada are analyzed as effective models for establishing stable motivation. The work offers practical and theoretical value for primary school teachers, psychologists, and parents.

This article investigates the philosophical, sociological, and cultural foundations of the concepts of war and peace as central categories of human thought and social organization. Drawing on interdisciplinary theoretical perspectives, the study examines how these concepts have evolved through ethical philosophy, social theory, and cultural memory. War is analyzed as a manifestation of moral rupture, institutional imbalance, and collective trauma, while peace is interpreted not merely as the absence of armed conflict but as an active ethical and social process grounded in justice, responsibility, and symbolic representation. The research demonstrates that modern societies tend to normalize violence through bureaucratic rationalization and cultural narratives, whereas peace remains ethically valued yet symbolically marginalized. By integrating philosophical reasoning, sociological analysis, and cultural interpretation, the article reveals that war and peace are not opposing historical states but interdependent processes reflecting the moral condition of humanity. The findings highlight the crucial role of responsibility, memory, and social justice in sustaining peace and contribute to contemporary debates on conflict, ethics, and human coexistence.

This article presents a theoretical and analytical investigation into the role of artificial intelligence (AI) and digital technologies in developing speaking skills within English language education. The study does not rely on empirical experimentation; instead, it is grounded in a systematic review and critical analysis of contemporary linguistic, pedagogical, and methodological literature. The paper examines AI-based tools, digital platforms, and innovative instructional approaches that support oral communication, highlighting their pedagogical potential, limitations, and future research directions. The findings contribute to the conceptual understanding of technology-enhanced speaking instruction in the context of global digital transformation.

The process of national identity formation constitutes a multifaceted and dynamic phenomenon, wherein the intricate interplay between religious and secular values assumes a central role. This study explores the theoretical and empirical dimensions of this confluence, emphasizing how historical, socio-cultural, and ideological frameworks shape collective consciousness and individual self-perception within the context of national identity. By critically examining philosophical discourses, sociological theories, and cross-cultural analyses, the research elucidates the mechanisms through which religious ethics and secular rationality coalesce to inform moral paradigms, civic engagement, and cultural continuity.

This study explores lexical and stylistic variation in male and female speech in modern Japanese, adopting a sociolinguistic and anthropocentric framework. Focusing on patterns of lexical selection and stylistic preference, the article examines how gendered speech forms function in present-day communicative settings. The analysis indicates that although traditionally gender-marked expressions remain part of the Japanese linguistic repertoire, their use is no longer governed solely by gender distinctions. Instead, social context, speaker roles, and communicative intentions play a decisive role. The findings argue for understanding gendered speech in Japanese as a flexible and adaptive system rather than a rigid linguistic division.

This study analyzes proverbs containing numerical components, which constitute important examples of Uzbek folk paremiology, particularly those found in Gulkhaniy’s work “Zarbulmasal”. The research reveals that numbers in proverbs function not only as quantitative elements but also convey symbolic, cognitive, cultural, and axiological (evaluative) meanings. It is established that through numbers such as “one”, “two”, “eight”, “nine”, “thirty”, “forty”, “thousand” proverbs express the people’s worldview, life experience, moral and normative values, and social relations. Furthermore, the study scientifically substantiates that numbers, acting as linguosemiotic units, enhance the expressiveness of proverbial meaning and ensure imagery and conciseness. The research findings are of significant importance for Uzbek paremiology,  linguoculturology, and cognitive linguistics.

The isolation of biologically active compounds from medicinal plants, determination of their chemical structures, and evaluation of their pharmacological and toxicological properties constitute one of the key areas of modern pharmaceutical science and experimental medicine. The present study is devoted to the experimental evaluation of the hemostatic and coagulant activity of Lagochilus inebrians (introduced species) extract. The results demonstrate that the hemostatic effect of Lagochilus inebrians extract is associated with the influence of lagoxylin and its derivatives on the intrinsic mechanisms of the blood coagulation system. The obtained data substantiate the prospects for further pharmacological and clinical investigations of this plant extract as an effective natural-source-based hemostatic agent.

This article analyzes the impact of platforms on the quality of education in assessing students' knowledge in digital education. The study analyzes the types of assessment in digital education, the possibilities of improving the quality of assessing students' knowledge through platforms and artificial intelligence, as well as the pedagogical and didactic possibilities of digital technologies, their service to increase students' knowledge, effective control of learning, and individualization of the educational process. As a result of the use of digital platforms, the effectiveness of teaching methods has increased, which will have a positive impact on the learning outcomes of students.

This article discusses the psychological mechanisms that underlie the development of critical thinking among students. The study emphasizes that the ability to think critically is not an innate quality but a cognitive and emotional skill that can be developed through systematic psychological and pedagogical approaches. It focuses on the interaction between cognitive flexibility, metacognition, motivation, and emotional regulation as core factors influencing the growth of critical reasoning. The article also explores the role of teachers in creating an educational environment that fosters analytical and independent thinking. The research highlights that dialogic learning, reflective questioning, and problem-based activities significantly enhance students’ capacity for logical reasoning and decision-making.

Anthropometric indicators are essential parameters for assessing physical development and overall health status in children. Chronic diseases such as diabetic nephropathy may negatively influence growth patterns, body composition, and nutritional status during childhood. This study presents a comparative analysis of anthropometric indicators in healthy children and children diagnosed with diabetic nephropathy in the Andijan region. Body height, body weight, and body mass index were evaluated and compared between the two groups. The findings demonstrate significant differences in growth parameters, highlighting the impact of chronic renal complications of diabetes on physical development. Regular monitoring of anthropometric indicators is crucial for early detection of growth disturbances and optimization of clinical management in affected children.

This article explores the linguistic and cognitive features of polysemous words and examines their role in the development of learners’ lexical competence. Polysemy, as a systematic semantic phenomenon, involves multiple related meanings associated with a single lexical form, which significantly influences vocabulary depth and language use. Drawing on linguistic and cognitive-linguistic frameworks, the study analyzes the semantic organization and contextual realization of selected polysemous words in authentic English discourse. The findings suggest that polysemous meanings are cognitively structured around core senses and extended through metaphorical and contextual mechanisms, enabling learners to interpret meaning variation more effectively. The study highlights that mastery of polysemous words enhances learners’ comprehension and productive skills by promoting flexible and context-sensitive vocabulary use. The article emphasizes the importance of cognitively informed and context-based approaches to teaching polysemous vocabulary in language education.

This study explores the integration of pedagogical innovations into the teaching and learning process of urban transport systems and their operation. With the growing demand for skilled professionals in the field of transportation engineering and management, the need for effective teaching methods that combine theoretical knowledge with practical skills is increasingly significant. The research aims to analyze the effectiveness of active learning strategies, digital simulations, and interdisciplinary approaches in transport education. A mixed-method research design was used, combining literature review, classroom observation, and student surveys. The results show that the use of problem-based learning, digital modeling tools, and case studies enhances students’ professional competence, critical thinking, and readiness for real-world challenges. The findings provide insights into how pedagogy can be adapted to meet the specific needs of technical disciplines and contribute to the modernization of higher education curricula.

This article analyzes the role of Alexandr Faynberg in the process of formation and development of modern poetry. The poet’s poetic style, artistic thinking, philosophical reflections and innovations introduced into uzbek literature through lyrical imagery are highlighted. The study scientifically demonstrates how Faynberg’s poetry created a bridge between national traditions and modern poetics, as well as how his works influenced in the 1960-1980-s. The article reveals how the poet expanded the artistic possibilities of Uzbek poetry through his choice of themes, work with poetic forms, and his distinctive style. IN addition, this article contributes to fostering readers’ interest in poetry. In particular, it serves as  evidence of the historical development of modern poetry.

Anthropometric indicators are essential parameters for evaluating physical development and health status in children. Endocrine disorders, particularly thyroid dysfunction, play a significant role in regulating growth, metabolism, and maturation processes during childhood. Thyroid hormone imbalance may lead to growth retardation, altered body composition, and deviations in weight and height. This study presents a comparative analysis of anthropometric indicators in healthy children and children with thyroid dysfunction in the Andijan region. Body height, body weight, and body mass index were assessed and compared between the two groups. The findings demonstrate significant differences in growth parameters, emphasizing the impact of thyroid dysfunction on physical development and the importance of regular anthropometric monitoring in pediatric endocrine disorders.

Growth and development in childhood are complex processes regulated by genetic, nutritional, and hormonal factors. Endocrine disorders represent one of the most important causes of growth disturbances and developmental abnormalities in pediatric populations. This study analyzes growth and developmental characteristics of children with endocrine pathology in the Andijan region. Anthropometric indicators, including body height, body weight, and body mass index, were assessed, and developmental deviations associated with various endocrine disorders were evaluated. The findings indicate that children with endocrine pathology demonstrate significant growth and developmental impairments compared to age-related normative standards. Early diagnosis and comprehensive management are essential for improving growth outcomes and overall health in affected children.

This article examines the historical and contemporary place of the Western Azerbaijan issue in Azerbaijan’s diplomacy. Against the backdrop of deportations in 1905, 1918–1920, 1948–1953, and 1987–1991, the violation of the rights of Azerbaijanis from Western Azerbaijan and the destruction of their cultural heritage are analyzed. Since the 2000s, the issue has increasingly entered diplomatic discourse and international legal frameworks. Through presidential speeches, the "Return Concept", diaspora initiatives, and information diplomacy, the Western Azerbaijan issue has been brought to international attention. The article also evaluates the problem's relevance to regional security and geopolitical dynamics, offering future-oriented recommendations.

This article examines innovative approaches and new methods in education in the era of artificial intelligence. In contemporary education, fostering students’ independent thinking, creativity, and active participation in the learning process has become one of the most significant priorities. One of the main factors contributing to the decline in the quality of education today is the excessive dependence of young people on digital devices, particularly mobile phones. In many cases, parents allow children to use these gadgets as a source of comfort or relaxation, which further reinforces this dependency. As a result, traditional textbooks and conventional teaching methods often fail to sustain students’ interest. Therefore, this article explores effective strategies for enhancing lesson engagement, interactivity, and overall learning outcomes through the integration of innovative and technology-based methods in the educational process.

This article examines the improvement of legal and organizational mechanisms for preventing crimes committed in cyberspace in the context of the rapid development of digital technologies. The growing scale of cybercrime poses serious threats to national security, public order, and the protection of individual rights and freedoms. The purpose of the study is to analyze existing legal frameworks and institutional practices aimed at combating cybercrime and to identify effective mechanisms for its prevention.

The research employs methods such as legal analysis, comparative study, and systematic review of regulatory documents and law enforcement practices. The findings indicate that effective prevention of cybercrime requires not only the strengthening of criminal liability but also the development of organizational coordination, interagency cooperation, and preventive monitoring systems. Special attention is given to the role of digital forensics, cyber monitoring units, and public awareness initiatives in reducing cyber threats.

The study concludes that improving legal norms, enhancing organizational capacity of law enforcement agencies, and promoting preventive measures based on modern technologies are essential for ensuring cybersecurity and protecting society from cyber-related crimes. The results of this research may be used in developing policy recommendations and improving practical measures for cybercrime prevention.

This article examines the mechanisms for attracting foreign investments and analyzes ways to improve them under conditions of economic globalization. The study focuses on institutional, legal, and economic instruments that influence foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows. Based on international experience and empirical data, the article evaluates the effectiveness of investment policies, the role of state regulation, and investment climate factors. The findings demonstrate that improving legal guarantees, reducing administrative barriers, and enhancing transparency are key determinants in increasing foreign investment flows.

This article examines the role of music in society, its formation, and development during the early medieval period in Central Asia and Uzbekistan. The study analyzes musical practices in religious, social, and cultural life, the role of instrumental and vocal performance, and the transmission of oral traditions across generations.

The article highlights the social functions of music, its aesthetic and spiritual significance, and its place in religious and secular ceremonies. The findings provide valuable insights for musicologists, historians, and ethnographers as a source for understanding ancient musical heritage.

This article examines the impact of artificial intelligence on economic growth through the lens of theoretical economic models and emerging development trends. The study analyzes the role of artificial intelligence within the framework of endogenous growth theory, technological progress models, and the digital economy paradigm. Particular attention is paid to how artificial intelligence contributes to productivity growth, production efficiency, and innovation dynamics, thereby influencing long-term economic growth rates. The article also provides a theoretical assessment of the effects of AI-driven automation on labor markets, human capital formation, and capital structure. The findings suggest that the widespread adoption of artificial intelligence has the potential to initiate a new qualitative stage of economic growth; however, it simultaneously raises challenges related to institutional adaptation, workforce reskilling, and inequality.

 Menstrual cycle disorders are among the most common gynecological problems encountered during adolescence. The period following menarche is characterized by physiological immaturity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian axis, which often results in irregular menstrual patterns. While many of these disturbances are transient and functional, some may indicate underlying endocrine, metabolic, or systemic conditions. Understanding the causes and clinical features of menstrual cycle disorders in adolescent girls is essential for early diagnosis, appropriate management, and prevention of long-term reproductive and psychological complications. This article reviews the major etiological factors and clinical manifestations of menstrual cycle disorders in adolescents based on modern medical knowledge.

This article explores the linguocultural features of kinship relations as represented in works of art in the context of English and Uzbek languages. Kinship relations are examined as culturally marked linguistic phenomena that reflect social structure, family values, and national worldview. Drawing on a comparative analysis of English and Uzbek literary texts, the study identifies both universal and culture-specific characteristics in the linguistic representation of kinship. The findings demonstrate that English literary discourse tends to emphasize individual relationships and psychological aspects of family interaction, whereas Uzbek works of art foreground collective identity, hierarchical family relations, and culturally embedded norms of respect. The article highlights the role of kinship terminology and stylistic devices in conveying cultural meanings and shaping artistic discourse, contributing to a deeper understanding of the interaction between language, culture, and literature.

This article examines the relationship between the Eastern literary-traditional image of Iskandar Zulqarnayn and the historical figure of Alexander of Macedon in Greco-Roman sources. Using comparative textual analysis, motif typology, and historical contextualization, it identifies semantic transformation mechanisms and divergences in naming and narrative layers. The study clarifies how Alexander traditions were culturally adapted and literarily legitimized across regions.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing the engineering industry by enhancing productivity, precision, and innovation. This article explores the growing role of AI in various engineering disciplines, its benefits, challenges, and potential future developments.

This article comprehensively analyzes the theoretical foundations, psychological-pedagogical mechanisms, and practical implementation of project-based learning (PBL) in teaching natural sciences at the primary education stage in the Uzbek education system. Structured according to the IMRAD format, the research draws on the works of Uzbek scholars from 2020 onward (studies on the effectiveness of project methods in natural sciences teaching, interdisciplinary connections for developing ecological and research competencies, and research on interactive and practical activities). It details PBL's role in children's cognitive development, independent exploration of natural phenomena, fostering creative and critical thinking skills, and building the ability to solve real-life problems.The findings indicate that project-based learning serves as an effective tool for improving education quality, enhancing students' active participation, and strengthening ecological responsibility within Uzbekistan's education reforms for 2020–2030 (New Uzbekistan Development Strategy, National Program for School Education Development 2022–2026, Presidential Schools, developmental centers, and updates to national curricula). For instance, in the “Water Resources and Ecology” project, students learn the water cycle through experiments and address local ecological issues, potentially increasing their ecological literacy by up to 30%.The study recommends deeper integration of PBL in Uzbekistan's education system, including teacher professional development, creation of methodological guides, and resource optimization. Its novelty lies in the systematic synthesis of post-2020 Uzbek scholarly works, their integration into the history of pedagogical theory, and exploration of enhancing PBL through digital technologies and AI.

This article examines the theoretical foundations of stimulating small business entities through tax policy. Building on core approaches in public finance and entrepreneurship economics, the study conceptualizes tax incentives as instruments that reduce the cost of formality, ease liquidity constraints, and improve expected returns from productive investment. The paper systematizes the main channels through which taxation influences small firms’ behavior, including after-tax profitability and capital accumulation, compliance and administrative costs, the stability and predictability of tax rules affecting entrepreneurial entry and survival, and competitiveness factors related to market access and growth under differentiated tax treatment. The analysis also highlights potential trade-offs—revenue losses, distortionary effects, unequal treatment, and incentive capture—emphasizing the need for targeted, time-bound, and performance-linked measures. The article proposes a conceptual framework for designing incentive-oriented tax policy for small enterprises that balances efficiency, equity, and administrative feasibility, with particular attention to transparency and measurable outcomes in preventing abuse. The findings contribute to a clearer theoretical basis for evaluating tax reliefs, simplified taxation regimes, and preferential rates aimed at fostering small business development and formalization.

. This article discusses the content of patriotic education, its impact on the spiritual development of the younger generation, and issues of harmonization with national traditions and universal values, the role of national values ​​in patriotic education, as well as the importance of educating a person based on universal principles, and the need to educate a person with an active civic position.

This article explores the concept of communicative development as a critical element in the formation of a student's personality. It emphasizes the multidimensional and socially-conditioned nature of communicative development, highlighting its close connection with broader mental processes such as thinking, speech, and reasoning. The article proposes a hierarchical classification of communicative tasks corresponding to increasing levels of complexity and sophistication in communication strategies. Furthermore, the study introduces the notion of a "communicative level" as a developmental milestone characterized by unique novelties in addressing communicative tasks. Finally, it discusses how communicative development contributes to self-awareness, interpersonal competence, and overall functioning within societal contexts.

The development of media literacy in higher education has become a critical component in preparing students for the digital age. This study examines the integration of pedagogical and communicative theories in teaching media literacy, emphasizing the interplay between theoretical knowledge and practical skills. Through a qualitative analysis of curriculum frameworks and teaching practices, the research identifies effective strategies for fostering critical thinking, information evaluation, and responsible media use among university students. Findings suggest that a combined pedagogical-communicative approach enhances students’ analytical abilities and promotes active participation in media-related discourse. The study contributes to the understanding of how higher education institutions can systematically implement media literacy programs to equip students with essential competencies for the modern information society.

This article provides a scientific and methodological analysis of the role and effectiveness of 0-based learning technologies in developing creativity among primary school students during natural science lessons. The processes of creating problem situations, asking inquiry-oriented questions, drawing conclusions based on experiments and observations, and conducting analysis are considered key factors in developing students’ creative thinking, independent decision-making, and problem-solving skills. The research results indicate that purposeful use of problem-based learning technologies significantly increases the level of creativity among primary school students.

The teaching profession is recognized as one of the most stressful occupations, often leading to professional burnout. This study examines the relationship between stress levels and the development of burnout among teachers. By analyzing both empirical and theoretical literature, as well as conducting surveys and interviews with educators, the research identifies key stressors contributing to burnout and suggests strategies to mitigate their effects. Findings indicate that excessive workload, emotional strain, and lack of organizational support are primary predictors of burnout, which negatively impacts teachers’ psychological well-being, teaching effectiveness, and overall job satisfaction.

This article explores the significance of interactive teaching methods in enhancing students’ communicative competence in English language education. In the context of modern educational reforms, the development of learners’ speaking, listening, and critical thinking skills has become a priority. The study analyzes the effectiveness of student-centered approaches such as group work, role play, project-based learning, and the integration of digital technologies. The article also discusses the pedagogical benefits of interactive methods, including increased motivation, learner autonomy, and active classroom participation. The findings indicate that the systematic use of interactive strategies leads to improved language proficiency and greater learner engagement.

This article discusses the design of special clothing for emergency medical personnel. During the study, the functional, ergonomic, hygienic and protective properties of clothing were analyzed, and their importance for the activities of personnel serving in emergency situations was shown. It was shown that the correct design of special clothing serves to increase the safety and labor efficiency of personnel.

This article provides an in-depth linguocultural analysis of temporal phraseological units in Uzbek and English and explores the challenges involved in translating them. The study focuses on the national and cultural components embedded in phraseological units containing temporal elements and examines their influence on meaning transfer between languages. Using comparative, semantic, and discourse-based methods, the research identifies both shared and language-specific features of temporal phraseological units. The findings demonstrate that differences in cultural perceptions of time significantly affect translation strategies, often requiring adaptive or descriptive translation approaches rather than direct equivalence. The results contribute to the development of translation studies, phraseology, and linguocultural research.

Cement concrete pavement has become increasingly significant in contemporary highway engineering owing to its superior durability, high load-bearing capacity, and extended service life. The performance and longevity of rigid pavements are strongly dependent on the quality of the concrete mix design. This study provides a detailed investigation of cement concrete pavement mix design, with particular emphasis on the selection of materials, proportioning techniques, strength parameters, and workability requirements. The research adopts internationally recognized mix design methodologies and examines the correlation between mix proportions and pavement performance. The findings indicate that properly optimized mix designs lead to substantial improvements in compressive strength, flexural strength, and durability, thereby enhancing the suitability of cement concrete pavements for roads subjected to heavy traffic loads. The paper concludes by offering practical guidelines for pavement engineers engaged in the design and construction of rigid pavements.

This article provides a scientific and theoretical analysis of the issues of effective use of didactic opportunities in the process of correcting speech disorders in preschool children. The study highlights the main types of speech disorders, their impact on the child's personal and psycholinguistic development, and justifies the importance of didactic approaches in organizing the correctional and educational process. The article analyzes the possibilities of didactic games , visual aids, sensory-development-oriented activities, and integrative teaching methods in eliminating speech disorders. It also reveals the effectiveness of correctional work based on the principles of an individual approach, systematicity, and consistency. The results of the study are of practical importance in improving speech therapy and pedagogical activities in preschool educational organizations.

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the organizational and pedagogical foundations of managing the educational process based on electronic information resources. Studying this process contributes to improving the quality of education, increasing students’ interest, and supporting the professional development of teachers.

This article explores the concept, content, and structural components of the national innovation system. The national innovation system is considered a complex socio-economic mechanism that ensures scientific and technological development, integrating processes of innovation creation, implementation, and dissemination. The study analyzes the structural elements of the national innovation system, including research institutions, educational establishments, producers, government agencies, and innovation infrastructure, examining their interconnections and effectiveness. Additionally, the article highlights strategic directions for the development of the national innovation system and its impact on economic growth, competitiveness, and social progress.

This article examines the impact of digital transformation processes on the development of the financial accounting system. In the context of globalization and rapid digitalization, financial accounting practices within organizations are undergoing significant changes, shifting from traditional accounting mechanisms to automated and digitally driven systems. The study highlights the advantages of implementing information technologies in financial accounting, including improved accuracy, timeliness, and transparency of financial data. In addition, particular attention is paid to the challenges associated with digital transformation, such as information security risks, the need for skilled human capital, and the adaptability of accounting systems to technological change. The article provides an analytical assessment of how the integration of digital technologies into financial accounting enhances the quality of managerial decision-making and offers practical recommendations for the effective development of accounting systems in a digital environment.

The article describes digital transformation in banking as the integration of digital technologies to modernize operations, improve customer experience, and increase overall efficiency. This process has gained significant momentum in recent years as banks strive to remain competitive in a rapidly evolving financial environment. This scientific article explores how the transformation of commercial banks contributes to improving their overall efficiency in a rapidly changing financial environment. The study focuses on key transformation dimensions such as digitalization, organizational restructuring, innovation in banking services, and modernization of risk management systems. Using qualitative and analytical research methods, the article examines theoretical perspectives and empirical findings from existing literature. The results demonstrate that bank transformation positively influences operational efficiency, cost optimization, service quality, and financial sustainability. The study concludes that systematic and strategic transformation is essential for enhancing the competitiveness and long-term performance of commercial banks.

This article examines the assessment of enterprise stability through financial analysis tools. In the context of a market economy, ensuring long-term sustainability, competitiveness, and financial security of enterprises is considered a key priority. The study analyzes the essence and significance of core financial indicators used to evaluate the financial condition of enterprises, including liquidity, solvency, financial independence, and profitability, as well as their interrelationships. Furthermore, based on the results of financial analysis, internal and external factors influencing enterprise stability are identified, and scientific and practical conclusions aimed at improving financial management efficiency are proposed. The findings of the study are of practical relevance for enterprise managers, financial analysts, and specialists engaged in economic and financial analysis.

This article provides information about the fairy tale genre and its development stages. In English literature, the fairy tale genre, author’s fairy tales and their poetic features are analyzed. Tales in folk art and the unique aspects of author’s tales are discussed.

The article analyzes innovative methods for assessing creditworthiness in modern banking practice and examines the use of artificial intelligence, machine learning algorithms, big data analytics, and alternative data sources. Particular attention is paid to their role in improving the accuracy of credit risk assessment, enhancing scoring systems, and supporting data-driven decision-making in the digital financial environment.

This article highlights the essence of the new edition of the public security concept, developed by the University of Public Security based on an analysis of modern risks and threats to public security in the near, medium, and long term. It classifies the subjects and defines the implementation mechanism.

This article highlights the modern directions of pedagogy and the significance of innovative teaching methods. The use of interactive techniques, information and communication technologies, and creative approaches enhances students’ knowledge, skills, and abilities. Innovative methods not only improve the quality of education but also foster personal and social competencies. The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of integrating advanced approaches into the educational process.

This article analyzes the role of communication skills between the educator and the preschool child as an object of socialization. The communication process is considered a key tool for children to acquire social norms, develop interaction and cooperation skills, and receive emotional and moral education. The study highlights effective methods for developing communication skills through pedagogical activities, games, and group exercises. The results show that when communication between the educator and the child is systematically and purposefully organized, it enhances children’s social activity and contributes to their personal development.

Translation universals are linguistic features that occur frequently in translated texts regardless of the language pair or genre. This study investigates translation universals in French–Russian parallel texts across literary, journalistic, and technical genres. Using a corpus-based approach, it identifies tendencies such as simplification, explicitation, normalization, and interference. Examples from French translations of Russian originals demonstrate how translators manage lexical, syntactic, and stylistic differences. The analysis highlights how translation universals reflect both the translator’s strategies and the inherent structural differences between Russian and French.

Advanced materials and nanotechnology have significantly transformed modern engineering by enabling the development of high-performance, lightweight, and multifunctional systems. Materials engineered at the micro- and nanoscale exhibit enhanced mechanical, electrical, thermal, and chemical properties. This article explores the role of advanced materials and nanotechnology in engineering applications, highlighting key material classes, fabrication techniques, practical implementations, challenges, and future prospects.

This article explores the impact of case studies on students' motivation and interest in learning the Russian language. Motivation is a crucial factor influencing learning outcomes, and case study methodology serves as an effective tool to enhance both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. By integrating real-world scenarios, problem-solving tasks, and collaborative discussions, case studies provide a dynamic and engaging learning environment. The study highlights the benefits of case studies, including increased engagement, improved problem-solving skills, and higher retention rates. Practical strategies for implementing case studies in Russian language education are also discussed, with an emphasis on fostering autonomy, competence, and relatedness in students.

The relationship between determinism and free will represents one of the most enduring debates in philosophy. Determinism asserts that all events, including human actions, are governed by causal laws, while free will emphasizes human autonomy and the capacity for genuine choice. Modern philosophy has revisited this debate in light of scientific developments, particularly in neuroscience and physics. This article analyzes the philosophical debate on determinism and free will in modern philosophy, examining key positions and their implications for moral responsibility. The study argues that understanding this debate is essential for addressing contemporary ethical and social issues.

The article addresses the problem of improving the system of physical education of student youth in the context of the transformation of social and value orientations in modern society. The relevance of developing a concept for the formation of a physical education system focused on the harmonization of socially oriented values is substantiated. The purpose of the study is to theoretically justify and develop a concept for the formation of a physical education system for student youth based on the harmonization of socially oriented values. The research methods include theoretical analysis and generalization of scientific literature, pedagogical modeling, questionnaires, and pedagogical observation. The structure of the concept is developed, including target, methodological, content, organizational-activity, and evaluation-result components, and the main principles of its implementation are defined. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of using the obtained results in the modernization of physical education programs in higher education institutions.

This article is devoted to the pedagogical aspects of developing physical education and sports within the education system of Uzbekistan and analyzes recent reforms and the prospects outlined in the “Uzbekistan–2030” Strategy. The study examines mechanisms for engaging young people in mass sports through the President’s Five Important Initiatives, the “Five Initiatives Olympiad,” the Presidential Olympiad, and the Student League. Achievements recorded in 2025, including the expansion of sports participation to 15 million people, international sporting results, and the implementation of large-scale sports infrastructure projects, confirm the pedagogical effectiveness of ongoing reforms. The role of physical education and sports in overcoming hypodynamia and in fostering willpower, moral values, and spiritual development among young people is emphasized. The objectives set for 2026 are aimed at advancing inclusive pedagogical approaches in physical education. The article concludes with proposals at the community (mahalla) level focused on educating a healthy and well-rounded generation.

This article presents a comprehensive literary and historical analysis of abolitionism in the Northern and Southern United States during the nineteenth century. Abolitionism is examined not as a unified national movement but as a regionally differentiated ideological phenomenon shaped by distinct economic systems, social structures, and cultural values. The study emphasizes the crucial role of literature as a medium through which abolitionist and anti-abolitionist ideas were articulated, disseminated, and contested.

       The primary objective of the research is to identify and compare the ideological foundations of Northern abolitionist discourse and Southern pro-slavery rhetoric, with particular attention to their representation in literary texts. The article seeks to demonstrate how literature functioned both as a reflection of historical realities and as an active instrument of moral persuasion and ideological resistance. In the Northern states, abolitionist literature emerged as a powerful force aimed at mobilizing public opinion against slavery, while in the Southern states literary and political discourse largely served to justify and preserve the slaveholding system.

      Methodologically, the study adopts an interdisciplinary qualitative approach that combines historical analysis, comparative literary criticism, and discourse analysis. Primary sources include abolitionist novels, autobiographical narratives, essays, and pro-slavery texts, while secondary sources consist of scholarly works in American history and literary studies. This methodological framework enables a balanced examination of abolitionism as both a socio-political movement and a cultural-literary phenomenon.

     The discussion highlights significant thematic and rhetorical contrasts between Northern and Southern texts. Northern abolitionist writers employed sentimentalism, realism, and moral argumentation to expose the brutality of slavery and evoke empathy for enslaved individuals. In contrast, Southern discourse constructed an idealized image of plantation life, emphasizing paternalism, racial hierarchy, and social stability, while portraying abolitionism as a dangerous and radical ideology.

      The results of the study demonstrate that literature played a decisive role in deepening sectional divisions and intensifying ideological polarization in the decades preceding the American Civil War. By revealing how competing literary narratives shaped regional identities and moral worldviews, the article underscores the scholarly value of abolitionist literature as a vital source for understanding nineteenth-century American history and culture.

This paper examines the role of artificial intelligence in advancing personalized learning and establishing a new educational paradigm. The primary purpose of the study is to explore how AI technologies support student-centered learning by adapting instructional content to individual needs, preferences, and learning paces. A qualitative secondary research methodology was employed, involving a systematic analysis of peer-reviewed journals, conference papers, and reputable reports published between 2023 and 2025. The study synthesizes existing literature on adaptive learning systems, intelligent tutoring systems, learning analytics, and large language models used in educational contexts. The findings indicate that AI-driven personalized learning significantly enhances student engagement, motivation, and academic performance across various educational levels, particularly in higher education. AI technologies enable real-time feedback, identification of learning gaps, and customized learning pathways, thereby improving instructional effectiveness and efficiency. However, the study also identifies key challenges, including data privacy concerns, algorithmic bias, unequal access to technology, and the need for adequate teacher training and ethical governance frameworks. In conclusion, the paper argues that AI-enabled personalized learning represents a transformative shift from traditional one-size-fits-all education toward adaptive and inclusive learning environments. While AI offers substantial benefits, its successful implementation requires responsible integration, human oversight, and continuous research to ensure equity, ethics, and long-term educational impact.

This article investigates the ethnolinguistic features of kinship terms used in Uzbek folk proverbs. Kinship nominations are analyzed as linguocultural units that reflect national mentality, social norms, moral values, and traditional family relations of the Uzbek people. The study focuses on the semantic, pragmatic, and conceptual characteristics of kinship terms such as father, mother, brother, and relative, revealing their role in shaping collective cultural consciousness. The findings demonstrate that Uzbek folk proverbs preserve and transmit culturally significant knowledge through kinship-related language units, thus confirming their importance in ethnolinguistic research.

This article presents a multi-aspect theoretical analysis of the phenomenon of medical blogging as a key element in the transformation of the healthcare system under conditions of global digitalization. The study substantiates the transition from the traditional paternalistic model of “doctor–patient” interaction to a modern participatory paradigm, in which the medical blog acts as the main mediator.

The author examines in detail the educational function of medical blogging aimed at increasing public health literacy and effectively counteracting the “infodemic” — the uncontrolled spread of unreliable medical information. The paper analyzes psychological mechanisms of forming compliance (adherence to treatment) through digital trust, as well as deontological risks and ethical boundaries of a physician’s presence in the media space.

Special attention is paid to the role of medical blogs in pediatric practice as a tool for reducing parental anxiety. The article emphasizes the necessity of integrating professional digital communication skills into the system of continuing medical education.

The importance of drinking water in the comprehensive growth and development of young children and adolescents, their ability to resist both positive and negative environmental influences, and the proper growth and development of the body.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a leading cause of disability globally, affecting over 500 million individuals and imposing substantial socioeconomic burdens. The synovial membrane, integral to joint function, undergoes critical histological and morphological transformations that perpetuate OA pathology. This study delineates these changes in experimental rodent models, employing advanced histological, immunohistochemical, and morphometric techniques to achieve high scientific rigor. Induction via monoiodoacetate (MIA) or anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) revealed temporal progression: early synovitis with inflammatory infiltration, mid-stage hyperplasia and angiogenesis, and late fibrosis with pannus formation. Quantitative metrics, including synovial thickness (up to 3.75-fold increase) and fibrosis scores (peaking at 2.5), were statistically validated (p<0.001). Histological stains (H&E, Masson’s trichrome) and immunohistochemistry (CD68, VEGF) corroborated extracellular matrix remodeling and macrophage dominance. Morphological analyses via atomic force microscopy (AFM) indicated elevated elastic modulus in OA synovium, aligning with recent biomechanical studies. Integrating tables, histological images, and diagrams, this research highlights the synovium's role in OA's vicious cycle, offering insights for targeted therapies like anti-cytokine biologics. Amid rising OA prevalence due to aging populations, these findings enhance preclinical models' translational value, addressing gaps in synovium-focused interventions. The study's expanded scope, incorporating multi-modal assessments, underscores its timeliness in advancing OA management strategies.

Contrastive linguistics, one of the important areas of modern linguistics, is aimed at identifying the structural, semantic, functional and cultural characteristics of different languages through the comparative study of them. This field, along with identifying the uniqueness and commonalities of language systems, serves to reveal the complex relationships between language and thought, language and culture, language and society. The importance of comparative linguistics is increasing, especially in the process of globalization, in the context of the expansion of interlingual dialogue and intercultural communication.

The article examines the issue of forensic medical assessment of medical care for pregnant women and pathomorphological changes based on literature analysis. The study analyzed international and domestic scientific sources, examined medical shortcomings arising in the field of obstetrics and gynecology, their pathomorphological consequences, and assessment methods in forensic medical examination. The obtained results indicate the relevance of the assessment in forensic medical practice based on the principles of "standard of care" and evidence-based medicine. At the same time, in the process of assessing the care provided to pregnant women, the importance of an integrated approach to pathomorphological and clinical data is emphasized. The article presents scientific and practical conclusions aimed at improving forensic medical examination, developing methodological recommendations for experts, and enhancing the quality of medical care for pregnant women.

Despite high vaccination coverage, pertussis remains a significant problem for both international and national healthcare systems. The increasing incidence of pertussis across different age groups encourages researchers to search for new strategies to combat this infection and to improve laboratory diagnostic methods for pertussis.

During pregnancy, various pathomorphological changes are observed in a woman's body. These changes affect not only the mother's health but also the fetus's health. Obstetric and gynecological indicators in the population of the valley can vary compared to other regions, which is of particular importance for pathomorphological analysis and forensic medical evaluation. The importance of the topic lies in the fact that the analysis of pathomorphological changes in pregnant women plays an important role in identifying shortcomings in obstetric practice, determining precautions, and developing family and state medicine.

This three-part article discusses the life of Аbulfath Shahristani, who founded his school in the study of the history of religions, and the methods he used in the study of world religions in his book Аl-Milal wa-n-nihal. The first part of the article gives information about the importance of the work, the second part about the methods used by Shahristani in the study of religions, and the third part about the typological and geographical methods.

This article examines the potential for developing English speaking skills in university students using gamification and interactive digital platforms. It analyzes the theoretical foundations of gamified learning, the specifics of developing communicative competence in a digital educational environment, and practical techniques and tools for enhancing student motivation and the effectiveness of oral communication training. A conclusion is reached regarding the feasibility and effectiveness of integrating digital gaming technologies into foreign language teaching at universities.

This study explores the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in English language teaching (ELT) and its impact on learner engagement, personalized learning, and language skill development. Traditional ELT approaches often face challenges in addressing diverse learner needs, providing instant feedback, and promoting autonomous learning. AI technologies, including intelligent tutoring systems, automated feedback tools, and AI-powered chatbots, offer innovative solutions. A four-week pilot study with intermediate-level university students investigated the use of AI tools for vocabulary acquisition, grammar practice, and speaking exercises. Data were collected through pre- and post-tests, observation checklists, and learner surveys. Results indicate that AI integration significantly enhances learner motivation, provides personalized learning pathways, and improves language performance. The study highlights the potential of AI to transform ELT in higher education contexts, while also discussing limitations and ethical considerations.

The article examines the problem of self-sacrifice as the highest moral value in K. G. Paustovsky’s short story “The Scruffy Sparrow.” The analysis focuses on the artistic system of the work, in which the motifs of kindness, gratitude, memory, and fidelity form an integral moral and philosophical space. Special attention is paid to the image of the sparrow Pashka as a bearer of the idea of selfless service to others, as well as to the symbolism of the crystal bouquet, which unites the themes of love, promise, and spiritual continuity. It is demonstrated that self-sacrifice in the story manifests itself on different levels — human and “natural” — allowing the author to affirm the universal nature of good as the foundation of a harmonious world order. The article concludes by emphasizing the significance of a child’s perception of the world and of art (theater) in the formation of moral values and in the artistic concept of the work.

Historicаl events in Аmericаn society, such аs the Civil Wаr, industriаlizаtion, rаciаl inequаlity, feminist movements, аnd globаlizаtion, hаve led to the growth of psychologicаl аnаlysis in literаry works. In the work of Аfricаn-Аmericаn writers, psychologicаl trаumа аnd historicаl memory hаve become centrаl issues in psychologicаl аnаlysis. In the erа of postmodernism, the аnаlysis of the humаn psyche hаs reаched а new level, studying how mаss mediа, technology, аnd consumer society аffect consciousness. In Аmericаn literаture, psychologicаl аnаlysis hаs become not only аn аesthetic tool, but аlso аn importаnt method for understаnding socio-philosophicаl processes.

Purpose : Anophthalmic complex surgery in patients methods rehabilitation efficiency of improvement and life to the quality the effect evaluation .

Material and methods : in research various etiological anophthalmos and eye apple subatrophy exists 63 people who were sick participation All​​ in patients improved complex ophthalmoplastic surgery practices was held . Life quality Khodjaev D.Kh. and Yusupov A.F. by adapted (2025) SF‑36 questionnaire based on from surgery before , as well as from 3 months and 6 months later was evaluated .

Results : before surgery during life integral indicator of quality average is 24% did ​Complex surgical rehabilitation and individual eye prosthesis from use in 3 months present the figure is up to 76% increased and 6 months old observation during stable saved .

Conclusion : improved complex ophthalmoplastic surgery rehabilitation anophthalmic in patients medical , social and effectiveness of psychological rehabilitation increases and life quality indicators reliable improvement provides .

In the context of modern higher education, the formation of professionally competent specialists cannot be separated from their legal awareness and legal culture. Legal education plays a crucial role in shaping students’ professional responsibility, civic consciousness, and ethical behavior. This article examines the theoretical and practical foundations of legal education of university students during the process of professional training. Special attention is paid to the integration of legal education into professional disciplines, pedagogical mechanisms, and the role of higher education institutions in fostering legally literate and socially responsible graduates. The article analyzes existing scholarly views, discusses challenges and prospects, and proposes recommendations for improving the effectiveness of legal education in higher education.

This article examines the effectiveness of using information technologies in teaching quantities to primary school students. The study focuses on the pedagogical significance of digital tools, multimedia resources, and interactive technologies in developing students’ understanding of quantities, measurement concepts, and numerical relationships. Modern information technologies enhance learners’ cognitive activity, increase motivation, and support the formation of logical thinking and practical skills. The research analyzes methodological approaches to integrating information technologies into the teaching process and highlights their role in improving the quality and efficiency of mathematics education in primary grades. The findings demonstrate that the purposeful use of information technologies contributes to better learning outcomes and helps students master quantitative concepts more effectively.

SQL Injection (SQLi) continues to pose a critical threat to modern web applications, exploiting improper input handling to compromise database integrity and confidentiality. This paper provides a comprehensive review of SQLi attack vectors, evaluates the effectiveness of cryptographic, pattern-based, and machine learning mitigation strategies, and analyzes their applicability in contemporary cloud-native and microservice-based architectures. Findings indicate that a multi-layered defense approach significantly reduces risk and enhances system resilience.

This аrticle explоres the rоle оf Аrtificiаl Intelligence (АI) in teаching аcаdemic writing аnd exаmines its impаct оn students’ writing skills. АI-pоwered tооls such аs аutоmаted feedbаck systems, grаmmаr аnd style checkers, аnd intelligent writing аssistаnts аre increаsingly integrаted intо аcаdemic writing instructiоn. The study аnаlyzes hоw these technоlоgies cоntribute tо imprоving cоherence, аccurаcy, criticаl thinking, аnd leаrner аutоnоmy in аcаdemic texts. Аt the sаme time, the аrticle discusses pоtentiаl chаllenges, including оverreliаnce оn АI, ethicаl cоncerns, аnd the need fоr pedаgоgicаl bаlаnce. The findings suggest thаt when used аpprоpriаtely, АI serves аs аn effective supplementаry tооl thаt enhаnces the quаlity оf аcаdemic writing аnd suppоrts persоnаlized leаrning.

   This article analyzes the monetary reform implemented by Mirzo Ulugh Beg, a descendant of Amir Timur, and its role and significance in the formation of Mawarannahr's economic system. The research scientifically examines the reasons for implementing the reform, its main directions, the stabilization of monetary circulation, and its impact on trade relations.