Medicinal plants play an important role as sources of biologically active compounds in the pharmaceutical industry. This study is aimed at analyzing the phytochemical composition of Paeonia lactiflora and Ginkgo biloba and evaluating their pharmaceutical parameters. In the course of the study, Paeonia lactiflora roots and Ginkgo biloba leaves were used as plant raw materials.

The results of the phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and glycosides in both plants. Ginkgo biloba was distinguished by its high content of flavonoids and phenolic compounds, while Paeonia lactiflora showed a high level of monoterpene glycosides, particularly paeoniflorin. The presence of the main biologically active compounds was confirmed using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

During the evaluation of pharmaceutical parameters, moisture content, total ash, and extractive values were determined, and their compliance with pharmacopoeial requirements was confirmed. The obtained results indicate that Paeonia lactiflora and Ginkgo biloba are promising for use in pharmaceutical practice.

This article examines pedagogical mechanisms for developing leadership qualities among students in modern higher education institutions, with a focus on learner-centered approaches. The social and psychological essence of leadership is analyzed, and the significance of designing educational processes aimed at fostering leadership qualities through well-structured pedagogical technologies is substantiated. Particular attention is paid to innovative forms of instruction, role-playing activities, group-based learning, and interactive methods as effective tools for developing goal orientation, initiative, responsibility, communicative competence, and organizational skills in students. The paper also offers practical recommendations for enhancing leadership competence within the higher education system.

The liver is the main organ that detoxifies foreign chemicals and endogenous metabolites through biotransformation. This process includes Phase One functionalization reactions and Phase Two conjugation reactions, followed by transporter mediated excretion into bile or blood. Phase One reactions, driven largely by the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase system, introduce or expose polar groups through oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis. However, cytochrome P450 activity can generate reactive intermediates and reactive oxygen species when electron transfer is inefficient, promoting oxidative stress and cellular damage. Phase Two reactions generally reduce toxicity by conjugating metabolites with highly polar groups via enzyme families such as uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferases, sulfotransferases, glutathione transferases, N acetyltransferases, and methyltransferases, thereby increasing water solubility and facilitating elimination. Hyperbilirubinemia is closely linked to detoxification because bilirubin requires hepatic uptake, glucuronidation by uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase family one member A one, and biliary secretion. Oxidative stress can impair detoxification enzymes and transporters and modify gene expression through redox sensitive signaling pathways, including nuclear factor erythroid two related factor two, which alters antioxidant and detoxification capacity. Together, Phase One and Phase Two metabolism, antioxidant defenses, and bilirubin handling form an integrated biochemical network that explains many clinical manifestations of liver dysfunction, particularly oxidative injury and hyperbilirubinemia.

Varicocele is a common vascular disorder affecting the male reproductive system and is a leading cause of male infertility. Venous decompensation, characterized by impaired venous return and blood stasis within the pampiniform plexus, plays a critical role in disrupting testicular function. This pathological condition leads to hypoxia, oxidative stress, impaired spermatogenesis, and testicular atrophy. Early detection through physical examination and Doppler ultrasonography is essential for preventing long-term damage and preserving fertility. Therapeutic approaches, including microsurgical varicocelectomy and minimally invasive embolization, have demonstrated significant improvement in venous function, sperm parameters, and reproductive outcomes. This article provides a comprehensive review of the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and treatment strategies of venous decompensation in varicocele.

The management of complicated respiratory infections remains a cornerstone of pediatric and adult pulmonology, particularly given the rising challenges of antibiotic resistance and post-viral immune dysfunction. This article explores the clinical utility of integrating immunomodulators with traditional antibiotic regimens to treat severe respiratory conditions. By analyzing modern therapeutic strategies proposed in 2025, the study evaluates how this dual approach mitigates inflammatory damage while ensuring bacterial clearance. The findings suggest that combined therapy significantly reduces the duration of clinical symptoms, such as persistent cough, and prevents the transition of acute infections into chronic states. This analysis provides a framework for clinicians to optimize treatment protocols through a more holistic immunological perspective.

This article discusses the innovative potential of the dual education system in the process of developing professional competencies of future teachers of technological education on a scientific basis. The study analyzed the mechanisms of forming professional competencies based on the integration of higher pedagogical education and the production environment, and the effectiveness of the pedagogical model based on dual education was determined through experimental work. The results of the study showed that the dual education system has priority opportunities in ensuring the sustainable development of pedagogical, technological and practical competences of future teachers of technological education. The conclusions obtained serve to improve the quality of training in the field of technological education.

  In recent years, the number of children with hearing impairments has significantly increased. Among them, for children who are completely deaf, modern technologies—particularly Cochlear implants—play a crucial role in effectively organizing their education and development processes. In my personal opinion, Cochlear implants provide children with significant opportunities to acquire speech and language skills, allowing them to actively participate in interactions with their environment. Moreover, based on my personal experience, the use of visual and multimedia tools in specialized educational processes significantly enhances the benefits of Cochlear implants. This study focuses on the pedagogical, psychological, and communicative importance of Cochlear implants, as well as analyzing the social adaptation of children with hearing impairments.

This article examines the content and effectiveness of a national educational model developed on the basis of Japanese preschool pedagogical principles such as Kaizen, O-soji, Omoiyari, and Mimamoru. The study was conducted through an experimental approach at Preschool Educational Institution No. 22 in the Quyi Chirchiq district of the Tashkent region. The experimental group consisted of 30 children from one senior group, while preparatory groups were selected as the control group. The program aimed to develop independence, self-care skills, empathy, care, and teamwork competencies in preschool children through daily activities and outdoor practical sessions. The results of the experiment demonstrated a significant improvement in social behavior and responsibility among children in the experimental group.

The rapid digitalization of engineering and technological systems has significantly increased exposure to sophisticated cyber threats. Traditional security mechanisms often fail to detect complex and previously unknown cyberattacks in a timely manner. This study explores artificial intelligence–based engineering solutions for the early detection and prevention of cyberattacks in digital infrastructures. The research employs analytical review, comparative analysis, and experimental modeling to evaluate machine learning and deep learning approaches applied to intrusion detection and threat prediction. The results demonstrate that AI-driven cybersecurity systems outperform traditional signature-based methods in terms of detection accuracy, adaptability, and response time. The findings highlight the importance of integrating artificial intelligence into modern engineering cybersecurity architectures to enhance system resilience and proactive defense capabilities.

Digitalization has become a central paradigm in contemporary ESL pedagogy, particularly in the development of writing skills. In Uzbekistan, national educational reforms promote the integration of digital technologies to modernize English language instruction; however, ESL writing outcomes remain limited. This article critically examines the digitalization of ESL writing instruction in Uzbek secondary schools by synthesizing policy documents, international research, and contextual classroom practices. The analysis demonstrates that while digital tools offer pedagogical potential, their effectiveness is constrained by infrastructural inequality, insufficient teacher digital pedagogy, and weak methodological integration. The study argues for a conceptually grounded and context-sensitive approach to digital ESL writing instruction supported by sustained professional development.

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This study explores the interplay of agency and fate in two emblematic medieval romance traditions: the Western legend of Tristan and Isolde and the Eastern Uzbek folk epic Tohir and Zuhra. By situating both narratives within their respective cultural and historical contexts, the article examines how notions of destiny, free will, and social obligation shape the trajectories of the protagonists. The analysis highlights the tension between individual desire and collective duty, revealing how agency is constrained by familial honor, political alliances, and supernatural forces. Special attention is given to gender dynamics, showing how male and female figures embody different degrees of autonomy and resistance within the framework of romance. Through comparative poetics, the study investigates symbolic motifs—such as poison, illness, dreams, and omens that encode the inevitability of fate while simultaneously offering moments of human choice. The findings suggest that while both traditions converge on the tragic inevitability of love, they diverge in their cultural interpretations of agency: Western romance emphasizes the destructive power of passion against feudal duty, whereas Eastern epic underscores the endurance of love within communal and moral boundaries. This comparative inquiry contributes to broader discussions in philology, folklore, and literary studies, offering insights into how medieval romance reflects universal human concerns across diverse cultural landscapes.

 The article analyzes the role of the multimedia educational environment as a systemic factor in improving the quality of professional training of future teachers of the Russian language. The structural components of this environment are examined, including digital platforms, interactive content resources, and networked communities. The author substantiates that immersing students in a multimedia space contributes not only to a deeper mastery of linguistic disciplines but also to the formation of technological readiness for pedagogical activity. The paper emphasizes the importance of integrating multimedia tools into the methodology of teaching the Russian language in order to develop information culture and professional flexibility among future language teachers. The results indicate a direct correlation between the richness of the educational environment and the level of formation of students’ methodological competencies.

Antibiotic resistance has emerged as one of the most critical challenges facing modern medicine. The increasing prevalence of resistant bacterial pathogens threatens the effectiveness of standard antimicrobial therapies and compromises clinical outcomes across a wide range of infectious diseases. This article explores antibiotic resistance as a multidimensional clinical problem, linking molecular mechanisms of resistance with their direct implications for diagnosis, treatment, and patient care. Emphasis is placed on the importance of rational antibiotic use and evidence-based decision-making at the bedside to combat the growing burden of resistant infections.

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) has significantly transformed the field of academic writing by providing tools for editing, refining, and optimizing scientific texts. This study explores the opportunities and challenges associated with AI-assisted scientific text editing, focusing on improvements in linguistic accuracy, structural coherence, and stylistic consistency. AI tools contribute to plagiarism detection, terminology standardization, and enhanced logical flow, thereby supporting both native and non-native English-speaking researchers. The analysis emphasizes that AI functions as a supportive instrument, while authors retain responsibility for intellectual content, originality, and contextual interpretation. Ethical considerations, including the risk of over-reliance on automation and potential homogenization of writing styles, are discussed. The study concludes that responsible and informed integration of AI can enhance the quality, efficiency, and accessibility of scientific publications while maintaining academic integrity.

The development of a technology for the production of magnesium chloride using halite waste separated from dolomite ores and magnesium sulfate with constant water hardness and the calculation of a 2-stage evaporator have been improved in the magnesium chloride evaporation department.

Yu Hua‘s To Live (1993) offers a compelling depiction of life in twentieth-century China, capturing the complexities of existence amid periods of profound historical transformation. While the narrative documents extensive suffering—manifested through war, famine, and political upheaval—it resists framing tragedy as a simple moral lesson or cautionary account. Instead, paradox functions as the novel’s central organizing principle: the acts of living, loving, and enduring are inextricably linked to meaninglessness, loss, and stillness. The experiences of the principal characters—Fugui, Jiazhen, Fengxia, and Youqing—unfold within this dialectical structure. Through their intersecting fates, Yu Hua reveals that virtue may engender catastrophe, innocence may culminate in sacrifice, silence may acquire expressive power, and survival itself may constitute a form of sorrow.

This paper asks how Yu Hua‘s To Live constructs a poetics of “tragic endurance” by embedding paradox in the intertwined fates of Fugui, Jiazhen, Fengxia, and Youqing, and what this reveals about life, death, and moral agency in twentieth‑century China. It further examines how these paradoxes dialogue with Chinese traditions of the tragic and contemporary scholarship on life–death aesthetics in Yu Hua’s fiction.

The study adopts close reading of the novel, focusing on key episodes in each character’s trajectory—Fugui’s dispossession and survival, Jiazhen’s loyal suffering, Fengxia’s mute death in childbirth, and Youqing’s sacrificial innocence. This textual analysis is complemented by contextual and intertextual reading of existing criticism on tragic endurance, existential paradox, and life–death themes in Yu Hua’s work.

Cardiotocography (CTG) is a key method for evaluating fetal condition, providing vital information on fetal heart rate and activity. It is widely applied in clinical settings for monitoring the fetus during pregnancy and labor. Different types of CTG are employed depending on risk factors. Understanding CTG principles and accurate result interpretation helps improve birth outcomes and determine optimal labor management strategies. CTG records made during labor serve as medical documentation, aiding in comprehensive birth assessments and providing legal protection for healthcare providers in complex cases.

This article provides a scientific analysis of the creation of customer segmentation for products and services and its effective tactical implementation under the market conditions of Uzbekistan. The study examines the theoretical foundations of customer segmentation, including its demographic, geographic, psychographic, and behavioral types, from the perspective of the country’s socio-economic characteristics. In addition, the paper substantiates the possibilities of efficient use of marketing resources through segmentation, identification of target audiences, adaptation of products and services to local market needs, and enhancement of competitiveness. The results of the study are of practical significance for small, medium, and large business entities operating in Uzbekistan.

This article examines Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) from the perspectives of modern medicine and pedagogy. ADHD is a functional disorder of the central nervous system characterized by decreased attention, hyperactivity, and impulsive behavior. The disorder is mainly diagnosed in childhood and adolescence, but in some cases, it may persist into adulthood.

The article analyzes the etiological factors of ADHD, including genetic predisposition, prenatal and perinatal influences, neurotransmitter imbalance, and environmental factors based on scientific sources. Special attention is given to the role of dopamine and noradrenaline systems in the pathogenesis of the disorder.

The clinical manifestations, types of ADHD (predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive, and combined), diagnostic criteria, and evaluation methods based on international classifications (DSM-5 and ICD) are discussed. Treatment approaches, including pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods such as psychocorrection, behavioral therapy, pedagogical support, and the importance of family environment, are also reviewed.

This article comprehensively analyzes modern methodological approaches to organizing practical classes based on interactive methods, their didactic possibilities, and their impact on the effectiveness of education. In the research process, special attention is paid to the design of practical classes, planning their content based on a competency-based approach, creating an interactive educational environment, and integrating innovative pedagogical technologies into the educational process.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing the engineering industry by enhancing productivity, precision, and innovation. This article explores the growing role of AI in various engineering disciplines, its benefits, challenges, and potential future developments.

Technology plays a pivotal role in reshaping industries, societies, and everyday life. From advanced robotics and artificial intelligence (AI) to renewable energy systems and smart infrastructure, modern technology is driving progress across all domains. This article explores current technological innovations, their implications for the future, and the challenges they present. Special attention is given to the integration of digital technologies in manufacturing, healthcare, and communication sectors.

 Hypertension is both a cause and consequence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Elevated blood pressure leads to structural and functional changes in renal vasculature, ultimately impairing glomerular filtration. This study investigates the relationship between poorly controlled hypertension and renal function decline among adult patients in a clinical setting.

The English language is used for more purposes than ever. It is very closely related to economics, globalization, modernization, and development. Companies all over the world are competing fiercely in the business world.
The English language is rich in every feature. It is a key to discovery and the world’s storehouse of knowledge. English has a huge impact on economic modernization and industrial development. Every government, every company, and every person need to know the English language with precise and non-interchangeable vocabulary, where a lack of linguistic fluency often leads to the misinterpretation of vital financial data.

This article reflects the relationship between the theme and the image in poetry. The definitions of the artistic image in literary criticism are discussed, and the classification of images in the poetry of Azim Suyun is presented.

The article provides general information about ways to introduce preschool children to nature, activity centers and the work carried out in them, nature corners in groups, excursions and their educational aspect, importance, and the role of environmental education in a child's life.

This article provides a scientific analysis of the relationship between grammatical categories and meaning in Uzbek morphology. It examines the interpretation of grammatical categories, their hierarchical structure, and how they manifest in the language system. The study highlights the distinction between grammatical and lexical meaning and emphasizes the importance of understanding category-meaning relationships for language learning, teaching, and linguistic analysis. The results underline the necessity of a systematic approach to analyzing and teaching grammatical categories.

This аrticle explores the intricаte relаtionship between lаnguаge аnd thought, emphаsizing how they work together to shаpe humаn emotionаl experiences. It delves into the concept of linguistic relаtivity, discussing how the structure аnd vocаbulаry of а lаnguаge cаn influence perception аnd cognition. By exаmining vаrious culturаl contexts, the аrticle highlights the significаnce of lаnguаge in expressing complex emotions аnd thoughts, demonstrаting thаt understаnding this unity is essentiаl for comprehending humаn psychology аnd interpersonаl communicаtion.

This study examines the development of Russian pronunciation culture among learners whose primary linguistic background is shaped by the Khorezm dialect of the Uzbek language. The research analyzes how specific phonetic features of the Khorezm dialect influence the acquisition of standard Russian pronunciation, focusing on both segmental and suprasegmental interference. The study identifies the most common pronunciation deviations resulting from crosslinguistic transfer and evaluates pedagogical strategies that effectively address these challenges. Special attention is given to approaches that support learners in preserving their regional linguistic identity while mastering normative Russian phonetics. The findings demonstrate that dialectsensitive instructional methods significantly improve pronunciation accuracy and communicative competence, underscoring the importance of integrating sociolinguistic awareness into Russian language education in multilingual and dialectally diverse environments.

This article examines the representation of the mother figure in John Ernest Steinbeck’s novels East of Eden and The Grapes of Wrath through a comparative literary analysis. The study explores how Steinbeck conceptualizes motherhood not merely as a biological or familial role, but as a complex moral, social, and symbolic force shaped by historical context, gender expectations, and ethical responsibility. By analyzing key female characters—particularly Cathy Ames and Ma Joad—the article reveals two contrasting models of motherhood: destructive individualism and self-sacrificial collectivism. The findings demonstrate that Steinbeck uses maternal imagery to articulate broader philosophical concerns about good and evil, survival, social justice, and human resilience. The study contributes to Steinbeck scholarship by highlighting the centrality of the mother figure as a narrative and ideological axis in both novels.

This article presents a comparative analysis of the education systems of Uzbekistan and the United States. The study examines statistical indicators of educational financing models, higher education enrollment rates, and teaching methodologies in both countries. It highlights the differences and similarities between recent educational reforms in Uzbekistan and the decentralized education system of the USA.

This article explores the impact of podcasts on English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners, focusing on the development of listening skills and vocabulary acquisition. It examines how podcasts provide authentic, context-rich input, enhance learner confidence, reduce listening anxiety, and promote autonomous learning. The discussion highlights the role of repeated exposure to natural speech and diverse topics in improving comprehension and expanding both general and topic-specific vocabulary. The article concludes that incorporating podcasts into language learning programs can significantly strengthen overall language proficiency.

The process of prototyping for the effective selection of innovative ideas and their implementation ensures innovative efficiency. The article proposes a systematic methodology for sorting, evaluating and creating prototypes of conceptual innovative ideas in engineering projects. This methodology is associated with theoretical foundations, evaluation criteria and practical tools, and ensures the reduction of project risks and optimal use of resources. In modern engineering practice, the effective integration of scientific and innovative ideas into production and technological processes is of strategic importance. This article analyzes the main methods of integrating scientific and innovative ideas into engineering processes, mechanisms for technological improvement, and ways to increase their efficiency.

The article covers the process of preparing young teenage (11-12 years old) taekwondo athletes for belt certification. It sets out the personalized pedagogical foundations of the training process at the stage of initial specialization, the issues of taking into account the personal functional characteristics of young taekwondo athletes, and the content of the personality-oriented approach. The article describes the structure of the certification program, theoretical training, requirements for technical actions and general physical training, as well as the system of tests used in assessing physical qualities. A comparative analysis of the results of the pedagogical experiment conducted in the control and experimental groups is highlighted.

This article presents the results of assessing the prevalence and intensity of dental caries in examined individuals based on the DMF index. Clinical dental examination revealed a high intensity of carious lesions among most patients. A comparative analysis of DMF index components was performed considering gender and study groups. The findings highlight the need for improved preventive and therapeutic dental care strategies.

Chronic tonsillitis remains a common otorhinolaryngological condition characterized by recurrent inflammation, persistent microbial biofilms, and frequent exacerbations. Conventional conservative therapy often provides only temporary relief, while surgical treatment is associated with functional loss and potential complications. To evaluate the clinical effectiveness of a patented multistep conservative treatment method for chronic tonsillitis aimed at deep intralacunar sanitation, suppression of microbial biofilms, and prolongation of clinical remission. The study included patients with clinically confirmed chronic tonsillitis. The proposed treatment protocol consisted of staged intralacunar sanitation using ozonated isotonic solution combined with low-frequency ultrasound exposure, application of a thiol-containing mucolytic agent, adsorption therapy with polyvinylpyrrolidone solution, controlled micro-drying of the tonsillar surface, and subsequent local application of an ozone-based gel followed by a mucoadhesive protective coating. Clinical and pharyngoscopic parameters were assessed before and after treatment. The use of the patented method resulted in significant reduction of pathological lacunar content, improvement of pharyngoscopic signs, and a decrease in the frequency of exacerbations. The method demonstrated high clinical effectiveness and contributed to prolonged remission without the use of systemic antibiotics or surgical intervention. The proposed patented conservative approach represents an effective, organ-preserving method for the treatment of chronic tonsillitis and may be recommended for wide clinical application.

The study of the literature has shown that the morphological status of the thymus has been studied superficially in many works. The cellular composition of the thymus parts under the influence of physical or chemical environmental factors in the age aspect has not been studied enough. All this requires a more detailed study of the morphological changes occurring in this organ under the influence of various factors.

The study studied the morphometric changes in body parts of 200 boys and 220 girls 10 years old with scoliosis and compared with healthy children (n=440, 200 boys and 240 girls). It was established that scoliosis leads to violations of not only the functions of the musculoskeletal system, but also the development of negative shifts in anthropometric parameters.

The food industry actively uses various types of dyes, classified as synthetic and natural. Synthetic dyes, which are artificially created organic compounds, are not usually found in the natural environment. Their production is often carried out in the form of granules or powders, which are easily dissolved in an aqueous environment .

Unlike synthetic dyes, natural dyes are made exclusively from natural sources. These natural substances not only color foods, but also enrich them with biologically active elements and nutrients, increasing their nutritional value. However, natural dyes are susceptible to deterioration under the influence of high temperatures and air, which requires manufacturers to pay special attention to their storage conditions.

The problem of using food dyes in nanoforms, such as titanium dioxide (E171), iron oxides (E172), as well as metallic dyes based on silver (E174) and gold (E175), is becoming increasingly relevant and requires additional study. Nanoparticles have properties that can differ significantly from the properties of larger particles of the same substances, which creates the need for an in-depth analysis of their impact on human health .

In Uzbekistan, as well as at the international level, accepted methods for controlling the quality and safety of food coloring additives must meet standards that ensure the reliability of research results.

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This article explores the application of digital gamification and immersive multimedia tools, including virtual reality (VR), within the context of primary education. It investigates how game-based mechanics and interactive technologies can be specifically designed to enhance student motivation and foundational learning outcomes for young children. The study argues that integrating playful, technology-enhanced methods aligns with the developmental needs of primary school students, fostering engagement, creativity, and a positive attitude toward education from an early age. Practical examples and implementation considerations are discussed to guide educators in harnessing these innovative approaches.

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of quadratic equations and their practical applications in various fields. The quadratic equation is one of the most fundamental and widely used equations in mathematics, applied not only in theoretical sciences but also in everyday life, technology, economics, engineering, physics, and other areas. The study covers the general form of a quadratic equation, methods for finding its solutions, the concept of the discriminant, and the use of formulas to determine roots. Practical examples include applications in construction calculations, financial forecasting, mechanics, and electronic device design. The research also evaluates the effectiveness of traditional algebraic solution methods alongside graphical and digital approaches. Moreover, the pedagogical significance of applying quadratic equations in education is highlighted, emphasizing the development of logical thinking and problem-solving skills in students. This study contributes to linking mathematical knowledge with real-world problems and promotes interdisciplinary integration.

Simultaneous Interpretation (SI) represents one of the most taxing cognitive activities known to human linguistics. This study investigates the impact of syntactic asymmetry—specifically the divergence between SVO (Subject-Verb-Object) and SOV (Subject-Object-Verb) structures—on the cognitive load of interpreters. By comparing English-German and English-Uzbek interpretation contexts, this paper analyzes the "Ear-Voice Span" (EVS) and the strategies of anticipation. Findings suggest that the "verb-late" nature of Uzbek and German necessitates a higher reliance on working memory compared to symmetrical language pairs. The research utilizes recent data from 2020–2025 to evaluate the efficacy of "probabilistic prognosticating" in SI.

This article examines the fundamental economic concepts of demand and supply curves and their role in determining market equilibrium. Demand and supply are the core forces that shape price formation and resource allocation in market economies. Understanding how these forces interact is essential for economists, policymakers, and business practitioners. The study explores theoretical foundations, graphical interpretations, and real-world applications of demand and supply mechanisms. The research highlights how consumer preferences, income levels, production costs, technological progress, and government policies influence market behavior. By analyzing equilibrium conditions, the study explains how prices adjust to balance quantity demanded and quantity supplied. Special attention is given to situations where markets experience shortages or surpluses and how these imbalances are corrected through price mechanisms. Furthermore, the article discusses the dynamic nature of market equilibrium in response to external shocks such as inflation, taxation, subsidies, and global economic changes. The research methodology is based on qualitative and quantitative analysis of economic models, statistical data, and academic literature. The findings demonstrate that stable market equilibrium contributes to efficient resource distribution and economic growth. The study also emphasizes the relevance of demand and supply analysis in developing economies, where market imperfections and regulatory interventions are common. By providing a comprehensive overview, this article aims to enhance understanding of market processes and support informed decision-making in economic planning and business strategy.

Myocardial infarction (MI) remains one of the leading causes of mortality and disability worldwide, which necessitates accurate and timely assessment of the risk of adverse outcomes. Modern clinical practice uses a number of prognostic scales, including TIMI, GRACE, PURSUIT, and HEART, each of which has proven effectiveness but also certain limitations related to narrow focus, complexity of calculation, or lack of dynamic reassessment of the patient's condition.

This paper presents an extended analysis of existing risk assessment scales for myocardial infarction, compares them, and proposes a scoring scale—the Myocardial Infarction Grading Scale (MIGS)—that integrates clinical, symptomatic, laboratory, and instrumental indicators. A mathematical model based on a weighted sum of risk factors with logistic transformation has been developed for MIGS, allowing quantitative assessment of the likelihood of complications and fatal outcomes. Examples of scoring calculations for various clinical scenarios are presented, as well as a graphical visualization of the dependence of the probability of complications on the total MIGS score.

It is shown that the scale has advantages over traditional tools due to its comprehensive approach, dynamic monitoring capabilities, and integration into digital clinical systems. The results obtained indicate the feasibility of using MIGS in inpatient and emergency cardiology practice to improve the accuracy of risk stratification and personalization of treatment tactics.

The preservation of authorial style is a central concern in literary translation, as style functions not merely as an aesthetic ornament but as a carrier of narrative voice, ideological stance, and communicative intent. While previous research has extensively examined lexical and syntactic dimensions of style, pragmatic features—such as implicature, speech acts, politeness strategies, and context-dependent meaning—remain comparatively underexplored. This article investigates how authorial style is constructed at the pragmatic level and how such stylistic features are negotiated, altered, or lost in literary translation. Employing a qualitative, interpretative methodology grounded in pragmatic stylistics and translation studies, the study analyzes selected literary excerpts and their translations. The findings demonstrate that pragmatic shifts frequently lead to stylistic distortion, even when semantic accuracy is preserved. The article argues that pragmatic equivalence is essential for stylistic fidelity and calls for a more integrated pragmatic–stylistic approach in literary translation research and practice.

In the context of global climate change, environmental degradation, and increasing consumer awareness, ecological branding has become a key strategic instrument for shaping a country's international image. A strong “green” image enhances national competitiveness, attracts sustainable investments, and stimulates eco-friendly tourism and business practices. This article examines international experiences in ecological branding and analyzes strategic directions for forming a green image in Uzbekistan. Using comparative analysis, policy review, and synthesis of international best practices, the study identifies key mechanisms and institutional approaches that can be adapted to Uzbekistan’s socio-economic and environmental conditions. The findings suggest that integrating green branding into national development strategies, strengthening environmental governance, and promoting eco-innovation are essential for sustainable image formation.

This article examines the development of students’ computer-aided design competence through the use of the “Rotate” and “Mirror” commands in AutoCAD during engineering graphics instruction. The results of the pedagogical experiment show that systematic application of these commands improves spatial thinking, drawing accuracy, and task performance speed.

Dental caries remains one of the most widespread chronic diseases worldwide and continues to impose a substantial burden on public health systems. Early and accurate diagnosis is essential for effective caries management, prevention of lesion progression, and preservation of dental tissues. Conventional diagnostic approaches, including visual-tactile examination and radiographic assessment, have long been considered the clinical standard; however, these methods present inherent limitations related to subjectivity, operator dependency, and reduced sensitivity for early-stage lesions.

Rapid advances in digital technologies and artificial intelligence (AI) have introduced innovative diagnostic tools aimed at improving accuracy, reproducibility, and early detection of dental caries. AI-based systems, utilizing machine learning and deep learning algorithms, offer automated image analysis and objective lesion classification, potentially overcoming the limitations of traditional methods.

The aim of this study was to comprehensively evaluate the role of digital diagnostic technologies in caries detection and to compare their diagnostic performance with conventional methods. Particular attention was given to diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity for early lesions, clinical applicability, and potential public health implications. The findings indicate that AI-assisted diagnostic systems demonstrate higher sensitivity and consistency in detecting early carious lesions, while traditional methods maintain high specificity. Integration of digital and AI technologies into routine dental practice may significantly enhance early caries detection and support minimally invasive treatment strategies.

Effective disinfection of the root canal system is a critical determinant of successful endodontic treatment. The complex anatomy of root canals, presence of microbial biofilms, and resistance of certain microorganisms significantly limit the effectiveness of conventional chemomechanical preparation. Despite advances in endodontic instrumentation, complete elimination of microorganisms using traditional irrigants remains challenging. Consequently, persistent infection remains one of the leading causes of endodontic treatment failure.

In recent years, significant attention has been directed toward the development of novel antiseptic agents and the application of laser-assisted disinfection techniques. New-generation antiseptics aim to enhance antimicrobial efficacy while maintaining biocompatibility and minimizing cytotoxic effects. Laser therapy, on the other hand, offers a physical method of microbial inactivation through photothermal and photomechanical effects, potentially improving penetration into dentinal tubules and complex canal anatomy.

The present study provides a comprehensive analysis of modern root canal disinfection methods, focusing on the comparative effectiveness of innovative antiseptics and laser-based technologies. Available experimental and clinical evidence suggests that the combined use of advanced chemical agents and laser therapy significantly improves microbial reduction and may enhance long-term endodontic outcomes.

The analysis was carried out in children from 7 to 12 years of age of Secondary School No. 7 and children from 4 to 6 years of preschool No. 43, right-handed and left-handed (boys and girls). The results of the study showed that the highest growth rate of visual acuity in children with right-handed and left-handed (girls and boys) in childhood II was 9 years old (9.9%), while the lowest growth rate was 11 years old (2.1%). In the first period of childhood, however, no change in visual acuity was found when analyzed by gender. 

This scientific article studies the didactic possibilities of forming social adaptability competence in secondary school students as a socio-pedagogical problem. The study scientifically substantiates the need for students to adapt to the social environment, consciously accept social roles, and demonstrate constructive behavior in interpersonal relationships in the context of globalization processes and increasing information threats. The article reveals the didactic potential of reflective approaches, emotional-reflective methods, socially oriented activities, and communicative cooperation technologies in developing social adaptability competence in students. Also, the level of students' self-awareness as individuals, their attitude to their own worth, and the manifestation of adaptive behavior in various social situations are described as the main criteria for this competence. The results of the study allow for the improvement of educational activities in secondary schools and the enrichment of didactic support aimed at developing social adaptability competence.

This work analyzes the research work carried out on the theory of viscous-plastic media, their rheological properties, and their application in engineering and industry. The behavior of viscous-plastic media in deformation and flow processes, mathematical models describing them (Bingham, Herschel-Bulkley, etc.) are discussed. Special attention is also paid to the results obtained on the basis of modern computational methods and experimental studies. The results of the research are of great importance in optimizing technical and technological processes.

General concepts about complex specific environments, information studied by scientists are presented. The next paragraph provides a description and information about a special case of complex specific environments - viscous plastic environments. The work carried out with viscous plastic environments, research conducted to study them, and information obtained from experiments studied through research are presented in the third paragraph of the chapter.

This article provides an in-depth scientific analysis of financial relations in service sector enterprises under modern economic conditions. The study examines the role of the service sector in the economy, the structure of financial flows, and the relationship between revenues and expenditures based on recent statistical data.

This article analyzes the economic impact of electronic payment systems on banking and retail sectors based on empirical data from 2020-2024 covering 35 countries.

 This article examines the effectiveness of tax incentives as a fiscal instrument for stimulating domestic investment, with a particular focus on emerging economies. Drawing on international empirical evidence and selected macroeconomic facts from Uzbekistan, the study analyzes the transmission mechanisms through which tax incentives influence investment decisions, evaluates heterogeneity across firm types, and discusses potential trade-offs between investment quantity and quality. The findings suggest that tax incentives can stimulate domestic investment when embedded in coherent institutional frameworks, supported by financial sector depth and administrative capacity. However, poorly targeted incentives risk generating windfall gains, misallocation of capital, and diminished investment efficiency. The article contributes to the policy debate by synthesizing empirical insights and proposing a conceptual model tailored to structurally transforming economies.

 This article analyzes the application of the ISO 22000 food safety management system in the field of oil and fat production, its implementation requirements and effectiveness. The relationship of the ISO 22000 standard with the HACCP principles, its role in identifying and controlling hazards in oil and fat enterprises is highlighted.

This work sheds light on the symbolic expression of geometric patternsin architecture and their semantic significance. Geometric shapes — circles, squares, polygons, and star-shaped compositions — represent the ideas of divine order, balance, and eternity in architectural decoration. In particular, geometric patterns are widely used as symbols in Islamic architecture, giving buildings not only aesthetic but also spiritual meaning. The study shows that geometric patterns are an important tool in understanding architecture as an artistic and philosophical space.

: Actual questions of Preparing future teachers for artistic analysis of works of fine art activity Chigiz Axmarov.

In this article, the translation and classification of the epigraphic inscriptions of the Sherdar madrasa, one of the monuments in the Registan complex in Samarkand, is described as an important place in the logical study of our great cultural heritage and its promotion.

Today, one of the most important tasks of preschool education organizations are to educations is to educate preschool children with the rich national, cultural and historical heritage and spiritual and moral values of the people.

This article highlights the effects of hypokinesia (physical inactivity) combined with a high-fat diet on the histostructure and morphofunctional state of the pancreas. The analysis revealed that hypokinesia with fatty nutrition leads to fatty degeneration in the parenchyma, fibrotic processes in the stroma, a decrease in zymogen granules in acinar cells, and atrophy of the islet cells in the endocrine part. These changes reduce the secretory activity of the pancreas and cause a disruption of the overall metabolic balance.

Leukodystrophies are a heterogeneous group of rare, inherited neurological disorders characterized by progressive degeneration of the cerebral white matter due to abnormal myelin formation or maintenance. These disorders predominantly affect children and lead to severe motor, cognitive, and behavioral impairments. This article provides an overview of the clinical manifestations, genetic background, and neuroimaging features of leukodystrophies, with particular emphasis on their impact on neurodevelopmental outcomes. Advances in molecular genetics and magnetic resonance imaging have significantly improved diagnostic accuracy, allowing earlier identification and better prognostic evaluation. Understanding the complex pathophysiology of leukodystrophies is essential for timely diagnosis, appropriate management, and genetic counseling.

 Headlines are the first point of contact between the reader and the news. In the age of internet journalism, where content competes for attention across digital platforms, the role of headlines has become more crucial than ever. A well-crafted headline can increase visibility, drive traffic, and shape how stories are perceived—even before they are read. This article explores the strategic, psychological, and ethical significance of headlines in online journalism, considering how they influence engagement, reader trust, and the overall credibility of media content.

The rapid development of internet journalism has significantly impacted political processes around the world. Through real-time reporting, interactive platforms, and citizen participation, digital media has transformed how political information is disseminated, how public opinion is shaped, and how politicians engage with constituents. This article examines the influence of internet journalism on modern politics, exploring its positive effects—such as increased transparency and civic engagement—as well as challenges like misinformation, political polarization, and manipulation. As online journalism continues to evolve, understanding its political consequences is critical for strengthening democratic institutions and promoting informed participation.

This article explores the evolution and impact of internet journalism, with a specific focus on blogs and vlogs. It analyzes how these formats have reshaped the landscape of modern media, allowing individuals to become content creators and journalists in their own right. The piece also considers the challenges and opportunities presented by this shift, particularly in terms of credibility, audience engagement, and the future of news reporting in a digital world.

INTRODUCTION: The role of ecology in raising the younger generation as mature specialists, intellectually and spiritually mature people who love and respect their homeland is incomparable. Nature, the events that occur in it, and the laws of nature play an important role in the complex formation of a child's personality. When children become acquainted with these, their intellectual, moral, physical, and scientific worldviews are formed, and they are brought up in the spirit of preserving, caring for, and protecting nature.

ESEARCH OBJECTIVE: Nature is a great place for humanity to live, a source of blessings, and it is the duty of every person to preserve it. Our people have their own national and historical traditions. Let these traditions always be developed and enriched. It is known from the past that nature is an invaluable value for humanity. Nature is the field of birth, life, and growth. Man lives, grows, and develops together with nature.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The role of ecological education in ensuring harmony between nature and man is extremely large. Continuous ecological education and upbringing, carried out at all stages of the education system, requires the formation of new relationships between man and nature, as well as himself. This, in turn, can serve as a foundation for the formation of a well-rounded person. Instilling love for nature leads to education in the spirit of respect for the Motherland, its natural monuments, historical monuments, and the traditions of our people, and the formation of a highly spiritual personality.

DISCUSSION AND RESULTS:  Introducing a child to nature, teaching him about nature, and educating him to relate to nature are the most important aspects of the preschool education process. In the process of introducing preschool children to nature, great attention is paid to the formation of an attitude towards nature. Only when children acquire at least basic knowledge about nature, learn simple methods of growing plants and caring for animals, and learn to preserve nature and see its beauties, will they be able to cultivate a loving and caring attitude towards nature. It is on this basis that children develop a deep love for nature, a love for their homeland, and a love for their homeland.

CONCLUSION: Activities to introduce children to nature help them to acquire knowledge from the perspective of children and nature. During the activities, the teacher forms elementary knowledge in children under the guidance of the program, develops basic cognitive processes and children's work to a certain extent. Children's personal knowledge accumulates during everyday life, play, and work. The devices and equipment of the activities are used to implement various teaching methods.

Information is provided on the methods and methods of organizing the comprehensive development of physical fitness of students in sports clubs of secondary schools. The requirements for organizing sports clubs are highlighted.

Ethics and justice are fundamental concepts in philosophical thought, shaping moral behavior and social order across civilizations. Eastern and Western philosophical traditions have developed distinct yet overlapping approaches to understanding ethical values and justice. This article provides a comparative philosophical analysis of ethics and justice in Eastern and Western traditions, highlighting their conceptual foundations, similarities, and differences. By examining key philosophical ideas from both traditions, the study emphasizes the importance of intercultural dialogue in addressing contemporary moral and social challenges.

The rapid digitalization of higher education has significantly transformed academic writing practices, particularly in the field of philology. Contemporary students are expected not only to demonstrate linguistic accuracy and rhetorical competence but also to navigate digital environments that shape academic communication. Despite the growing body of research on digital literacy, academic digital writing remains insufficiently conceptualized as a distinct pedagogical domain, especially within philological education. This theoretical-methodological article aims to systematize key challenges in developing academic digital writing skills among philology students, review existing approaches to assessing such skills, and propose an instructional design model tailored to digital academic contexts. Drawing on international literature in applied linguistics, digital pedagogy, and higher education studies, the paper offers an integrative framework that connects conceptual foundations, assessment principles, and instructional strategies. The proposed model contributes to the advancement of digital academic literacy by providing educators with a structured and adaptable approach to teaching and evaluating academic writing in digital environments.

The world is more interconnected than ever, and the need for effective communication across cultures has made English a global lingua franca. As a result, teaching English as a second language (ESL) has become increasingly important. Traditional methods of language instruction, such as grammar-translation and rote memorization, are giving way to innovative approaches that emphasize communication, engagement, and real-world application. This article explores several new methods of teaching ESL that have emerged in recent years, highlighting their effectiveness and practical applications.

The educational landscape is so diverse that English language teachers often find themselves in classrooms filled with students who have varying learning styles. These differences can significantly impact how students process information, engage with the material, and ultimately, how they learn. Understanding and addressing these varying learning styles is essential for effective teaching and fostering an inclusive environment. This article explores the challenges associated with teaching English to students with different learning styles in one class and offers strategies to meet these challenges effectively.

This study examines the main translatological challenges encountered in translating the interview genre between English and Uzbek. The research analyzes the genre-specific features of interviews, their dialogic structure, question–answer dynamics, and the influence of pragmatic factors on translation. It also investigates how structural, semantic, and stylistic differences between the two languages affect equivalence and adequacy. Based on authentic interview materials, key translation difficulties are identified, and effective strategies for overcoming them are proposed. The findings hold both theoretical and practical significance for English–Uzbek translation studies.

Recommended an extraction-spectrophotometric method for determining cupper ions with a solution of 1-(2-hydroxy-1-naphthoiazo)-2-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid. Found optimal conditions: the volume ratio of the organic and aqueous phases is 1:9, the distribution coefficient is 0.95. The light absorption of the complex is 420 nm, the absorption of the reagent is 500 nm, the contrast is 80 nm, this proves the high sensitivity of the developed method. It has been shown that the determination of cupper ions is highly accurate with a lower detection limit of 1.14 μg/L and a correlation coefficient of 0.9999. The developed method for determining cupper ions is applied to the analysis of model mixtures and the relative standard deviation does not exceed 0.0015.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS), a constellation of interconnected physiological, biochemical, clinical, and metabolic factors including central obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and insulin resistance, significantly impacts the gastrointestinal system, particularly the gastric mucosa. This review synthesizes current evidence on the pathomorphological changes in the gastric mucosa driven by obesity-linked MetS, drawing from histopathological, microbiological, and molecular perspectives. Central to these alterations is the role of chronic low-grade inflammation induced by adipose tissue-derived cytokines, which disrupts mucosal homeostasis and promotes pathological remodeling. Studies indicate that obese individuals exhibit a higher prevalence of chronic gastritis (up to 80%), mucosal atrophy (around 30%), and intestinal metaplasia (15-20%), often compounded by Helicobacter pylori infection rates exceeding 50% in MetS cohorts. These changes are not isolated but part of a broader spectrum involving microbiome dysbiosis, where shifts in mucosa-associated bacteria—such as increased Proteobacteria and decreased Bacteroidetes—correlate with metabolic disturbances. Molecular analyses reveal upregulated inflammatory pathways like NF-κB and MAPK, alongside altered expression of adipokines such as leptin and adiponectin, which exacerbate epithelial damage and proliferative responses. Sex-specific differences emerge, with females showing potentially protective effects from estrogen on mucosal integrity, while males display more pronounced inflammatory infiltrates. Bariatric interventions, including sleeve gastrectomy, demonstrate reversal potential, with reduced macrophage infiltration and improved vascular density post-surgery. The global rise in obesity, affecting over one billion individuals, amplifies the urgency for understanding these mechanisms, as they predispose to severe outcomes like gastric adenocarcinoma. Advanced techniques, including proteomics and 16S rRNA sequencing, have illuminated these processes, highlighting therapeutic targets such as microbiome modulation and anti-inflammatory agents. This expanded analysis integrates epidemiological data, showing MetS prevalence in 25-30% of adults, and underscores the interplay between systemic metabolism and local gastric pathology. Longitudinal cohort studies further reveal that visceral adiposity metrics, like waist circumference, strongly predict mucosal alterations independent of BMI. The abstract emphasizes the multifactorial etiology, incorporating environmental factors like diet and genetics. Ultimately, early screening in at-risk populations could mitigate progression, fostering personalized medicine approaches in metabolic gastroenterology.

This article explores the role of social networks as a key driver of language change in both Uzbek and English. The study highlights how digital platforms influence vocabulary expansion, phraseology, and communicative styles, leading to rapid linguistic innovations. Findings indicate that social media fosters both opportunities and challenges for language development, affecting oral, written, and digital communication. The research provides insights into the pedagogical and linguistic implications of integrating social media into language learning and communication strategies.

The formation of early urban culture in the territories of Central Asia, like the development of society as a whole, followed a path of continuous evolutionary progress. In accordance with this pattern, the emergence and advancement of urban planning culture passed through long and gradual historical stages. The article provides a detailed discussion of the close connections between the ancient cities of Central Asia and the world’s cultural, economic, and political centers.

 This article investigates the systemic-linguistic characteristics of temporality and aspectuality in publicistic texts from the perspective of functional and text linguistics. Temporality and aspectuality are treated not merely as grammatical categories but as text-forming mechanisms that organize the representation of events, processes, and states within media discourse. The study demonstrates that in publicistic texts these categories function on multiple levels — grammatical, lexical, syntactic, and discourse-structural — contributing to textual cohesion, information structuring, and pragmatic impact. Through qualitative discourse analysis, the research identifies the dominant temporal and aspectual patterns that characterize news reporting, analytical articles, and opinion journalism. The findings show that temporality ensures chronological structuring and referential anchoring, while aspectuality shapes the dynamic or static presentation of events, influencing readers’ perception of actuality, urgency, and continuity. The article argues that temporality and aspectuality operate as systemic features of publicistic discourse, forming part of its linguistic architecture.

The article examines the issues of applying the value added chain concept in assessing the competitiveness of farming enterprises in the Republic of Uzbekistan. During the research, the value added created at the stages of production, processing, and marketing in farming enterprises was analyzed based on statistical indicators. The results scientifically substantiate that the level of development of the value added chain is one of the key factors determining the competitiveness of farming enterprises, and proposals for improving the methodology of statistical assessment were developed.

This article examines the environmental issues of radioactive waste in the Republic of Uzbekistan, which was one of the main sources of mining and processing radioactive (uranium- and thorium-containing) ores for the former Soviet Union. The article also notes that waste from inactive uranium mining and processing plants, uranium mine tailings, and storage facilities are sources of radioactive contamination. It also notes that the environmental issues of radioactive waste include not only the threat it poses to public health and the environment, but also the significant resource requirements for its safe management.

This article analyzes the legacy of Ozod Sharafiddinov, one of the major figures of Uzbek literary criticism, and his place in literary thought. The author analyzes the rich and spiritually profound life path of Ozod Sharafiddinov, one of the major figures of Uzbek literary criticism, and his great contribution to the development of Uzbek literature. It also discusses the role of the scholar‘s literary and aesthetic ideas, the principles of truth and responsibility in the upbringing of today's younger generation.

The article describes the features of the cultural and spiritual heritage of the Uzbek people, the views of thinkers on ecological culture, in forming positive views and attitudes of primary school students towards nature, eliminating environmental problems, and instilling ecological education in the minds of primary school students.

This paper investigates the problem of determining eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of certain classes of integral operators. Special attention is given to Fredholm and Volterra integral operators with continuous and separable kernels. Using analytical methods, the spectral properties of these operators are studied, and illustrative examples are provided. The obtained results play an important role in functional analysis, integral equation theory, and applications in mathematical physics.

This article examines ways to improve the management of digital technologies in joint-stock companies. The current state of digital management systems is analyzed, and the importance of factors such as information systems integration, automation of management processes, data-based decision-making, and digital competencies of human capital is studied. The results of the study showed the need to improve the mechanisms for managing digital technologies in joint-stock companies. The article develops conceptual approaches and practical recommendations aimed at increasing the effectiveness of digital management.

This article examines the scientific and methodological foundations for organizing educational–practical activity clusters within the higher education system. The study analyzes issues related to the systematic organization of cooperation among higher education institutions, industrial enterprises, and research organizations. Based on the cluster approach, mechanisms for integrating the educational process with practical activities, forming professional competencies, and improving the quality of specialist training are substantiated. In addition, the role of methodological support, management processes, and innovative pedagogical technologies in organizing educational–practical activity clusters is revealed. The research findings have scientific and practical significance for introducing the cluster approach in higher education and increasing educational effectiveness.

Sebaceous glands (SGs) are lipid-producing mini-organs of the skin, typically forming part of the pilosebaceous unit together with the hair follicle and its duct. Their histogenesis depends on tightly timed epithelial–mesenchymal interactions and a balance of morphogenetic signaling pathways that govern lineage choice, proliferation, and terminal sebocyte differentiation. This article reviews major factors that influence SG histogenesis across prenatal development, postnatal maturation, and remodeling in later life. Key determinants include canonical Wnt/β-catenin activity that biases epidermal progenitors toward hair follicle versus sebaceous lineages, Hedgehog signaling that supports proliferation and duct/sebocyte programing, and transcriptional regulators that coordinate fate decisions and lipid metabolic maturation. Progenitor pool dynamics—exemplified by Blimp1/PRDM1-associated populations—and the c-MYC network further shape gland size and renewal, while endocrine cues (especially androgens) modulate differentiation trajectories through androgen receptor–dependent programs that intersect with stress pathways such as p53.

This article examines the motif of betrayal in the context of national and religious values in Uzbek literature. The study analyzes the artistic representation of national mentality and religious-ethical norms, focusing on their role in shaping literary images and narrative structures. Drawing on examples from traditional and post-independence Uzbek literature, the paper explores the opposition between loyalty and betrayal, the transformation of value systems, the inner conflict of characters, and the artistic interpretation of conscience, sin, and repentance. Betrayal is interpreted not merely as moral transgression, but as a complex spiritual phenomenon reflecting the testing and crisis of national and religious values.

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Modern bioactive restorative materials represent a significant advancement in restorative dentistry, aiming not only to replace lost tooth structure but also to actively interact with the surrounding dental tissues. This article reviews and analyzes the clinical efficacy of contemporary bioactive restorative materials, including bioactive glass–based composites, giomers, resin-modified glass ionomer cements, and calcium silicate–based materials. Emphasis is placed on their ability to promote remineralization, release therapeutic ions (such as calcium, phosphate, and fluoride), inhibit secondary caries, and enhance marginal integrity. Clinical outcomes related to longevity, wear resistance, biocompatibility, postoperative sensitivity, and patient-centered success rates are critically evaluated based on recent clinical trials and systematic reviews. The findings indicate that modern bioactive materials demonstrate comparable or superior clinical performance to conventional restorative materials, particularly in high-caries-risk patients and minimally invasive treatment approaches. However, long-term randomized controlled studies are still required to establish standardized clinical protocols and to fully assess their durability under functional oral conditions.

This article analyzes the integration of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies into the inclusive education system in preschool education and their advantages in the educational process for children with disabilities. VR and AR technologies provide the opportunity to create an interactive and adapted learning environment for children with special educational needs. This article discusses the capabilities of VR and AR technologies, the methodology for their use and their effectiveness.

This article presents a comparative analysis of the linguistic and linguacultural aspects of children’s anecdotes in the Uzbek and English languages. Children’s anecdotes, as a distinct genre of oral discourse, reflect children’s cognitive processes, communicative strategies, and the transmission of cultural values through language. The main aim of the study is to identify both universal and culture-specific features found in children’s anecdotes across different linguistic and cultural contexts.

The research adopts a qualitative approach and is based on a corpus of children’s anecdotal texts in Uzbek and English. The analysis employs lexical, syntactic, stylistic, pragmatic, and linguacultural frameworks. Lexical analysis focuses on everyday vocabulary and humor-generating mechanisms, while syntactic analysis examines sentence structure and dialogic patterns. Stylistic and pragmatic approaches are applied to identify expressive means and communicative intentions, and linguacultural analysis reveals the reflection of national mentality and social values in humorous discourse.

The results demonstrate that children’s anecdotes in both languages share universal characteristics such as simplicity, cognitive accessibility, and humor based on logical incongruity. At the same time, significant linguacultural differences are observed. English children’s anecdotes tend to rely on wordplay, irony, and individualistic expression, whereas Uzbek anecdotes are more often based on situational humor, literal interpretation, and culturally familiar contexts that emphasize collective and moral values.

The study highlights the close interaction between language and culture in children’s discourse and contributes to the fields of comparative linguistics, folklore studies, and intercultural communication.

Medical terminology plays a crucial role in professional communication, scientific research, and healthcare in the rapidly developing modern era. This study analyzes the structural and semantic characteristics of medical terms in Uzbek and English, as well as the translation challenges that arise in cross-linguistic medical communication. The research draws on theories of terminology, linguistics, and translation studies. Comparative and semantic analysis methods were used to identify similarities and differences between English and Uzbek medical terms. The results show that many medical terms are based on Greek and Latin elements, while Uzbek medical terminology has developed through a combination of international borrowings and national lexical resources, which can create specific translation difficulties.

This article analyzes pedagogical strategies aimed at preventing students from misusing Large Language Models (LLMs) in ways that violate the principles of academic integrity. In recent years, the widespread adoption of artificial intelligence–based tools has brought new opportunities to the educational process, while also creating various risks and challenges. In particular, students increasingly tend to use LLM services as a direct solution instead of developing skills such as independent creative thinking, academic writing, and conducting research. This has led to the emergence of new forms of plagiarism and a decline in the quality of education (Chan, 2023; Prokhorova et al., 2024; Lund et al., 2025). Therefore, educators are required to adopt modern, technology-oriented pedagogical approaches.

The article identifies the main causes of illegal or unethical use of LLMs, including excessive academic workload, insufficient time-management skills, lack of motivation caused by monotonous assignments, weak assessment mechanisms and the absence of a digital responsibility culture among students. Alongside this, the study highlights effective pedagogical strategies for addressing the issue: regular promotion of academic integrity, designing creative, contextual, and personalized assignments, organizing instructional sessions on ethical and proper use of LLMs, implementing multi-stage assessment practices (draft submissions, oral defense, reflection), encouraging collaborative learning, and fostering an atmosphere of pedagogical trust and openness rather than relying solely on AI-detection tools (Ardito, 2025; Lund et al., 2025).

This article examines the potential of Big Data and artificial intelligence technologies for traffic flow management. It analyzes the theoretical foundations, international experience, and practical models of adaptive traffic control. Calculation formulas for predicting traffic volume and optimizing traffic light phase durations are presented, along with a comparative table of indicators "before" and "after" the implementation of an intelligent traffic management system. The results demonstrate increased throughput, reduced delay times, an increase in average traffic speed, and a reduction in the conditional CO₂ emissions index. Recommendations for the implementation of adaptive systems are provided, including a phased implementation, the creation of an integrated data platform, the use of machine learning algorithms, information security, and performance monitoring. It is noted that the use of Big Data and AI technologies creates the foundation for sustainable digitalization of transport infrastructure, improving urban mobility, and reducing environmental impacts.

This article examines the relationship between the Eastern literary-traditional image of Iskandar Zulqarnayn and the historical figure of Alexander of Macedon in Greco-Roman sources. Using comparative textual analysis, motif typology, and historical contextualization, it identifies semantic transformation mechanisms and divergences in naming and narrative layers. The study clarifies how Alexander traditions were culturally adapted and literarily legitimized across regions.

Introduction. The intensive development of industry, urbanization, and the growth of technogenic load have led to a significant increase in the concentration of heavy metal ions in natural and wastewater. These pollutants are characterized by high chemical resistance, the ability to accumulate bio, and a pronounced toxic effect on biological systems, which determines their particular ecological and sanitary hazard [1,2]. Unlike organic compounds, heavy metals do not undergo biodegradation and can circulate in the environment for a long time, transitioning from one ecosystem to another.

This article examines the theoretical and practical aspects of working with vocabulary based on texts in primary school education. Special attention is given to developing pupils’ vocabulary, understanding the meanings of new words, and forming skills for their correct and appropriate use in oral and written speech. The study analyzes effective methods of text-based vocabulary work, including identifying word meanings through context, working with synonyms and antonyms, and reinforcing vocabulary through sentences and coherent texts. The findings indicate that vocabulary instruction organized on the basis of texts plays a significant role in improving reading literacy, language competence, and overall communicative development of primary school pupils.

This article provides a comprehensive comparative semantic analysis of praise expressions in English and Uzbek from the perspective of functional semantics. Praise is examined as a category of positive evaluation that reflects linguistic, cultural, and communicative values. The study aims to identify the semantic structure of praise expressions, distinguish their core and peripheral components, and reveal similarities and differences between the two languages. The research employs comparative, componential, and contextual analysis of lexical and phraseological units. The findings demonstrate that although English and Uzbek praise expressions share universal evaluative features, they differ in cultural motivation, intensity, and functional orientation, highlighting the influence of language-specific and socio-cultural factors.

This article provides a scholarly analysis of the stages of formation and development of tourism from the period of the emergence of the Great Silk Road to the twenty-first century. It examines travels based on trade and cultural exchange in ancient times, the development of trade and pilgrimage tourism in the Middle Ages, the improvement of transport systems during the Industrial Revolution, and the emergence of mass and modern tourism in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. In addition, the historical heritage of the Great Silk Road and its importance in the development of cultural and historical tourism today are revealed. The results of the research are of theoretical and practical significance in studying the history of tourism and developing this sector.

This article explores the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into the teaching and learning processes of electrical engineering disciplines. It describes methods for combining AI-assisted tools with traditional teaching strategies, including virtual laboratories, modeling, simulation, and adaptive learning systems. The study demonstrates how AI can enhance student engagement, facilitate the understanding of complex electrotechnical phenomena, and improve overall learning outcomes. Emphasis is placed on the synergistic interaction between teacher-led instruction and AI-supported student learning, as well as on the cognitive methods of abstraction, idealization, and deductive reasoning enhanced by intelligent systems.

At present, as a result of the transformation of international relations, traditional military confrontations are increasingly being replaced by multifaceted hybrid wars, which makes the protection of the digital dimension of state sovereignty a priority task. This article analyzes the negative impact of cyberattacks on state security, political stability, and national infrastructure using examples from the contemporary geopolitical environment. In the course of the study, particular attention is paid to ensuring the inviolability of digital borders under conditions of hybrid threats and to strengthening the legal foundations of the concept of “cyber sovereignty ”. The author puts forward scholarly hypotheses suggesting that the intensification of interstate competition in cyberspace may lead to a crisis of international legal norms. The article concludes with practical recommendations aimed at countering hybrid warfare through the modernization of national cybersecurity systems and the enhancement of international cooperation.

The article analyzes the methodological possibilities of using online platforms in teaching philosophy in higher education institutions based on the scientific views of leading scholars. The study reveals the role of the digital learning environment in the formation of philosophical thinking, critical thinking, and reflective competencies on the basis of constructivism, connectivism, and blended learning theories. The results of the empirical research show that philosophy classes organized on the basis of online platforms increase the effectiveness of education.

This thesis examines the functional semantic features of lingua-didactic terms in English and Uzbek, with particular attention to their formation, structural organization, and usage within professional pedagogical discourse. Using comparative and descriptive linguistic methods, the study analyzes the semantic fields, morphological patterns, and conceptual characteristics underlying contemporary language-education terminology in both languages. The research identifies common cross-linguistic tendencies, such as international borrowing and semantic generalization, alongside distinctive features of each system, including the high morphological productivity of English and the active calquing and semantic specialization present in Uzbek. The findings contribute to the theoretical understanding of bilingual terminological development and offer practical implications for improving terminology standardization and effective communication in the field of language education.

 The transfer of culturally specific elements, or realities, is one of the most difficult tasks in artistic translation. This is due to their deep roots in a particular culture and the lack of direct analogues in other languages. Realities serve as a reflection of national customs, social structures, historical background and daily life of a certain people. This article examines the key problems that arise when translating realities in literary works in English and Uzbek, as well as analyzes the most common approaches used to preserve their cultural significance and national identity. The study is based on a comparative and descriptive analysis of modern works on English-Uzbek translation and highlights the critical importance of linguistic and cultural competence to achieve high-quality translation.

This article explores the importance of artificial intelligence and its role in student development.

This article explores the importance of artificial intelligence and its role in student development.

This article analyzes the scientific and methodological foundations for developing sustainable development competencies through chemistry education in general and higher education institutions. The study focuses on the integration of sustainable development concepts into the content of chemistry education, the application of green chemistry principles, and the potential for fostering environmental, social, and economic competencies among learners. In addition, the effectiveness of modern pedagogical approaches, competency-based education, and practice-oriented learning activities is substantiated. The findings highlight the role of chemistry education in promoting responsible decision-making, ecological awareness, and sustainable thinking among students.

This article covers the theoretical and practical aspects of solving social problems in mahalla regions with the participation of young people. The study analyzes the role of the mahalla institution in society, the need to increase the social activity of young people in it, and the importance of cooperation mechanisms. It also shows the initiative and innovative approaches of young people as an important factor in solving urgent problems such as employment, education, crime prevention, and social protection. The article substantiates ways to effectively solve social problems through youth councils, volunteering, digital technologies, and cooperation with civil society institutions. The results of the study are of practical importance in improving mahalla activities, actively involving young people in social life, and strengthening social stability.

This article discusses the issue of developing creative competencies of future teachers based on historical and pedagogical sources. The views on education of scholars of the Ancient East, Ancient Greece, the Middle Ages, and representatives of European pedagogical thought are analyzed, and the aspects of the teacher's personality related to creativity are revealed. The importance of the ideas of Al-Farabi, Ibn Sina, Al-Biruni, Komensky, Rousseau, Dewey and Sukhomlinsky in the training of modern pedagogical personnel is substantiated. The results of the research will help to understand the historical roots of the creative approach in the professional training of future teachers.

A semantic analysis of lexical units (verbalizers) expressing the concept of "clothing" in English. The study examines the methods of forming clothing names (simple, compound, and complex words) and their place in the semantic field from a cognitive linguistics perspective. The results show that the concept of clothing in English has a complex hierarchical system expressing not only material needs but also social status, gender, and cultural values.

This article examines the psychological expressive function of sound design in contemporary Uzbek feature cinema through a scientific-theoretical and analytical approach. The research comprehensively analyzes the influence of sound design on dramaturgical structure, character psychology, and the audience’s emotional perception. In particular, the psychological semantic load of diegetic and non-diegetic sounds, background noise, musical timbres, and pauses is revealed. Based on selected examples from contemporary Uzbek films, the study scientifically substantiates the role of sound design as a psychological guiding factor that enhances internal dramatic tension, expresses characters’ inner experiences, and contributes to narrative development.

The development of tourism clusters in service sectors has become a critical factor in enhancing regional economic performance and competitiveness. This study examines various approaches to forming and managing tourism clusters, highlighting their influence on economic efficiency, resource optimization, and service quality improvement. The paper analyzes theoretical frameworks and practical examples to identify the most effective strategies for fostering collaboration among tourism enterprises, local authorities, and supporting institutions. Findings indicate that well-structured tourism clusters contribute significantly to increasing productivity, attracting investment, and stimulating sustainable economic growth in the service industry. The study emphasizes the importance of innovation, strategic planning, and institutional support in maximizing the benefits of tourism clustering.

This article investigates the cognitive and linguistic features involved in the realization of eventive information through assertive speech acts in English and Uzbek discourse. By examining how speakers structure and convey events, the study highlights both cross-linguistic similarities and differences. The research employs comparative linguistic and cognitive analysis to explore the semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic dimensions of assertive acts. Findings indicate that cultural, grammatical, and cognitive factors significantly influence the expression of events in both languages, providing insights into effective cross-cultural communication.

The rapid development of information technologies and the growing role of digital competence in modern society have significantly transformed the requirements for informatics education. Traditional teaching methods are no longer sufficient to ensure high-quality learning outcomes, active student engagement, and the development of practical skills. This article examines the use of modern pedagogical technologies in informatics lessons and analyzes their impact on students’ cognitive activity, motivation, and learning effectiveness. The study explores various pedagogical technologies, including interactive learning, project-based learning, problem-based learning, digital learning platforms, and blended learning models. The article highlights the importance of integrating modern pedagogical approaches into informatics education to improve teaching quality and prepare students for the challenges of the digital era.