This scientific article comprehensively analyzes the role of myths, legends, and folk tales (rivoyat) in literature. The article sheds light on the theoretical foundations of these genres of oral tradition, their distinct characteristics, differences, and similarities. It also demonstrates the influence of mythological motifs, legendary plots, and elements of folk tales on the plot, character system, ideological and thematic direction, and artistic expressive means of literary works. The article analyzes examples of the use of myths, legends, and folk tales in Uzbek classical and modern literature, as well as their significance in reflecting national identity. This article aims to demonstrate the fundamental role of these genres in the development of literature and their contemporary relevance.

Mazkur maqolada B1 darajasidagi o‘quvchilarning lug‘at boyligini oshirishda Pictionary o‘yini texnikasining samaradorligi tahlil qilingan. Pictionary texnikasi orqali so‘zlarni vizual tasvirlash, tasavvur qilish va kontekstda qo‘llash orqali o‘quvchilarda eslab qolish ko‘nikmalari shakllanadi. Tadqiqot davomida eksperimentlar o‘tkazilib, nazorat va tajriba guruhlari natijalari solishtirildi. Pictionary texnikasi lug‘at o‘zlashtirishda ijodkorlik, motivatsiya va eslab qolish darajasini oshirishi aniqlandi.

In recent years, learning machines, particularly large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT, have revolutionized natural language processing (NLP). This article provides an overview of how such models function, focusing on the underlying architecture, training methodology, and inference mechanisms. It also explores their applications, limitations, and ethical concerns. Drawing on insights from computer science and cognitive modeling, this work explains how machines "learn" to understand and generate human-like language.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is reshaping educational systems globally. From adaptive learning systems to intelligent tutoring and automated grading, AI offers personalized, efficient, and scalable educational experiences. This paper explores the current applications of AI in education, evaluates its uses, and discusses its challenges and future implications. This scientific review provides important findings with an up-to-date investigation of AI from 2015 to 2024. The findings indicate that while AI can significantly enhance learning outcomes and accessibility, it also introduces ethical, technical, and pedagogical challenges. Through this scientific review, several areas in the existing body of research were found to be underexplored, especially in relation to how artificial intelligence is being integrated into educational settings. These gaps point to valuable opportunities for future researchers to explore new directions, particularly the use of emerging AI tools in teaching and learning.

In the digital era, where content is increasingly delivered through social media, trust in content has become a convergence point for journalism, marketing, and neuroscience. Especially on Instagram, how brand-generated visual and textual materials trigger trust in users is closely tied to neuromarketing and media ethics. This article analyzes content strategies employed by selected Instagram brand pages. Based on neuromarketing theories, content analysis, and audience feedback, the study offers useful insights for professionals in marketing and journalism.

the article notes the high relevance of the issue of psychological characteristics of the teacher's personality, briefly covers the history of the study of the issue, analyzes the most relevant ideas about the psychological characteristics of the teacher's personality, reflected in the scientific literature of the last sixty years, including the works of FN Gonobolin , VN Krutetsky , NV Kuzmina, ER Gorelova , defines key concepts and views on the issue of psychological characteristics of the teacher's personality, assesses their relevance for the present time.

 This article provides detailed insights into the concept of reading, the promotion of reading habits, the development of reading culture among youth, and various methods to cultivate reading habits.

This article explores the effectiveness of teaching descriptive geometry and technical drawing in an integrated manner to develop students' spatial thinking. Through practical examples and visual exercises, the study analyzes how the combination of these two subjects in the educational process influences students’ ability to perceive space, analyze drawings, and develop modeling skills.

This article examines the rare and endangered animal species found in the Surkhandarya region and listed in the "Red Book" of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The paper provides detailed information on the biodiversity, distribution range, ecological significance, and conservation measures related to these species. Based on regional monitoring data, the current status of the species has been analyzed, and practical scientific recommendations for their protection are proposed. The article is of particular interest to biologists, ecologists, and professionals involved in wildlife conservation.

This article analyzes modern methods of cost management in enterprises and examines their impact on profit indicators. In contemporary management practices, proper planning and control of expenses are key to increasing enterprise profitability. The article highlights the cost structure, analytical mechanisms, and optimization approaches based on the financial reports of industrial enterprises in Uzbekistan. Modern approaches such as Activity-Based Costing (ABC), Kaizen, and Lean management are discussed.

In the era of rapid technological advancement, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into the education system is becoming increasingly essential. This article explores the impact of AI-based tools and platforms on the development of professional competence among pre-service teachers. The research emphasizes how AI can enhance pedagogical, digital, and reflective competencies by offering personalized learning experiences, intelligent tutoring systems, and real-time feedback mechanisms.

 This article explores the urbanization processes in Tashkent, the capital city of Uzbekistan. It examines its geographical location, demographic growth, spatial development dynamics, and modern urban planning trends. Special attention is paid to the socio-economic and environmental consequences of urbanization and to strategies for sustainable development of Tashkent.

Post-COVID viral etiology pancreatitis has emerged as a significant clinical concern in recent years. This article analyzes cases of pancreatitis associated with COVID-19 and other viral pathogens such as CMV, EBV, and hepatitis viruses, focusing on clinical presentation, diagnostic challenges, and therapeutic strategies. A comprehensive literature review was performed utilizing the latest scientific publications, clinical case studies, and international treatment guidelines. Results indicate that pancreatitis in COVID-19 patients may present atypically or with a delay, complicating the diagnostic process despite advancements in laboratory and imaging modalities. Treatment is primarily symptomatic, antiviral when indicated, and often minimally invasive. The study concludes that due to its complex presentation and potentially severe course, viral pancreatitis should remain a focus for clinicians, particularly in the post-COVID era, to improve timely diagnosis and patient outcomes.

This article provides an in-depth analysis of Uzbekistan’s main water sources— the transboundary Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers— and the mechanisms of regional water management and cooperation. It discusses Uzbekistan’s approach within the context of water diplomacy, international legal norms, the Aral Sea crisis, and water-energy balance. The current state and prospects of cooperation among Central Asian states for equitable water use, as well as the role of modern technologies, are also examined.

The Turkish literature has always been an important part of the ethical, moral and didactic principle. During the X-XII centuries, interest in this subject has been intensified. The bright evidence of this is the didactic poems of Mahmud Koshgari’s “Divani lugati-t-turk” and Yusuf Hos Hojiib’s “Qutadgu bilig”. In the quatrains, Yusuf Hos Hojib uses the didactic ideas of oral folklore.

This article analyzes air pollution in cities of Uzbekistan, its main causes, and consequences. The study examines the concentrations of nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and other pollutants in urban air. Additionally, sources of pollution, meteorological factors, and their effects on the environment and human health are investigated. Based on the results, recommendations for improving air quality are provided.

his article analyzes the legal documents that laid the foundation for the formation of the country’s unicameral parliament. In particular, it reveals the essence and significance of the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the laws “On Elections to the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan” and “On the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan”.

This article scientifically analyzes the pollution of atmospheric air by NOx gases (nitrogen oxides), their main sources, dispersion characteristics, and ecological risk levels. The study highlights the formation processes of NOx gases and their association with industrial, transportation, and energy sectors. It also discusses the adverse effects of these gases on human health and the environment, particularly their contribution to photochemical smog, acid rain, and climate change. The article substantiates the necessity for effective monitoring and environmental policies to combat NOx emissions.

The aim of this study was to assess serum cytokine profile parameters in individuals with primary HIV infection in comparison with healthy controls. 

this article explores the strategic and operational complexities of managing media projects in an increasingly digital and competitive environment. It evaluates key trends, challenges, and the evolving role of digital transformation in reshaping project workflows. Through a comparative case study analysis of media organizations with varying levels of digital maturity, the paper identifies how agile project management strategies enhance innovation and efficiency. The findings underscore the need for media managers to adopt adaptive, collaborative, and data-driven approaches. I conclude with recommendations for media organizations seeking to enhance project effectiveness and sustainability within the dynamic media landscape.

The rapid development of the digital economy has fundamentally transformed traditional management approaches, giving rise to innovative management systems that are more adaptive, data-driven, and technology-oriented. This paper examines the crucial role of the digital economy in facilitating the implementation of innovative management systems in modern organizations. It explores how digital technologies—such as artificial intelligence, big data analytics, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things—contribute to improving decision-making processes, increasing operational efficiency, and enhancing organizational flexibility. The research highlights the synergy between digital tools and innovation-driven strategies, emphasizing how their integration leads to sustainable growth and competitive advantage. The paper also discusses challenges associated with digital transformation and suggests strategic solutions for effective implementation.

This article analyzes the role of literature in exposing oppressive politics and shaping critical thinking through the example of English writer George Orwell's work "Animal Farm." The work reveals through artistic expression the ideological control, manipulation, and restriction of human freedom, which are one of the main features of the totalitarian system. The article highlights the symbolic expression of the work, plot development, and how political oppression is depicted through the characters. Also, the importance of literature in encouraging society to be vigilant, reminding historical lessons, and forming political consciousness is considered on a scientific basis. The research results confirm the relevance of Orwell's work for today and the fact that literature is an influential tool in socio-political life.

Due to the complex nature of the relationship between the tourism industry and GDP, economists have not reached a unanimous consensus on how these variables influence each other. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine the impact of the tourism sector on GDP. The research focuses on Turkey, Greece, Italy, Spain, Egypt, and Cyprus over the period 2003–2022. To analyze these relationships, a regression analysis was carried out using the OLS method in STATA-14. The results indicate that all regressors are statistically significant, demonstrating that the development of the tourism sector contributes to GDP growth.

 This article presents the history of the study of the Oghuz dialects and brief information about the history and traditions of the Oghuz dialectological population of the Pasdargam district of the Samarkand region.

The relationship between foreign trade and tariffs is complex, and economists have not reached a full consensus on how they influence each other. This study investigates the issue by analyzing the impact of tariffs on foreign trade in four European economies over the period from 2005 to 2023. To explore these relationships, regression analysis was conducted using the STATA-14 software, employing the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method and the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model. The results indicate that all observed relationships are positive.

This article explores the relationship between physical education and the socio-emotional development of preschool children. It emphasizes the importance of physical activity in fostering emotional regulation, social skills, and overall psychological well-being during early childhood. The study highlights modern pedagogical approaches and the role of integrated physical and emotional development in early education settings.

This article analyzes how knowledge of foreign languages plays an important role in human resource development. The role of knowledge of a foreign language in the formation of a competitive labor market in the context of globalization, active participation in international cooperation, and increasing personnel potential based on the requirements of the modern economy is highlighted. Based on the experience of the Republic of Uzbekistan and advanced foreign countries, the influence of knowledge of a foreign language on labor productivity, the level of employment, and socio-economic growth is analyzed. At the end of the article, proposals and recommendations for stimulating the study of foreign languages are given.

Accurate diagnostics are the cornerstone of successful dental implantology. The diagnostic phase ensures optimal treatment planning, long-term prognosis, and minimal complications. With the evolution of imaging techniques, digital tools, and interdisciplinary approaches, implant diagnostics has advanced significantly. This article explores contemporary methods and tools used in diagnostics in implant dentistry, emphasizing their importance in achieving functional and esthetic success.

This article explores the pivotal role of different teaching methods in the process of learning foreign languages. It analyzes traditional and modern approaches, emphasizing how method selection influences learners' motivation, linguistic competence, and cultural understanding. The study highlights innovative pedagogical techniques, including communicative and task-based methods, and their impact on acquiring practical language skills. Further in article we will discusses the adaptation of methods to learner needs and technological integration, aiming to optimize language acquisition in diverse educational contexts.

This article highlights the clinical course of broncho-obstructive syndrome in newborns, particularly in those born via in vitro fertilization (IVF). Infants born through IVF often show underdeveloped respiratory systems, bronchial hyperreactivity, and a predisposition to pulmonary insufficiency syndromes. The article discusses the pathogenesis, clinical signs, and modern treatment approaches for broncho-obstructive syndrome.

This article analyzes the process of formation of written speech skills in primary school students and its psychological and pedagogical characteristics. Written speech is an important type of speech activity that forms children's thinking, ability to communicate, and the ability to express thoughts in written form. The article covers the stages of development of written speech skills, factors influencing this process, methodological approaches, and the role of the teacher. The main problems in teaching written speech and ways to overcome them are also considered. The results of the study will serve to develop effective strategies aimed at the formation of written speech at this age.

In today’s globalized world, English proficiency is a crucial skill, especially for youth in developing countries like Uzbekistan. This article examines the current state of English learning among Uzbek students, focusing on the challenges they face, particularly in remote and underserved areas. Drawing from a three-month teaching internship and data collected through surveys and interviews with students, teachers, and parents, the study reveals that grammar difficulties, limited vocabulary, low motivation, outdated methods, and lack of exposure to native English are major obstacles. Furthermore, economic hardships and insufficient teacher training hinder progress. The article proposes realistic, experience-based solutions to address these problems, including the implementation of interactive learning tools, community-led education initiatives, and motivation-enhancing programs. It argues that with targeted support and modern pedagogical approaches, even students from disadvantaged backgrounds can achieve high levels of English proficiency, opening doors to academic and global opportunities.

This article examines methodological approaches to nurturing sociolinguistic culture within mother tongue instruction. It explores how targeted pedagogical strategies—such as context-rich texts, communicative activities, and critical reflection—impact students’ sociolinguistic awareness, cultural sensitivity, and pragmatic competence. Drawing on recent educational research, this work argues that embedding sociolinguistic objectives into daily classroom practice transforms language education into a dynamic tool for identity formation and intercultural citizenship.

This article examines the effects of innovative drip irrigation technology on the yield and growth quality of Nigella sativa. The advantages of drip irrigation in terms of irrigation efficiency, water resource conservation, and plant nutrition are analyzed. The study results confirm that this irrigation method positively influences the yield of Nigella sativa.

The issues of further improving the well-being of the population, providing the population with sufficient and high-quality food products are the basis for ensuring food security. Therefore, it is an urgent need to analyze the theoretical foundations and priority areas of the production, processing and supply of food products to the population in our country in sufficient quantities and in good quality.

This article investigates the importance of cultural events in Uzbekistan's tourist promotion efforts. It examines how significant festivals such as Sharq Taronalari, Navruz, and the Silk and Spices Festival benefit the tourist industry by highlighting the country's unique cultural identity and past. The report also underlines the importance of festivals in improving Uzbekistan's worldwide image, encouraging cultural interaction, and assisting local communities. The findings are useful for developing tourist strategy and designing cultural policies.

 This article presents a linguopoetic analysis of the images of Bambur and Khorud found in Sharof Rashidov’s novella “The Song of Kashmir.” These two characters represent contrasting poetic forces—Bambur as a constructive and life-giving figure, and Khorud as a destructive and fatal one. Through their symbolic use, the inner dramatic tension of the story and its deep poetic layers are revealed. The article explores the concept of the poetonym, emphasizing the poetic and semantic significance of phytopoetonims and zoomyphopoetonims.

This article considers the important role of attention in the emergence and perception of speech, and the fact that in preschool children whose speech is not fully developed, the division of attention between speech and practical action is a practically impossible task. Children's attention deficits are observed throughout the entire work process. They have difficulty switching attention, that is, switching from one thing to another, from one type of activity to another. One of the reasons for this is the presence or absence of a connection between the contents of the work being performed sequentially. If there is such a connection, attention shifts quickly and easily. Another reason for the ease or difficulty of switching attention lies in the children's relationship to the objects of attention and the work being performed. The difficulty of switching attention in children with speech disorders is also determined by their relationship to their own disorders. Some children are aware of their shortcomings and are ashamed of them, while others do not care about their shortcomings and do not seek to correct them. These factors prevent them from concentrating and overcoming speech defects.

This article explores the theoretical and practical aspects of integrating the subjects of the native language (Uzbek) and literature in secondary education. The integration is viewed through the lenses of competency-based, systematic, communicative, and culturally responsive approaches. Emphasis is placed on developing linguistic, stylistic, and communicative competencies through literary texts, as well as enhancing students' aesthetic thinking in native language classes by analyzing literary devices. The study presents practical strategies for classroom integration, demonstrating how this interconnected instruction strengthens students’ independent thinking, expressive skills, and literary appreciation.

Over the past few years, I’ve personally seen how adventure tourism has started to gain more attention in Uzbekistan. More and more travelers are now looking for real, hands-on experiences in nature rather than just sightseeing. This shift reflects a global trend, but in Uzbekistan, it also opens up big opportunities. I noticed beneficial improvements like eco-lodges and hiking trails while visiting the Tien-Shan and Nuratau mountains. But there are still issues, such as inadequate road access, a lack of public transport, and inadequate safety services. Additionally, there is a lack of international awareness of these areas, which suggests that more promotion is required. This essay addresses both the areas that require improvement and the current state of progress. Uzbekistan can establish itself as a premier adventure travel destination by making strategic investments in community involvement and infrastructure.

This in the article author economic politics working at the exit tools democracy , election right  and political competition with and  economic politics working at the exit restrictions internal and external restrictions with and every both of them done in the increase government and economic - political cycle importance with open to give movement did .

This article scientifically explores the possibilities of applying modern pedagogical technologies in teaching the works of Muhammad Yusuf, a prominent representative of Uzbek classical and modern literature. It is emphasized that the poet’s poetry should be studied deeply not only from an artistic and aesthetic perspective but also from a spiritual and educational viewpoint, playing an important role in the upbringing of the younger generation. The article highlights modern interactive methods, the use of information technologies, and methods aimed at increasing student engagement.

This article aims to introduce a corporate governance system to Uzbek joint-stock companies, analyze the compliance of the current corporate governance with global principles, and further improve the national corporate governance system in accordance with the corporate code in the context of economic diversification, based on recent changes and the implementation of the current reform program, as well as develop proposals and recommendations on corporate governance in the activities of joint-stock companies.  

This article analyzes the poetic language, stylistic variety, and expressive richness found in the short stories of one of the prominent representatives of modern Uzbek literature—Khayriddin Sulton. The study focuses on his individual narrative style, use of artistic devices such as metaphors, epithets, and symbols, as well as the philosophical and lyrical-epic unity of his works. The article also highlights the author’s contribution to the genre of short stories, his approach to dialogue and character speech, and the national and spiritual depth present in his literary language. The analysis is based on Sulton's complete body of short stories, supplemented by scholarly critiques and literary studies.

This article analyzes the essence of inclusive education, international experience, and the legal foundations in Uzbekistan. Inclusive education is defined as a system that ensures equal rights to education for all children, particularly those with special needs. The article highlights global practices from the UN, Europe, the USA, and Japan, and thoroughly examines Uzbekistan’s legal reforms, including the 2020–2025 Inclusive Education Concept, roadmaps, pilot schools, established laboratories, and methodological materials. The integration of medical, pedagogical, and social models in the inclusive education process is also explored in depth.

This article provides a comparative typological analysis of subordinate clauses in French and Uzbek, examining their classification, syntactic and semantic roles, and modes of expression in each language. French, an Indo-European language, primarily uses subordinating conjunctions (e.g. que, si, parce que, bien que) and relative pronouns (e.g. qui, que) to introduce subordinate clauses, including complement clauses, relative clauses, and various adverbial clauses. Uzbek, a Turkic language, employs markedly different strategies: instead of a generalized complementizer like que, it relies on non-finite verb forms (participles, converbs, and nominalized verbs) and a set of subordinating elements (e.g. agar ‘if’, chunki ‘because’, garchi ‘although’) to convey subordinate relationships. The syntactic behavior and semantic functions of these structures are analyzed with illustrative examples. We discuss how certain French subordinators arose via grammaticalization of prepositional phrases, and how Uzbek connective strategies have been influenced by morphological processes and contact (e.g. Persian loans like agar, chunki. Cross-linguistic comparison reveals substantial differences that pose challenges for translation: for instance, a French clause introduced by que (“that”) may correspond to an Uzbek nominalized clause or participial phrase. By drawing on linguistic literature and examples, the article highlights how each language’s typological profile shapes its system of subordination and discusses implications for linguistic theory and translation practice.

The purpose of teaching bioethics in medical universities is related to addressing problems in the field of medicine. These include issues such as experiments conducted on humans, protecting patients' rights, the abortion debate, various aspects of infertility treatment, the euthanasia dilemma, concerns regarding the use of genetically modified products, transplantation challenges, and others that can be cited as examples.

The article presents the results of research on the hydrological and hydrochemical regimes of the Chirchik river. This research is devoted to a scientific or practical problem, such as insufficient effectiveness of existing monitoring. Factual data on the concentration of pollutants, most often exceeding the maximum permissible concentrations, are presented. An analysis of the study of the spatial distribution of pollutants (PV) along the river length is presented, which allows for the identification of the most polluted areas. The dependence of the concentration of pollutants on the water content of the year was considered.

Physical education plays an essential role in the overall development of primary school students. This article explores effective methods to enhance motor skills through well-structured physical activities. By analyzing pedagogical approaches, activity design, and age-specific adaptations, the study highlights the importance of purposeful exercise, game-based learning, and integrated physical education programs. The findings suggest that systematic and engaging physical training significantly contributes to the formation of stable motor habits, coordination, and general physical fitness in young learners.

Gender tolerance represents a critical psychological construct encompassing attitudes toward gender diversity and non-conforming expressions. This review examines contemporary psychological research on gender tolerance, analyzing theoretical frameworks and empirical findings from international studies including post-Soviet regions.A comprehensive literature review was conducted examining peer-reviewed articles published between 2018-2025 from international psychology journals and regional studies. Research reveals significant cultural variations, with Russia, Estonia and Ukraine leading gender research among post-Soviet states, while Central Asian countries show limited output. Gender tolerance is influenced by cultural values, education, urbanization, and exposure to diversity. Studies highlight the necessity for gender-sensitive mental health and culturally appropriate interventions. Gender tolerance requires culturally sensitive measurement approaches. Significant research gaps exist in Central Asian countries where traditional gender attitudes remain prevalent, indicating need for expanded cross-cultural studies.

This article analyzes the use of modern pedagogical technologies in teaching chemistry and its impact on the educational process. The article shows the importance of interactive methods, virtual laboratories, multimedia tools and online platforms in deepening students' knowledge and developing practical skills. Modern technologies are presented as an effective tool in improving the quality of education and motivating students to actively learn.

This article explores the development of the concept of Orientalism in Western Europe and its interaction with Enlightenment-era political thought. Drawing upon the monographs of Alexander Bevilacqua and Noel Malcolm, it analyzes Europe's perception of the Islamic East, the study of Arabic sources, and how these shaped the evolution of European political ideas. The article also provides a critical reading of Edward Said’s "Orientalism" thesis within this historical context.

This article studies the distribution of alkanes in nature, methods of production and their physical and chemical properties. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons widely distributed in natural gas and oil, and their production is carried out by methods such as hydrogenation, reaction from halogenated alkanes and cracking. The article analyzes the main chemical reactions of alkanes, including combustion and halogenation, as well as their physical properties. This study aims to highlight the importance of alkanes in chemistry and industry.

This article analyzes the topic of discourse and simultaneously discusses the importance of historical discourse. In the historical work, anthroponyms and toponyms, as well as their nominative and communicative features, are examined. The article also highlights the functions of anthroponyms within the scope of their use in literary works.

This article studies the natural minerals of the elements belonging to the alkali metal group, as well as their physical and chemical properties. Alkali metals are characterized by their high reactivity, softness and low density. The article analyzes minerals containing alkali metals such as lithium, sodium, potassium, their industrial importance, as well as chemical reactions and physical parameters. This study is aimed at developing a deeper understanding of alkali metals and developing their effective use

This article analyzes the grammatical differences between formal and informal style. Formal style is usually used in academic, legal, and business settings and requires clear, concise, and strict grammatical rules. Informal style, on the other hand, is used in everyday communication, conversations with friends, or on social media, and is more relaxed and personal in its expression. The article discusses the characteristics of both styles, including word choice, syntax, punctuation, and stylistic elements. While formal style tends to use more complex sentences, formal words, and terminology, informal style tends to use simpler, more understandable expressions, as well as metaphors and generally more emotional language.

these works are devoted to the study of the assortment of special clothing and personal protective equipment (SHHV) intended for workers of the mining and Metallurgical Combine, based on analytical data. The study examined the issues of risk levels of the working environment, types of protective equipment suitable for types of work, their compliance with technical and ergonomic requirements, as well as optimization of the range of available products. Based on the results obtained, recommendations have been developed to provide workers with effective and safe working conditions.

This article discusses measures aimed at guaranteeing the rights of investors in our country in recent years, guarantees created for investors in our national legislation, and information about their importance.

The advent of the Internet of Things (IoT) has revolutionized the approach to industrial machinery maintenance by enabling real-time monitoring, predictive analytics, and data-driven decision-making. This study explores the implementation of IoT-based predictive maintenance systems in industrial settings, analyzing their effectiveness in reducing downtime, optimizing resource allocation, and extending equipment lifespan. The findings indicate that integrating IoT technologies significantly enhances operational efficiency and reduces maintenance costs.

This article examines the historical development of graphic systems in Uzbekistan, analyzing their evolution from the Arabic script to the Latin-based system used today. It investigates the sociopolitical and cultural factors that influenced these transitions, highlights current difficulties in education, communication, and digital integration, and discusses perspectives for the future development of Uzbek orthography. Through an interdisciplinary approach, the article sheds light on how script reforms reflect broader national identity, globalization pressures, and modernization goals. This article presents a comprehensive analysis of Uzbekistan's script reforms, examining the historical transition from Arabic to Latin and subsequently to Cyrillic script, before returning to a modified Latin alphabet in the post-Soviet era. Drawing upon government documents, linguistic surveys, and educational reports, the study investigates the sociopolitical motivations behind each script change and evaluates current challenges in implementing the latest Latin-based alphabet. Particular attention is given to generational divides in script competency, technological adaptation requirements, and comparative lessons from other Turkic-language nations. The research employs a mixed-methods approach combining archival analysis with contemporary sociolinguistic data.

Current globalization in the process of the youth education always follow the procedures alike control can to take difficult work that to all of us known , as well their high spiritual and perfect human become their growth for all of us We are responsible . Time intensity with developing one at the time tomorrow our day owners was of the youth high spiritual so that they time requirements worthy in a way own to the mind capable , creative thinker individuals as formations for enough at the level opportunities creating we give This is necessary . young people in the article education – upbringing and spirituality increase issues about illuminating gives . Because, high spiritual , knowledgeable and society overcome It won't be possible .

Learning a new language is a challenging yet rewarding process. This article explores unique and effective methods for mastering foreign languages, focusing on English, Uzbek, and Russian. It covers unconventional techniques such as gamification, immersion, and technology-assisted learning, providing practical tips for learners at different levels. The article also includes key terms and references to support further research.  

This article explores the syntactic parallels and divergences among three prominent Altaic languages: Uzbek, Korean, and Japanese. Drawing on historical linguistics and structural typology, the study examines sentence order, subject-verb agreement, particle use, and honorific constructions. While the three languages share SOV (subject-object-verb) structure and agglutinative morphology, their grammar systems also display distinct features shaped by geography, contact, and cultural evolution. This comparative approach contributes to understanding how typologically similar languages evolved under different sociolinguistic conditions. This study provides a comprehensive syntactic comparison of three languages historically associated with the Altaic family: Uzbek (Turkic branch), Korean (isolate with Altaic features), and Japanese (Japonic with Altaic influences). Through contrastive analysis of sentence structure, morphological typology, and grammatical particles, the research identifies both shared features (SOV word order, agglutination) and divergent patterns (case marking, honorific systems). The findings challenge traditional Altaic classifications while revealing meaningful syntactic parallels that facilitate interlinguistic comprehension. Data is drawn from native speaker interviews, corpus analysis, and historical texts.

Independence in the years In Uzbekistan​ done increasing to the youth related state in politics deep transformation observation possible . The transition of global processes in society as a result to him/her relatively strict in order young people Socialization has also changed dramatically. This is going on . in the article In Uzbekistan to the youth being created opportunities and reforms this with together youth spirituality promotion issues vital examples based on illuminating given .

This article explores the theoretical foundations of accounting and analysis in small enterprises. It highlights the significance of accounting and analysis in economic management, as well as their functions and methodologies. Additionally, the paper discusses the peculiarities and challenges of accounting practices in small business entities.

The development of medicine in the ancient East is one of the most important pages in the history of mankind. During this period, a lot of knowledge was accumulated about the foundations of medical science, the causes of diseases and methods of treatment. Ancient civilizations such as Egypt, Mesopotamia, India and China were distinguished by their medical practices. In the countries of the ancient East, medicine was closely connected not only with scientific knowledge, but also with religious beliefs and cultural traditions.

This in the article globalization in the process passing events correctly​​​ interpretation can to get , each reality national our interests and our values based on from analysis to pass​ huge importance profession This will​ for and national idea​ and our ideology to be strong​​ must be young generation consciousness and to the mind infused national any idea​​ alien of ideas to the effect given not to stay to provide with together to them worthy answer It also forms the habit of returning , national our values respect to do and him/her to preserve - to cherish encourages .

Tourism infrastructure plays a crucial role in the development and diversification of regional economies in Uzbekistan. As the country seeks to capitalize on its rich cultural and natural resources, investments in transport, accommodation, communication, and public services have become essential to support increasing tourist flows. This paper examines how improvements in tourism infrastructure contribute to regional economic growth, job creation, and enhanced connectivity, particularly in less-developed areas. It also discusses the challenges of infrastructure gaps, regional disparities, and sustainable development. By strengthening tourism infrastructure, Uzbekistan can promote balanced regional development, reduce urban-rural divides, and foster inclusive economic opportunities.

This article explores the integral connection between listening and speaking skills in the process of language acquisition. It highlights how active and conscious listening contributes to the development of accurate pronunciation, appropriate intonation, vocabulary expansion, and grammatical awareness. The paper discusses contemporary perspectives in language pedagogy and emphasizes listening as a foundational element for enhancing speaking fluency and communicative competence. Practical strategies and digital tools that aid in improving listening and, consequently, speaking abilities are also reviewed.

Culture of the nation past , present​ and from tomorrow speaker , him/her to the world introducing This is a tool . in the article Updating In Uzbekistan culture and art to the field being addressed attention , to the field circle done increasing and in the future done increase planned measures in particular word maintained .

The historic Silk Road, once a vital network for trade and cultural exchange, continues to significantly shape modern tourism in Central Asia. This paper explores how the legacy of the Silk Road influences contemporary travel trends, destination development, and cultural tourism across countries such as Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan. The rich historical sites, ancient cities, and shared cultural heritage associated with the Silk Road attract tourists seeking unique and educational experiences. Additionally, regional cooperation in promoting Silk Road tourism has enhanced connectivity and cross-border travel. Despite challenges like infrastructure gaps and political complexities, Silk Road heritage remains a powerful driver of economic growth and cultural preservation in the region.

The article explores various aspects of forming competencies in physics lessons within a creative teaching process.

 Current globalization in the process of the youth education always follow the procedures alike control can to take difficult work that to all of us known , as well their high spiritual and perfect human become their growth for all of us We are responsible . Time intensity with developing one at the time tomorrow our day owners was of the youth high spiritual so that they time requirements worthy in a way own to the mind capable , creative thinker individuals as formations for enough at the level opportunities creating we give This is necessary . young people in the article education – upbringing and spirituality increase issues about illuminating gives . Because, high spiritual , knowledgeable and society overcome It won't be possible .

The article analyzes the impact of artificial intelligence on education. The article reveals the history of artificial intelligence development, provides a wide range of AI solutions aimed at improving the quality of education and optimizing educational processes, as well as the advantages and disadvantages associated with the introduction of AI in higher education. In addition, the article focuses on the future of AI use, changes in the role of the teacher, and the ethical aspects of AI use.

The article covers alalia, the causes of alalia, its effects on children's psychological development, breathing exercises, voice exercises, articulation exercises, speech production, the role of games in the correction of alalia, a comprehensive approach, and cooperation with parents. It also highlights methods used in speech therapy sessions with children suffering from alalia.

This article explores the stylistic function of proper nouns and the rhetorical device of antonomasia in literary discourse, tracing their evolution from classical rhetoric to their artistic application in Russian and English literature.

This article examines the concept of digital education, its role in the modern learning environment, and the integration of digital technologies into foreign language teaching. It provides an overview of the historical development of digital education, tracing its evolution from early computer-assisted instruction to contemporary educational systems powered by artificial intelligence. The paper analyzes the pedagogical, technological, and socio-cultural factors that have influenced the formation of digital education.

Pedagogy is a science that deals with the organization and management of the educational process, while psychology studies the mental state, behavior and development of a person. These two areas complement each other and provide the main elements necessary for success in the educational process.With the help of psychology, teachers can better understand the needs, motivation and self-awareness of students. This helps to organize the educational process more effectively.

This article analyzes the scientific and theoretical foundations as well as the practical significance of the principle of anthropocentrism in the formation of cognitive activity. Human-centered views define the active role of the subject in the cognitive process. The article highlights the formation of cognitive activity through individual experience, social environment, and language from an anthropocentric point of view. Additionally, it explains the function of language in cognition, understanding through concepts, and mechanisms of thinking. The results of scientific research show the crucial role of the human factor in cognitive activity and demonstrate the emergence of anthropocentrism as a methodological foundation in the system of knowledge.

 This article analyzes the importance of the family psychological service system, its role in eliminating social and psychological problems, based on foreign and local experiences. At the same time, based on the opinions and views of psychologists in the Fergana region, the current state of family psychological service provision and directions for its improvement are revealed.

The application of psychological theories and methods in the educational process helps to improve the individual characteristics, motivation and emotional development of students. Modern psychology also provides teachers with knowledge on how to effectively communicate with students and manage their behavior.

This article examines the dynamics of supply and demand for personnel in the modern labor market, focusing on the structural and functional mismatches between workforce availability and employer needs. It explores key factors such as educational output, skill development, technological change, demographic trends, and economic restructuring that influence labor market equilibrium. The study analyzes both quantitative and qualitative aspects of labor supply and demand, with case examples from various countries to highlight global patterns and national specifics. Special emphasis is placed on the gap between graduates’ qualifications and job requirements, the challenges of youth employment, and the effects of automation on occupational demand. The paper concludes with policy recommendations aimed at better aligning education, training systems, and labor market needs to support inclusive and sustainable employment growth.

The process of acquiring two languages in early childhood is a biologically grounded phenomenon, engaging various regions of the young brain. This article explores the underlying neurobiological and cognitive systems that facilitate early bilingualism, with particular attention to neural adaptability, sensitive developmental periods, and cognitive control mechanisms. Evidence from brain imaging and long-term studies suggests that bilingual children undergo unique neural changes and demonstrate enhanced mental flexibility. These insights indicate that bilingualism is not solely a product of social or educational exposure, but also a reflection of the brain’s natural capacity for multilingual processing. A deeper understanding of these biological underpinnings holds considerable value for shaping educational strategies and informing cognitive neuroscience.

This article analyzes the role of psychological and pedagogical approaches in inclusive education. In the context of inclusive education, personalized and personality-oriented approaches that correspond to the needs of students become an integral part of the educational process. The study, based on theoretical sources, highlights the role of psychological approaches in emotional support, and the significance of pedagogical approaches in methodological adaptation. The author substantiates the positive influence of psychological and pedagogical integration on the quality of education.

This article explores the concept of profitability as a critical financial performance metric and its broader implications for strategic business management. Drawing on established financial literature and sectoral benchmarks, the study evaluates key profitability indicators—including Net Profit Margin, Return on Assets (ROA), and Return on Equity (ROE)—to assess how firms convert resources into earnings across different industries and economic conditions. The analysis reveals substantial variation in profitability margins across sectors, with technology and finance leading due to scalable, low-cost structures, while traditional sectors like agriculture and construction face margin compression due to volatile inputs and operational inefficiencies. In the case of Uzbekistan, recent statistical data and policy reforms illustrate moderate but growing profitability in industrial and service sectors, influenced by digitalization, improved tax compliance, and cost restructuring. However, challenges remain in informal competition, asset inefficiency, and fiscal policy complexity. The study concludes that profitability analysis, when applied alongside liquidity and efficiency metrics, serves not only as an internal management tool but also as a basis for investment decisions, credit risk assessments, and fiscal policymaking. A well-grounded profitability framework enables organizations to align financial performance with long-term sustainability and competitiveness. 

Foreign direct investment (FDI) has become a decisive variable in the economic trajectories of post-Soviet states. Yet the region’s performance is wildly uneven: Kazakhstan’s Astana International Financial Centre channelled USD 3.1 billion in fresh capital in 2024, while sanctions-stricken Belarus saw investor outflows and a technical default on external debt. This article compares state-policy toolkits across seven post-Soviet economies, isolating the measures that either catalyse or repel foreign capital. The analysis finds that transparent incentive regimes, specialised investment hubs, and credible dispute-resolution mechanisms correlate with higher FDI/GDP ratios and lower expropriation risk. Conversely, ad-hoc tax breaks, opaque screening, and politicised courts deter long-term investors. Policy lessons are distilled for governments seeking to balance national interests with global capital flows.

The eclectic approach in language teaching has gained considerable attention for its flexible and learner-centered orientation. This paper aims to examine the strengths and weaknesses of the eclectic method by analyzing current literature and classroom practices. While the method promotes adaptability and the integration of various techniques to suit learners’ needs, it also raises concerns about consistency, teacher expertise, and pedagogical coherence. The study concludes that although the eclectic approach can be highly effective when applied strategically, it requires well-informed and reflective teaching practices to avoid random or disjointed instruction.

In recent years, Uzbekistan has undertaken significant reforms aimed at aligning its educational services market with the demands of the labor market. This integration process is essential for ensuring that the workforce possesses the skills required by a modern, diversified economy. The study explores the current state of Uzbekistan's educational sector, the reforms implemented to modernize curricula, vocational training, and higher education, and how these efforts contribute to employment outcomes. It also analyzes the challenges hindering full integration, such as skills mismatches, outdated educational content, and limited collaboration between educational institutions and employers. Through a combination of policy analysis, statistical review, and case studies, the paper evaluates the effectiveness of initiatives such as dual education models, public-private partnerships, and labor market forecasting. The findings suggest that while progress has been made, sustained investment, policy coherence, and stakeholder coordination are crucial to achieving a fully responsive and integrated education-to-employment ecosystem in Uzbekistan.

This article explores the significance of planning optimal physical training programs to achieve maximum performance in various sports. It emphasizes the necessity of tailoring training intensity and structure to meet the specific demands of each sport. The article categorizes training programs based on endurance sports, strength and power sports, and skill-based sports, highlighting their unique physiological requirements. It also discusses the role of periodization in organizing training phases—macrocycle, mesocycle, and microcycle—to enhance performance and manage fatigue. Furthermore, the importance of gradual intensity progression, recovery strategies, and cross-training is underlined to prevent injuries and support long-term athletic development. The findings underscore the need for sport-specific training plans that balance intensity, volume, and recovery for optimal results.

The article examines the relationship between the formation of tourism clusters and regional economic development using the example of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The main objective of the study is to quantitatively assess the impact of tourism clusters on the regional economy and analyze the dynamics of the sector's development. Descriptive statistics, methods of relative analysis, cluster development indicators and performance indices were used as the research methodology. The findings of the study confirmed the multifaceted positive impact of tourism clusters on regional economic development and specific recommendations for the future development of the sector were developed.

This article explores the global evolution, significance, and integration of traditional medicinal systems with modern medical practices. Traditional medicine, which relies on natural materials such as plants, minerals, and animal products along with practices like Ayurveda, yoga, acupuncture, and naturopathy, is contrasted with conventional medicine in terms of philosophy, methodology, and regulatory frameworks. The article highlights the increasing post-pandemic global interest in merging traditional and modern systems for more holistic and personalized healthcare. A detailed analysis is provided on the safety, efficacy, and standardization challenges associated with herbal medicines, emphasizing the role of regulatory frameworks such as WHO guidelines and international cooperation bodies. The piece also surveys global models of integration, such as those in China, India, South Korea, Vietnam, and several African nations. The Uzbek government’s active steps, including policy implementation and legal frameworks (2018–2023), to promote traditional medicine are showcased. Finally, the article emphasizes that successful integration depends on research, training, policy support, and harmonized standards to ensure equitable healthcare access and scientific validation of traditional knowledge.

This article examines the foreign policy of Libya during the era of Muammar Gaddafi, focusing on his relations with Arab-Africa, the United States, and Western countries. M. Gaddafi promoted the idea of Pan-Arabism in his foreign policy towards Arab states and called for the unification of Arab and African countries. Relations with the West and the United States were complex, prominently reflected in diplomatic conflicts and disputes.

The development of volitional qualities in future physical education teachers is a crucial component in shaping competent and resilient specialists who can effectively perform pedagogical and athletic functions. This paper explores the theoretical foundations, psychological mechanisms, and pedagogical strategies essential for nurturing strong-willed character traits such as perseverance, self-discipline, emotional stability, and responsibility among physical education students. Particular emphasis is placed on the integration of practical training, competitive environments, and self-regulatory practices as tools to enhance volitional development. The study also discusses the role of university curricula and the influence of physical and mental challenges in fostering personal and professional growth. Recommendations are provided for the design of targeted educational interventions aimed at reinforcing willpower and intrinsic motivation in prospective physical education teachers.

This article discusses the main natural sources of aromatic hydrocarbons (AH) and the mechanisms of their formation. Processes such as oil and natural gas, volcanic activity, biodegradation, and forest fires are considered as natural sources of aromatic hydrocarbons. Information is also provided about the ecological hazard and impact of these compounds on the environment. The article covers aspects related to the scientific study of AH and the current problems of their safe management.

This article provides detailed information about cerebral palsy (CP), including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Cerebral palsy is a neurological disease that occurs mainly in childhood and causes difficulties in controlling movements and maintaining balance. The development of the disease is influenced by various factors, such as perinatal injuries, lack of oxygen, infections, and sometimes genetic factors. The article details the main types of CP and their clinical symptoms, such as limitations in motor activity, muscle spasms, and difficulty walking. It also provides information on how the disease is diagnosed, including neurological tests, MRI and other imaging techniques. Various methods are used to treat CP, such as physical therapy, medications, and orthopedic aids. It also emphasizes the need to provide psychological support to families in helping children with the disease and supporting their development. Overall, the article gives a complete picture of the various aspects of cerebral palsy and ways to combat it.

Evaluation and assessment are vital components in the realm of language education. This article explores the definitions, purposes, and methodologies of evaluation and assessment, emphasizing their impact on teaching and learning processes.

In recent years, the integration of game technologies into foreign language instruction has become an increasingly prominent pedagogical strategy aimed at enhancing learner motivation, engagement, and linguistic competence. This paper explores the theoretical foundations and practical implementations of game-based learning (GBL) in the context of foreign language acquisition. Drawing on constructivist and communicative language teaching frameworks, the discussion highlights how digital and non-digital games can promote authentic language use, reduce learner anxiety, and foster interactive learning environments. The literature review synthesizes key findings from recent studies that demonstrate the effectiveness of game-based platforms—such as Duolingo, Quizizz, and MMORPGs—in supporting vocabulary development, speaking fluency, and intercultural communication skills. Furthermore, the paper addresses challenges related to curriculum integration, teacher training, and accessibility, emphasizing that the pedagogical impact of games is highly contingent on purposeful design and instructional alignment. Ultimately, this study argues that game technologies, when effectively utilized, can serve as transformative tools in modern language education, facilitating dynamic and learner-centered experiences that go beyond traditional classroom methodologies.

This article highlights the most important and central part of Salah ad-Din Ayyubi's career — the conquest of the city of Jerusalem. It covers his efforts and battles to capture the city. It also describes the assistance he provided to the Crusaders after the conquest of Jerusalem.

This study identifies the relationship between the rotational speed variations of a newly profiled saw and saw cylinder with the machine’s performance, seed damage, and fiber quality (impurity accumulation). The research was conducted on a DP-30 laboratory stand using cotton samples of the "Yoleta" and "R3" varieties. The input parameters considered were the saw tooth height, pitch, and rotational speed. Output parameters included fiber productivity, seed damage, and fiber impurity indicators. The study found that productivity increased with greater tooth size and rotational speed, while seed damage remained relatively stable.

This study examines the effectiveness of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in the state financial control of Uzbekistan. The focus is on the role of AI systems in detecting financial violations, reducing corruption risks, and optimizing budget savings. The results indicate that AI reduced the time to identify violations by 79%, decreased suspicious tenders by 17%, and increased annual budget savings up to 55 billion UZS. These findings highlight the significance of AI in public finance management.

Chronic otitis media (COM) is a prolonged inflammatory process involving the tissues of the middle ear cavity, often characterized by hearing loss, purulent discharge, and tympanic membrane damage. This article highlights modern conservative and surgical treatment methods for COM. Additionally, it examines therapeutic strategies for complicated cases such as labyrinthitis, intracranial infections, and facial nerve paralysis. Timely and comprehensive treatment not only reduces the consequences of the disease but also significantly improves the patient’s quality of life.

 This article analyzes the differences between two major technologies widely used in interior design-CAD (Computer-Aided Design) and BIM (Building Information Modeling). A comparative study is conducted on their theoretical foundations, practical applications, documentation capabilities, impact on design efficiency, and the potential for saving time and resources. The advantages of BIM technology in modern interior design are substantiated.

В данной статье анализируются возможности и перспективы реализации целей Стратегии «Узбекистан – 2030», направленной на увеличение объема ВВП до 160 миллиардов долларов к 2030 году, а также на достижение дохода на душу населения в размере 4 тысяч долларов. Исследование факторов экономического роста позволило определить ключевые предпосылки для достижения соответствующих макроэкономических показателей к 2023 году, включая снижение уровня инфляции, увеличение добавленной стоимости и изменение структуры ВВП по отраслям.. Проанализированы рост экономики в среднесрочной перспективе: действующая институциональная архитектура реформирования и модернизации национальной экономики, позитивные тенденции изменения валового накопления основного капитала предприятий и его структуры, объема привлеченных иностранных инвестиций, внешнеторгового оборота страны, комплексного и сбалансированного социально-экономического развития областей, районов и городов Узбекистана, сокращения диспропорций регионального развития. Раскрывается важность кардинального улучшения внутриполитической ситуации и экономического взаимодействия в Центральной Азии, предающего новый импульс активизации регионального сотрудничества.

As global demand for personalized and effective English language instruction increases, artificial intelligence (AI) presents promising solutions for adaptive course development. This paper investigates how AI algorithms can enhance English language learning by creating dynamic, data-driven course pathways that respond to individual learner needs, pace, and preferences. Drawing on recent advances in natural language processing (NLP), machine learning, and learner analytics, the study reviews the structure, benefits, and limitations of adaptive English language courses. Through literature analysis and practical case evaluations, the research demonstrates that AI-supported adaptation leads to improved learner engagement, language retention, and performance outcomes, provided it is implemented with pedagogical coherence and ethical responsibility.

 This paper explores the role of foreign language education in primary schools in the context of globalization. As the world becomes more interconnected, early language acquisition is increasingly recognized as a critical skill for future global citizens. The study highlights the importance of incorporating innovative teaching methods, culturally relevant materials, and communicative approaches in language instruction. It also discusses challenges such as lack of qualified teachers and limited resources. Recommendations are made to improve the quality and effectiveness of foreign language teaching in primary education systems.

            This article analyzes the impact of digital transformation on Uzbekistan’s economic development, with particular attention to structural reforms, sectoral digitization, and future prospects for inclusive growth. It examines how digital technologies—such as e-governance, fintech, and e-commerce—are altering traditional economic models, increasing productivity, and fostering transparency. Drawing on official statistics, policy documents, and expert assessments, the study highlights both achievements and limitations in Uzbekistan’s digital journey. The findings indicate that digitalization has spurred improvements in financial inclusion, public service delivery, and entrepreneurship, yet challenges remain regarding infrastructure disparities, digital literacy, and regulatory adaptation. The paper adopts a mixed-method approach combining quantitative analysis with comparative insights from global benchmarks. It concludes with strategic recommendations to accelerate Uzbekistan’s transition into a sustainable, knowledge-based digital economy while minimizing digital divides and institutional gaps.

This article focuses on the life, ideas, and enduring legacy of Mahmudkhuja Behbudiy, a prominent Uzbek enlightener. The text highlights Behbudiy's multifaceted vision for a healthy generation, encompassing intellectual, spiritual, and physical well-being.

In an increasingly globalized world, the demand for English language proficiency has grown exponentially. English is not only the dominant language of international business and diplomacy but also a key medium of instruction in many international educational programs. These programs, such as the International Baccalaureate (IB), Cambridge International Education, and the Advanced Placement (AP) program, offer a structured and culturally inclusive environment that promotes English learning with a global perspective. This article explores the methodologies used in teaching English through these international educational frameworks.

            This article explores the multifaceted implications of using blockchain technology to manage financial transactions, focusing on both its advantages and associated risks. As decentralized, cryptographically secured systems, blockchains offer transformative potential for the financial sector by enhancing transaction transparency, reducing operational costs, and eliminating the need for intermediaries. The article examines the core features of blockchain, such as distributed ledger architecture, consensus mechanisms, and immutability, and evaluates their applicability to financial services, including payments, settlements, remittances, and smart contract execution. Simultaneously, the paper critically analyzes risks related to cybersecurity, regulatory uncertainty, scalability, and energy consumption. Drawing on global case studies, pilot projects, and scholarly research, the article highlights the trade-offs that financial institutions and policymakers must consider when integrating blockchain into mainstream financial systems. The conclusion provides policy and strategic recommendations for maximizing benefits while mitigating systemic and operational vulnerabilities.

This article deeply analyzes the importance of technologies and innovations in the startup field. Advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, big data, and others are considered as the main drivers of future business. Necessary skills, opportunities, and examples from Uzbekistan's startup ecosystem are provided. The article is intended as a guide for young entrepreneurs to implement innovative ideas..

The mass of neutrinos and their oscillation behavior remain one of the most complex and unresolved problems in modern nuclear and particle physics. The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a major international scientific experiment designed specifically to address these issues. By determining the hierarchy of neutrino masses, the project is expected to significantly advance our understanding of particle physics and the Standard Model.This paper focuses on the application of artificial intelligence—particularly, an autoencoder model—for detecting rare signals observed in the JUNO experiment. This approach has proven effective in identifying infrequent but scientifically important events that might otherwise be missed. Autoencoders, as unsupervised learning models, enhance the ability to detect anomalies and extract meaningful patterns from large-scale experimental data. It is important to note that JUNO is not merely a study of subatomic particles. Rather, it represents a scientific journey toward uncovering the deeper mysteries of the universe. Sometimes, the quietest and most unassuming signals may hold the key to the most fundamental laws of nature.

This article discusses the role of pedagogical practice in the professional training of a future teacher and the formation of professional skills, qualifications and the tasks of pedagogical practice.

Congenital heart defects are anatomical abnormalities of the heart or major blood vessels that occur during the embryonic development period. They are among the most common congenital anomalies observed in newborns. Such structural defects in the heart can negatively affect its full or partial function. The most frequent types of congenital defects include septal defects (such as ventricular or atrial septal defects), narrowing of the aorta or pulmonary artery, and abnormal development or malfunction of heart valves. This article discusses the causes, types, clinical signs, diagnostic methods, and modern treatment options for congenital heart defects. These conditions may result from genetic factors, maternal infections during pregnancy, toxins, or other external influences. Diagnostic methods include echocardiography, X-ray, ECG, and MRI. Treatment depends on the patient's condition and may involve medication or surgical intervention. When diagnosed early and treated appropriately, the quality of life and life expectancy of such patients can be significantly improved. This article focuses on analyzing modern approaches to this important medical issue.

The rapid evolution of artificial intelligence (AI), particularly in generative media, has given rise to deepfakes — hyper-realistic digital manipulations of a person’s likeness. This phenomenon challenges the boundaries between intellectual property (IP), privacy, and personality rights. While existing copyright law protects expressions of creativity, it does not squarely address the unauthorized use of a real person’s image or voice through AI. This article explores whether and how personality rights can serve as a legal response to the rise of deepfakes, comparing U.S. jurisprudence with emerging perspectives in jurisdictions like Uzbekistan. The study argues for a reconceptualization of legal identity in digital space, proposing stronger integration between personality rights and IP frameworks.

In this article, the content of the formation of social activity on the basis of the formation of basic competencies in students, the ability to overcome conflicts and problems that have arisen as a component of social activity, the contribution of students to the development of a worthy place in the future microsium, the analysis of important components of social activity, which are not always

Peri-implantitis is a destructive inflammatory condition affecting the soft and hard tissues around osseointegrated dental implants, often leading to implant failure. With the increasing popularity of dental implants, peri-implant diseases have become a major clinical challenge. This paper provides an updated overview of peri-implantitis, including its etiology, risk factors, and clinical presentation. A stepwise clinical algorithm for both prevention and treatment is proposed, based on current evidence and international consensus guidelines.

In the modern digital age, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force across various sectors, and education is no exception. AI technologies are redefining teaching methodologies, personalizing the learning experience, automating assessments, and enabling real-time feedback. This article explores the multifaceted impact of AI on education, emphasizing how intelligent systems enhance student performance, aid teachers, and support inclusive learning environments. The paper also critically analyzes ethical considerations, data privacy issues, and equity challenges in AI implementation. As educational institutions globally adopt smart technologies, it becomes vital to assess not only the benefits but also the long-term implications of AI in learning ecosystems. Ultimately, the article advocates for a balanced, human-centered approach to ensure that technology enhances educational equity, quality, and sustainability.

This article is dedicated to the life and work of the famous poetess Guljamol Askarova, who grew up in the literary environment of Kattakurgan. The phonetic-phonological, lexical-semantic, morphological and syntactic features of her poems are highlighted in terms of linguopoetics. The article is written in a combination of biographical approach, literary and linguistic analysis.

In this article, we will talk about the predicative relation, the object relation, the case relation, and the attributive relation. The article analyzes whether the connecting links of the subordinate and ruling parts change the types of relations.

Speech discourse plays a pivotal role in understanding human communication. This article investigates major thematic aspects of speech discourse within modern linguistics, emphasizing sociolinguistic, pragmatic, cognitive, and stylistic perspectives. Through analytical review and descriptive methods, the study outlines how discourse themes evolve and intersect with contemporary communication demands. Findings reveal a dynamic interaction between speaker intent, audience interpretation, and context, highlighting the relevance of speech discourse in education, media, and intercultural exchange.