This study presents a comprehensive physicochemical characterization of sodium lactobionate aqueous solutions, focusing on density, viscosity, and refractive index analyses. Sodium lactobionate, a salt derived from lactobionic acid, finds applications in pharmaceuticals and biotechnology, making its physical properties of significant interest. The density measurements were conducted across a range of concentrations and temperatures, allowing for the determination of apparent molar volumes and thermal expansion coefficients. Viscosity analysis revealed the solution's dynamic behavior, providing insights into its rheological properties. Additionally, refractive index measurements were performed to understand the optical characteristics of sodium lactobionate solutions. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the behavior of sodium lactobionate in aqueous solutions and offers valuable insights for its various applications.

This research presents a dynamic modeling approach for butyl acrylate emulsion polymerization, employing a population balance framework. Emulsion polymerization processes are integral to the production of latexes and coatings, making accurate modeling essential for optimization and control. In this study, a population balance equation is formulated to describe the evolution of polymer particles, considering nucleation, growth, and coagulation phenomena. The model is validated against experimental data, demonstrating its capability to capture key process dynamics. The influence of key parameters on polymerization kinetics, particle size distribution, and overall process performance is investigated. This dynamic modeling approach provides valuable insights into butyl acrylate emulsion polymerization and offers a powerful tool for process optimization and scale-up.