This literature review describes sepsis as a severe clinical condition that develops as a result of infection and leads to a systemic inflammatory response throughout the body. From a microbiological perspective, a wide range of microorganisms can contribute to the development of sepsis. Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and, in some cases, parasites are considered the main etiological agents of sepsis.Among the most common sources of infection leading to sepsis are infections of the lungs (pneumonia), urinary tract infections, gastrointestinal infections, and infections of the skin and soft tissues. In the treatment of sepsis, a microbiologically oriented approach is initially based on empirical antibiotic therapy, followed by a transition to targeted (etiotropic) therapy after identification of the causative pathogen. The correct and timely selection of antimicrobial therapy not only improves patient prognosis but also plays a crucial role in preventing the development of antimicrobial resistance. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the microbiological basis of sepsis, modern diagnostic methods, and treatment strategies. In addition, special emphasis is placed on the importance of early diagnosis, the role of laboratory diagnostics, and the impact of effective intensive care management on clinical outcomes. Microbiological surveillance, infection control measures, adherence to hygiene standards, and vaccination are essential components in the prevention of sepsis.

Sepsis, Microbiological diagnostics, Blood culture, PCR, Empirical antibiotic therapy, Targeted therapy, Pathogens, Antimicrobial resistance, Intensive care, Prevention.

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