This paper analyzes the lexical and semantic features of the translation of Jane Austen's novel Pride and Prejudice. The study examines key lexical units that reflect social norms and characters, as well as semantic nuances that affect the perception of the main themes of the work. Particular attention is paid to the cultural context in which the original version was created and its significance for an adequate translation. The work emphasizes the importance of preserving the author's voice and stylistic features of Austen in the translation process, which requires the translator to find a balance between accuracy and expressiveness. The analysis shows that a successful translation not only conveys the meaning of the text, but also preserves its emotional and cultural content, thereby ensuring the relevance of the work for modern readers.

This article explores the essence and significance of working with texts in native language education, as well as ways to improve this process. The study analyzes modern pedagogical technologies and interactive methods used in text-based learning, emphasizing their role in developing students’ speech and thinking skills. The author proposes effective methodological recommendations for organizing text work step by step, supporting students’ independent thinking, enriching their vocabulary, and strengthening their grammatical competence. The article also highlights the advantages of integrating innovative approaches and digital tools into native language lessons based on advanced teaching experiences

The dialogue between tradition and modernity has always been a fertile ground for artistic innovation. Central Asian motifs, with their intricate patterns, vibrant colors, and symbolic depth, embody centuries of cultural memory and aesthetic wisdom. In the contemporary world, these motifs transcend geographical boundaries and emerge as powerful sources of inspiration for European and Asian visual arts. By integrating ornamental traditions of atlas, adras, embroidery, and architectural symbolism into modern artistic practices, designers and artists are able to create works that not only resonate with cultural authenticity but also speak to global audiences seeking meaning, identity, and harmony in art.This paper explores how the reinterpretation of Central Asian motifs enriches contemporary creative landscapes by fostering cross-cultural dialogue, inspiring innovative design solutions, and sustaining intangible cultural heritage. It argues that the legacy of Central Asian ornamentation is not confined to museums or historical artifacts but actively shapes the visual language of today’s global art scene. In doing so, it bridges the past and the future, tradition and innovation, the local and the universal.

 Salinization of agricultural lands in arid and semi-arid regions is one of the most critical environmental and agricultural problems worldwide. The Khorezm region of Uzbekistan is among the territories where soil salinity negatively affects cotton growth, yield, and fiber quality. This research aims to develop an environmentally safe and resource-saving biotechnology for cultivating cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) under saline soil conditions. A complex biotechnological system based on biofertilizers, halotolerant microorganisms, and organic soil amendments was developed to improve soil structure, increase nutrient availability, and enhance plant stress resistance. Experimental studies conducted in the saline soils of the Khorezm region demonstrated that the combined use of microbial inoculants (Azotobacter, Bacillus subtilis, and halotolerant phosphate-solubilizing bacteria) with vermicompost and moderate mineral fertilizers increased seed germination by 15–20%, chlorophyll content by 18%, and cotton yield by 22–28% compared to traditional farming practices. The results suggest that such integrated biotechnology can effectively reduce environmental impact, improve soil fertility, and optimize water and nutrient use efficiency in cotton farming systems on saline lands.

 This  study  explores  how  emotion  contagion  operates  both  in  offline    interactions  and  in  social  media  environments.  Emotions  strongly  shape  human  decisions,  performance,  and  relationships,  yet  little  is  understood  about how  they  spread  between  people  in  conversation  or  through  digital  exposure.  Drawing  on  research  by  Neumann  and  Strack  (2000),  Barsade  (2002),  and  Kramer  et  al. (2014), this  paper  synthesizes  findings  on  the  mechanisms  and  consequences  of  emotional  contagion across  two  settings.  While  face-to-face  contagion  occurs  through  unconscious  mimicry  of  expressions,  tone,  and  behavior,  social  media  contagion  functions  through  exposure  to  emotional  language  and  content.  Understanding  these  patterns  clarifies  how  emotions  shape  collective  mood  and  behavior  in  both  physical  and  digital  worlds.  

Medications are essential components of modern healthcare. They help to prevent, control, and cure various diseases, improving both the quality and longevity of human life. However, every medication has potential side effects that can vary in severity depending on the dosage, duration of use, and individual reaction. This paper explores the benefits and side effects of medications, emphasizing the importance of proper usage, prescription, and awareness to maximize benefits and minimize risks.

This article investigates Marcus Miller’s composition “Power” as a systematic pedagogical resource for developing modern right-hand technique on the electric bass. The piece concentrates a wide spectrum of advanced techniques, including contemporary slap articulation, controlled popping, ghost notes, muting strategies, string-crossing, double-thumbing and dynamic shaping. Instead of treating “Power” as a virtuoso spectacle to be imitated, the paper proposes a step-by-step instructional model based on technical decomposition, progressive exercises and fragment-oriented work. This approach aims to strengthen technical fluency, rhythmic stability, stylistic awareness and ergonomic playing habits among students of higher music education. The suggested methodology is intended for use in specialized music institutions and can be integrated into ensemble, individual performance and technique classes.

This article explores jazz history not merely as a chronological survey of styles and famous names, but as a powerful pedagogical framework for developing key musical and intellectual competencies in contemporary music education. Integrating jazz history and stylistic diversity into the curriculum creates a fertile environment for the formation of rhythmic literacy, improvisational skills, ensemble awareness, critical listening and creative thinking. The article proposes a methodical model in which students move from informed listening and contextual understanding of jazz as a music of freedom and dialogue, to practical performance, guided improvisation and reflective analysis. By linking socio-historical content, musical language and active music-making, jazz history becomes a laboratory of creativity rather than a passive theoretical subject. The suggested approach is intended for higher and secondary specialized music institutions, as well as advanced performance programs that seek to align artistic training with modern educational competencies.

Transmission of signals is conducted by the release of neurotransmitters from presynaptic neurons and uptake by postsynaptic neurons. One of the most important and abundant neurotransmitters in the human body is acetylcholine. This article discusses the transmission, importance of acetylcholine, and related diseases.

This article highlights the role of phototherapy in modern medicine, the effects of medicinal plants on human health, and their healing properties. In recent years, the demand for natural medicines has increased, making phototherapy-the use of plants for treatment -an important branch of medical science. The biologically active compounds found in medicinal plants have a mild yet effective impact on the human body. The article provides information about the advantages and practical applications of phototherapy, as well as scientific research conducted in Uzbekistan on medicinal plants.

Function, structure and operation of the diesel engine supply system, Diesel supply system of modern cars, Diesel engine fuel supply system malfunctions, Diesel engine fuel supply system maintenance.

 This article provides a scientific analysis of new models of collaboration between artificial intelligence (AI) and healthcare professionals. The study reviews literature, clinical cases, and international experiences to assess the benefits and limitations of AI applications. The results indicate that AI improves diagnostic accuracy up to 85-95%, reduces physicians' workload by 30-40%, and enhances patient safety. The discussion highlights ethical challenges, technical barriers, and future perspectives. In conclusion, the principle of "human expertise + machine accuracy" is emphasized as the core paradigm of modern medicine.

This article analyzes the clinical effectiveness of laser and endoscopic technologies in ear, nose, and throat surgery. The study was conducted with the participation of 180 patients, where traditional, endoscopic, and laser-endoscopic methods were compared. According to the results, the laser-endoscopic method reduced surgical trauma, reduced blood loss by 2-3 times, reduced the level of pain, and accelerated the rehabilitation period up to 45%. Patient satisfaction was 97%. The research results confirm that the combination of laser and endoscopic technologies is a highly effective, safe, and aesthetically advantageous approach in otorhinolaryngological surgery.

 This article discusses the process of developing social and communicative competence in primary school students, modeling pedagogical processes and using models in the lesson process, based on criteria, to increase their socialization and sociability.

In this work discusses the method of conducting experiments on the production of car tires and the disposal of obsolete car tires.

 This article covers the world economy and international trade and commerce, including the dependence of English on the language. It shows that English is increasingly being studied and recognized as a world language. At the same time, it shows that it plays an important role in business ,that is, in the world economy. The article examines issues such as how economics and language are thriving together and becoming a perfect field.

This article explores the profound and long-lasting influence of Abu Ali Ibn Sina (Avicenna, 980-1037) on the field of medicine through his philosophical and systematic approach. By integrating rigorous philosophical reasoning with empirical medical observations, Ibn Sina established a coherent framework for understanding human health, disease, and treatment. This paper examines his scientific contributions, particularly his seminal work Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb (The Canon of Medicine), and analyzes how his ideas shaped medieval medicine, influenced European medical thought, and continue to resonate in contemporary clinical practice.

In recent years, the issues of environmental cleanliness, energy efficiency and modernization of the transport system have become increasingly important around the world. In this regard, electric vehicles, in particular electric buses, are increasingly widely used in the public transport system.

 The article analyzes the aesthetic and artistic functions of the art of diagnosis (intoq) in modern Uzbek poetry. The art of diagnosis is considered as a means of expressing the poet's feelings, enhancing the poetic effect by giving inanimate objects and natural phenomena human qualities. Through this, the poet demonstrates the spiritual connection between man and nature. The article also highlights the development of the art of diagnosis in terms of form and content using the example of such creators as Navoi, Babur, Erkin Vohidov, Rauf Parfi.

This article comprehensively analyzes the stages of historical formation of the gender category in the French language, its place in the grammatical system, and its semantic functions. The gender category is one of the central components of French grammar, ensuring important grammatical correspondence not only in the system of nouns, but also in the system of adjectives, articles, pronouns, and verbs. The study consistently examines the evolutionary development of the gender category in the period from ancient French to modern languages. In particular, the mechanisms of transition from the three-sex system to the two-sex system in Latin, the disappearance of the neutral gender, and the morphological and syntactic consequences of this process are analyzed. The article highlights the significance of the gender category not only from a linguistic point of view, but also in a sociolinguistic and cultural context. The movement for gender equality and the phenomenon of inclusive writing ("écriture inclusive") that emerged in the 20th-21st centuries led to a revision of the gender system in the language. Thus, modern changes in the gender category indicate that the French language is developing in harmony with social values in society.

The article examines the image of the artist in contemporary Russian and European prose as a reflection of the spiritual condition of a person in the postmodern era. Modern writers turn to the figure of the artist not only as a creator of works of art but also as a special type of personality whose destiny symbolizes the conflict between the inner world and external reality. Through the image of the artist, authors explore issues of self-identification, the meaning of creativity, the loss of ideals, and the search for spiritual harmony.

 The article examines the importance of language as one of the key factors in shaping national identity in the context of globalization in the 21st century. Language is understood not only as a means of communication but also as an essential element of a nation's cultural and spiritual heritage. The article analyzes the influence of global processes on the preservation of national languages, the role of the state and society in their support, and the significance of the digital environment for the development and promotion of the native language. It emphasizes that language is the foundation of national self-awareness and an important tool for preserving the cultural diversity of the world.

This article presents the essence, composition, types, and significance of composite materials in modern industry. Composite materials are formed by combining two or more different substances, distinguished by high strength, lightness, and resistance to heat and corrosion. Their wide application in technical and industrial fields contributes to improved efficiency.

The article analyzes the application of international standards and modern technologies in heart valve replacement. It examines innovative methods that influence patient safety, procedural efficiency, and clinical outcomes, as well as types of artificial valves and minimally invasive techniques. The article also provides insights into clinical experiences, standardized protocols, and the integration of new technologies into cardiac surgery practice.

Japanese folktales, as an integral part of the nation’s cultural heritage, play a significant role in the moral, spiritual, and aesthetic education of younger generations. Rooted in centuries-old traditions and influenced by Shintoism, Buddhism, and Bushidō, these tales convey universal values such as honesty, compassion, diligence, patience, respect for nature, and patriotism. Through symbolic characters, regional motifs, and narrative trials, folktales foster ethical awareness, social responsibility, and cultural identity in children. Their artistic appeal, spiritual depth, and pedagogical function make them a valuable medium for transmitting cultural memory and cultivating moral and ethical consciousness. In the context of globalization, the study and integration of Japanese folktales into education provide insight into both national and universal human values.

This article examines the features of using PISA-type tasks in teaching biology in the 9th grade. The main focus is on developing students' functional literacy through solving tasks related to the topic "Body Mass Index (BMI)." It is shown that the use of such tasks contributes to the development of students' skills in data analysis, interpretation, and the application of biological knowledge in real-life situations. An example of a practical task and methodological recommendations for teachers are provided.

Vitamin D has immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects, and its deficiency can cause a number of autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The relationship between vitamin D levels and RA severity is of interest to many researchers, as decreased vitamin D intake is associated with increased susceptibility to the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and vitamin D deficiency is associated with disease activity in patients with RA.

This article explores the transformative role of technology in empowering girls and promoting gender equality in education, economy, and society. It analyzes how access to digital tools, online learning, and STEM education enhances girls’ intellectual and professional capabilities, enabling them to become agents of change in the digital era. The study draws upon global research findings, international initiatives, and national programs—particularly those implemented in Uzbekistan—to demonstrate how technological inclusion contributes to social justice and sustainable development. The results highlight that empowering girls through technology leads to greater innovation, economic participation, and leadership among women. The paper concludes that continuous investment in digital education and inclusive policies is essential to achieving long-term gender equality and global progress.

This аrticlе еxplоrеs thе kеy fаctоrs influеncing thе intrоductiоn оf thе tаrgеt lаnguаgе culturе in thе prоcеss оf dеvеlоping sоciо-culturаl cоmpеtеncе аmоng fоrеign lаnguаgе lеаrnеrs. Thе study highlights thе rеlаtiоnship bеtwееn linguistic prоficiеncy аnd culturаl аwаrеnеss, еmphаsizing thе impоrtаncе оf аuthеntic mаtеriаls, intеrculturаl cоmmunicаtiоn, аnd tеаchеrs’ culturаl mеdiаtiоn. Rеcоmmеndаtiоns fоr lаnguаgе tеаchеrs аrе аlsо prоvidеd tо еnhаncе studеnts’ sоciо-culturаl cоmpеtеncе еffеctivеly.

This article analyzes the phenomenon of exclamations and incomplete sentences from the perspective of linguistic research. It is shown that historically, exclamations were considered not as central or main parts of the language, but as peripheral, marginal units. Latin grammarians and linguists of the 19th century considered them to be units independent of syntax, expressing only emotions. E. Sapir also considered exclamations as an ornament for the fabric of the language. T. Wharton notes that these views are also found in modern literature, but conceptual approachrs consider exclamations as a part of the language with a rich semantic structure.

The article emphasizes that exclamations are divided into primary and secondary types according to F. Ameka's classification, which is independent of syntax, does not have morphological changes, and also has the property of expressing emotions and performing a socio-signaling function.  According to T. Wharton's theory, it is logical to analyze exclamations on the continuum of showing and saying. At the same time, the Relevance Theory approach allows combining exclamations in terms of semantic and social communication.

The article also considers the issue of utterances and incomplete sentences in Russian linguistics. Based on the research of N.S. Valgina, I.A. Popova and A.M. Peshkovsky, incomplete sentences are analyzed as units that, although lacking syntactic parts, form a natural, communicative and dialogical form of speech, the meaning of which is restored through context and situation. It is emphasized that incompleteness is a natural feature of speech communication, and attempts to artificially fill it can disrupt the content and structural structure.

This analysis combines the phenomenon of interjections and incomplete sentences with their semantic, pragmatic, and social aspects, revealing their speech function and illuminating the relationship between the central and marginal parts of language.

Entropy is one of the most important concepts in physics, but also one of the most abstract and difficult to understand physical quantities. Historically, this concept arose in thermodynamics, studying the conversion of heat into work and the transfer of heat from a body with a high temperature to a body with a low temperature. Subsequently, this concept acquired other interpretations in contexts such as statistical mechanics and information theory.

This article is devoted to revealing the essence and content of the concept of entropy, which played a major role in the development of physics and thermodynamics.

This article explores the process of personal and professional development of students within the vocational education system. It analyzes the formation of personality, self-awareness, goal-oriented activities, acquisition of professional competencies, and adaptation to the labor market. The study also emphasizes the importance of pedagogical and psychological approaches, motivation, the development of personal qualities, and the application of modern educational technologies. The results contribute to the effective development of students’ personal and professional potential in vocational education institutions.

The main purpose of this scientific article is to explore the valuation process applied in various branches of the economy—particularly in banking, finance, microeconomics, and accounting—to study its goals, functions, and advantages. It also aims to examine cost calculation as another significant direction in economics, to understand its scope of application, advantages and disadvantages, and to determine its key purposes and tasks.

This article discusses the improvement of teaching the courses “Discrete Mathematics” and “Mathematical Logic” based on innovative technologies. In the context of digital education, the importance of effectively using modern information and communication technologies, interactive methods, e-learning platforms, and digital educational resources is analyzed. The role of innovative approaches such as blended learning, gamification, and virtual laboratories in developing students’ logical thinking, algorithmic reasoning, and analytical skills is substantiated. The study results show that the integration of innovative technologies into the educational process enhances the quality of education and promotes the development of students’ independent thinking abilities.

This paper proposes a comprehensive framework integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) into English as a Foreign Language (EFL) instruction, specifically targeting listening and speaking skills. We position AI as a "semiotic mediator" that bridges receptive listening and productive speaking through a "Listening-Composing Cycle." This model guides learners from deconstructing audio texts with AI analysis tools to creating their own spoken and multimodal outputs with AI assistants. A taxonomy classifies AI tools by their pedagogical role. Supported by theories like Social Semiotics and Flow Theory, the framework offers principles for developing multimodal communicative competence, emphasizing critical AI literacy. While empirical studies show AI reduces speaking anxiety and boosts confidence, challenges like technological limitations and ethical concerns require a balanced, human-centric approach, advocating for a "Critical-Digital Humanism" in language education.

Chronic pain, defined as pain lasting longer than three months or beyond normal tissue healing time, is increasingly recognized as a distinct condition rather than simply an extension of acute pain. It affects a substantial portion of adults worldwide and imposes profound individual, societal, and economic burdens. Emerging neuroscientific, psychological, and social research highlights that chronic pain arises from complex interactions of biological sensitization, altered central nervous system modulation, psychosocial factors, and behavioural responses. Effective management demands a biopsychosocial approach combining pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies, tailored rehabilitation, and psychological support. Despite advances, many patients continue to suffer, underscoring the need for improved diagnostic clarity, novel therapeutic targets, and integrated care models.

This text describes the respiratory organs, their structure, functions, and importance in the human body. It explains the structure of the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs, as well as the process of air exchange through them. The work also emphasizes the necessity of following hygiene rules for maintaining the healthy functioning of the respiratory system.

This article highlights Gavharshodbegim and her activities, her role in state governance, influence on economic policy, and cultural-educational legacy, emphasizing her prominence within the Timurid dynasty.

Air pollution has become one of the most serious global problems affecting both the environment and human health. The increasing emission of harmful gases and particles from industrial activities, vehicles, and domestic sources leads to various diseases such as asthma, lung cancer, heart disorders, and neurological problems. This article explores the main causes of air pollution, its effects on human health, and possible solutions to minimize its impact.

The rise of artificial intelligence (AI) marks a turning point in human economic history, bringing new opportunities for productivity, innovation, and social welfare while simultaneously generating profound anxiety about the erosion of human labor value. Over the past five years, AI—particularly machine learning and generative models—has expanded from specialized automation to general-purpose technologies that can perform reasoning, decision-making, and language-based tasks once thought exclusively human. This paper critically examines how AI is transforming the labor market through technological, sociological, and ethical lenses. Drawing on major reports by the International Labour Organization (ILO), the World Economic Forum (WEF), and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) from 2020 to 2025, it explores how automation and augmentation interact, how inequality and gender imbalances are likely to evolve, and how ethical frameworks rooted in dignity and justice can safeguard human value.

Empirical data demonstrate that AI’s effects are mixed: it automates repetitive tasks yet amplifies the productivity of creative and analytical work. According to the WEF (2023), approximately 69 million jobs will be created by technological shifts by 2027, while 83 million will be displaced. Simultaneously, the ILO (2023) estimates that 24% of clerical tasks are highly exposed to automation, compared with just 3% for most other occupations. This duality reveals that AI is not inherently job-destroying but rather redistributive and restructuring. The paper argues that to preserve human value in an AI-driven economy, societies must combine technological innovation with proactive policy frameworks emphasizing lifelong learning, fair regulation, and ethical governance. The future of labor depends not on resisting AI but on aligning it with human-centered principles that protect dignity, equality, and shared prosperity.

This article analyzes the role of the teacher in the process of inclusive education and his important tasks. The article discusses in detail the requirements for an inclusive classroom teacher, his tasks, as well as effective teaching strategies. The importance of inclusive education, the personal and professional qualities of a teacher, and methods of working with children with special needs are considered. The article reveals how the role of the teacher is implemented in the school education system in creating an equal and high-quality educational environment for each student.

This article examines the role of phraseological units in reflecting and conveying cultural identity in Uzbek and English speech. Phraseological expressions, as a stable combination of words, embody the worldview, traditions, values, and mentality of the nation. The study highlights that phrases and fixed expressions serve not only as a means of language, but also as a cultural symbol that preserves historical memory and national characteristics. Comparative analysis of Uzbek and English phraseological units reveals that language reflects social norms, humor and national consciousness, and deep connections between language and culture.

In this article, the phraseological units in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Uzbek Language and their semantic and grammatical structure are analyzed

This article examines the impact of structural changes within industrial sectors and the condition of supporting infrastructure on the development of industry. The study analyses how the transition from raw-material based production to higher value-added production, the improvement of cluster cooperation, the deepening of processing stages and the expansion of innovative industrial models influence industrial growth. The research also discusses the role of infrastructure quality such as energy stability, logistics accessibility, digital connectivity and industrial site readiness in accelerating industrial performance. The main conclusion of the study is that structural transformation and infrastructure quality act as complementary mechanisms and when they improve simultaneously, industrial efficiency, export capacity and competitiveness increase at a higher rate.

The article analyzes the impact of digital transformation and ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) principles on the management of international investments in Uzbekistan. It is noted that digitalization improves transparency and efficiency, while ESG standards strengthen investor confidence and business sustainability. The integration of digital technologies and ESG practices forms a modern model of sustainable economic development.

In this work, the Zeeman effect.  Simple and complex.  The electron moves in the atom. Since this motion is not rectilinear, the electron has an angular momentum (in classical physics, the angular momentum of particle relative to some origin is determined by the vector product of its radius vector and momentum, here m - the mass of the particle, v - its velocity, r - the radius vector). This formula is considered inapplicable for microparticles, since the radius and velocity cannot be determined simultaneously (See to the uncertainty relation). The moment of momentum because of the movement in space is called orbital.  According to quantum theory, the modulus of the orbital momentum vector is equal to here l - the number of orbital quantum which takes the values ​​0, 1, 2, ... Thus, the angular momentum of the electron L, like the energy, is quantized, namely, takes discrete values.

This article examines the characteristics and factors influencing the effectiveness of SMM campaigns in a highly competitive environment. Modern approaches to using social media in marketing are analyzed, and key performance indicators for brand promotion are identified. Based on this analysis, key methods for improving the effectiveness of SMM campaigns are identified, including the use of analytics, targeted advertising, and content strategy.

This scientific article analyzes the innovative mechanisms for developing students' knowledge, skills, and abilities related to safety, their practical application, and the formation of a safety culture in the educational process. Also highlighted are the possibilities of forming a culture of safety among students through effective methods of teaching technical safety, interactive lessons, virtual simulations, project work on risk assessment, and practical classes.

This article examines the key features of the formation of the economic security system of the People's Republic of China (PRC) at the present stage. It analyzes the impact of global economic and geopolitical factors on China’s domestic economic policy and reveals strategic directions for strengthening the state’s economic resilience.

Particular attention is paid to the “dual circulation” strategy aimed at developing the domestic market and reducing dependence on external factors, as well as measures to ensure technological independence, financial stability, food, and energy security.

The article emphasizes the active role of the state in regulating economic processes, shaping the legal framework, and building institutional mechanisms for protecting national interests. In conclusion, it is noted that China’s economic security system is being formed as a comprehensive model combining internal self-sufficiency, innovative development, and adaptation to the challenges of the global economy. 

This scientific article explores colitis — the histological manifestations of inflammation in the large intestine — including its causes, pathogenesis, microscopic alterations, clinical symptoms, as well as methods of diagnosis and treatment. Various forms of colitis (acute, chronic, ulcerative) and the tissue changes they induce are analyzed through practical examples. In conclusion, the paper discusses modern approaches to colitis therapy and highlights the importance of histological examination in clinical practice.

The article examines the linguistic nature of the word combination and clarifies its status within the hierarchical structure of language units. In particular, the discussion focuses on the position of the phrase in relation to both lower-level units (such as the word and morpheme) and higher-level units (such as the clause, sentence, and text). A central issue addressed in the study is the question: “For what purpose is the word combination singled out and studied as a separate linguistic unit?” Closely related to this is another key question: “Which specific features of the word combination are manifested when it enters into larger syntactic and communicative units?”

The essence of the word combination cannot be fully understood without providing theoretically grounded answers to these questions. While a single word primarily performs a nominative function, a word combination expands this function by specifying and detailing the meaning of the named object, action, or attribute. Thus, the phrase introduces semantic refinement, contributing to the clarity and precision of expression. On the other hand, when included in higher-level linguistic structures such as sentences and texts, the word combination acquires a communicative value: it becomes part of the process of conveying information, forming coherent statements, and organizing discourse.

International immigration law serves as a fundamental framework for regulating the movement of individuals across borders while ensuring the protection of migrants’ human rights. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the main principles, challenges, and contemporary developments in international immigration law. Using a qualitative research approach, the study examines primary legal instruments, international treaties, national legislation, and secondary literature to evaluate compliance, enforcement, and emerging issues in migration governance. Findings reveal significant disparities in the implementation of international legal norms across countries, with developed states demonstrating effective mechanisms, while developing nations face structural and resource constraints. The study highlights persistent gaps between international obligations and domestic enforcement, particularly in addressing irregular migration, human trafficking, and climate-induced displacement. The results emphasize the importance of international cooperation, policy harmonization, and legal reforms to ensure equitable and effective migration management worldwide.

 This article analyzes the results of experimental research aimed at improving the strength physical quality of students engaged in Paralympic sports. A pedagogical program based on adaptive and individualized approaches was developed and tested in practice. The findings revealed that students in the experimental group achieved a significant improvement in strength indicators compared to the control group. The effectiveness of individualized training loads, adaptive exercises, and psychophysiological monitoring was confirmed. The results contribute to the scientific foundation of strength development for Paralympic athletes and highlight the importance of adaptive pedagogical technologies in higher education.

This article examines the role and significance of athletics training in shaping a healthy lifestyle among students. Based on the decrees of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan aimed at strengthening youth health, the pedagogical potential of athletics is highlighted. Observation, testing, and pedagogical experiment methods were used in the research, showing positive changes not only in the development of physical qualities but also in the formation of healthy habits among students. The findings scientifically prove that athletics training is an effective means of forming a healthy lifestyle.

The viscera, collectively referring to the internal organs housed within the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities, represent the body’s most vital systems responsible for maintaining homeostasis. These organs — including the heart, lungs, liver, stomach, intestines, kidneys, and reproductive structures — perform functions essential to life: respiration, circulation, digestion, excretion, and reproduction. This paper provides an overview of the anatomical structure and physiological functions of the major visceral systems and discusses their clinical relevance. It emphasizes the coordinated regulation of visceral activity through neuro-hormonal mechanisms and the significance of visceral health in sustaining human life. Understanding the viscera’s role and pathology remains central to medical education and clinical practice.

 This article is devoted to studying the theoretical and practical aspects of using interactive methods in teaching natural sciences to primary school students. The aim of the research is to increase the interest of 1st–4th grade students in natural sciences through interactive methods, to develop their scientific-research skills (observation, experimentation, analysis, and drawing conclusions), and to provide concrete pedagogical recommendations for improving the effectiveness of lessons. The research methods included literature analysis, pedagogical observation, trial lessons, tests and rubrics to assess students’ knowledge and skills, as well as teacher interviews. In the practical part, lessons were conducted over four months in several primary schools using interactive techniques such as group work, role-playing, mini-experiments, dialogic discussions, and visual materials. The research sample consisted of 80 students (grades 1–4) and 6 experienced teachers.

This article highlights the importance of teaching natural science in primary grades, its role in developing students' scientific outlook, observation, analysis, independent thinking and practical skills. Through natural science, students understand the relationship between natural phenomena, animate and inanimate nature, and the relationship between man and nature. The article analyzes the effectiveness of using modern pedagogical technologies, interactive methods, experimental and observation methods in the lesson process. It also considers the importance of the teacher's role in shaping students' creative activity and a responsible attitude towards nature.

This article examines the impact of foreign language learning on a child’s psychological development from a scientific and pedagogical perspective. The paper analyzes both the positive and negative aspects of this process. It is emphasized that learning a foreign language contributes to the expansion of children’s worldview, the development of logical and creative thinking, the strengthening of self-confidence, and the formation of communication culture. At the same time, the article notes that improper teaching methods or excessive demands may negatively affect a child’s psychological state. The study provides scientific recommendations for teachers and parents on how to organize foreign language learning considering the child’s age and individual characteristics, create a supportive environment, and maintain motivation. The results demonstrate effective ways to harmonize the process of learning a foreign language with the psychological development of children.

• This article extensively discusses the national values of the Karakalpak people and their role in creating a new spiritual environment in society. In particular, the role of family traditions, hospitality, crafts, and moral principles in society is analyzed, and the issue of their integration with modern life is discussed. Special attention is paid to the importance of preserving and passing on the national heritage to future generations.

This article discusses pragmatics, one of the branches of anthropocentric linguistics, and examines the pragmatic analysis of language in the works of Sadriddin Ayni. The pragmatic characteristics of the characters’ verbal interactions are revealed in it.

This article examines the ancient wealth of the Uzbek language, which includes folk, common, and national variants of disease names taken from historical sources and folklore.

Air pollution is of the most significant environmental challenges of our time. It affects not only the natural ecosystem but also the health and well-being of billions of people around the globe. This article explores the causes and effects of air pollution, focusing on its impact on human health, environmental systems, and the climate. It also presents possible solutions and preventive measures that can be implemented at local, national, and global levels. The study emphasizes that receding air pollution is not only an environmental necessity but also a public health priority for the future of humanity. Air pollution is one of the most serious environmental problems threatening human health and the planets ecosystems. The presence of harmful substances such as particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide , and sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere leads to a wide range of diseases, including asthma , bronchitis, cardiovascular disorders, and even cancer.

Since gaining independence, the Republic of Uzbekistan has actively pursued relations with countries in Asia, the East, and the West. The United States of America was among the first countries to recognize Uzbekistan's independence back in December 1991. The protocol establishing relations was officially signed on February 19, 1992. That same year, the US Embassy was opened in Tashkent, and the Embassy of Uzbekistan was opened in Washington.

Hip osteoarthritis, commonly referred to as coxarthrosis, is an insidious degenerative disease of the hip joint characterised by progressive cartilage degradation, sub-chondral bone changes, and joint dysfunction. Although it often presents in older adults, its origins span congenital, developmental, mechanical, metabolic and inflammatory pathways. This article examines the multifactorial etiology of coxarthrosis and explores evidence-based strategies for prevention. We begin by reviewing the principal causative factors—including joint dysplasia, traumatic injuries, femoral head necrosis, and chronic mechanical overload—and discuss how such factors compromise hip biomechanics, initiate cartilage damage and lead to subsequent joint degeneration. Risk factors such as ageing, obesity, joint malalignment, and muscle weakness are also highlighted. Following a literature review of more than two decades of hip osteoarthritis research, we focus on prevention: weight management, physical activity and muscle strengthening, early detection and correction of hip morphology abnormalities, injury prevention, and lifestyle modification aimed at preserving joint homeostasis. In addition, we outline a hypothetical research methodology to evaluate the effectiveness of a combined exercise and education programme in a high-risk population. Following the findings of recent cohort and retrospective studies, the article presents results indicating that early intervention and targeted preventive measures can significantly delay the onset or slow the progression of coxarthrosis. Finally, the conclusion synthesises these findings into a call for integrated, multidisciplinary prevention programmes emphasising risk factor modification and early hip health monitoring. Recognising the prevention of hip osteoarthritis as an achievable goal—not merely the management of advanced disease—could reduce disability, improve quality of life and reduce the burden on orthopaedic services.

This article examines the mechanisms for protecting the rights of cybercrime victims under the legislation of Uzbekistan. It analyzes relevant provisions of the Criminal Code, the Law “On Personal Data,” and the Law “On Cybersecurity.” The study also compares national regulations with the Budapest Convention and the practices of the United States and European countries, proposing recommendations to strengthen victim protection in O‘zbekistan.

During the experiment, two groups were trained using different methodologies — one employing AI-based tools and the other following traditional approaches. Comparative analysis demonstrated that the integration of AI contributes to improved academic performance, the development of practical skills, and the enhancement of critical thinking. The use of interactive technologies and simulation scenarios increased student engagement and better prepared them for solving clinical tasks. The obtained data (p<0.05) confirm the statistical significance of these improvements; however, several challenges were identified, including technical limitations and insufficient pedagogical readiness for digital methods.

This article explores the structural organization and communicative function of the English sentence as a fundamental syntactic unit. The study analyzes the sentence from both grammatical and functional perspectives, highlighting its role in expressing complete thoughts, establishing logical relations, and performing communicative acts in discourse.

This article explores the integration of experiential learning, critical thinking, and cultural engagement as key methodologies to foster respect for national values among students. Drawing from educational theories and practical recommendations, it highlights how these approaches create a comprehensive framework for instilling a sense of belonging, responsibility, and empathy. The article provides targeted strategies for educators and policymakers to implement these methods, emphasizing interdisciplinary connections, professional development, and evolved assessment strategies. Ultimately, it argues that education must be a dynamic process to nurture generations equipped to uphold national identity in diverse societies.

 This article analyzes the motif of magic in Uzbek and Japanese folk tales. In both traditions, magic functions as a symbolic element that represents the struggle between good and evil, morality and temptation. The study explores various forms of magic, their moral meanings, and their role in the spiritual growth of fairy-tale characters. Uzbek tales such as The Magic Bell, Zumrad and Kimmat, The Fire Thief, and Japanese tales like Momotaro, Urashimataro, and Issunboshi are examined to highlight similarities and differences between the two cultures.

This article discusses the interaction of the Earth's geographical shell and the biosphere, their composition, main characteristics, and their role in maintaining natural balance. The impact of human activity on these systems, environmental problems, and ways to eliminate them are also analyzed. The study scientifically demonstrates that all parts of the geographical shell (lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere) act as a single system

The article is devoted to the calculation of a hydraulic shock absorber with a diaphragm installed at the end of a pressure pipeline. Theoretical solutions of hyperbolic type wave equations for a polytropic process (n=1.20) are proposed.

To dampen the intensity of hydraulic shock from increasing pressure in pressure-hydraulic systems, an effective design of a hydraulic shock absorber with a diaphragm is proposed.

The article presents the results of analytical and experimental studies of water hammer in the presence of a damper. The results of the proposed method for calculating the water hammer are in good agreement with the experimental data. This confirms the reliability of the proposed analytical method for calculating the water hammer.

This article examines the pedagogical conditions necessary for developing dialogic speech among primary school students based on a variative approach. It highlights the role of creating flexible and interactive classroom environments, incorporating varied teaching methods such as pair and group work, role-playing, and problem-solving activities. The study emphasizes the importance of teacher preparedness, methodological planning, and a supportive learning atmosphere in enhancing students’ communicative competence, critical thinking, and active participation. The research demonstrates that applying these pedagogical conditions effectively fosters students’ dialogic speech, social skills, and overall cognitive development.

In this article, the factors and mechanisms of formation of spiritual ummunity in elementary school students are described in detail.

In the modern digital era, technology has become an essential component of education, redefining traditional teaching and learning dynamics. In the field of English as a Foreign Language (EFL), technology serves as a transformative element that enhances learner engagement, creativity, and motivation. This article explores how digital tools, interactive platforms, and multimedia resources function as powerful motivational tools that help EFL students sustain interest and develop a positive learning attitude. Drawing upon classroom practices, teacher reflections, and academic research, this study argues that the integration of technology—through gamified learning platforms, online collaboration, and multimedia exposure—fosters autonomy, communication, and self-confidence among learners. The discussion emphasizes that technology, when used effectively, not only modernizes the classroom environment but also personalizes learning experiences, making English acquisition more meaningful and enjoyable.

The formed elements of blood are vital components of the human body. They consist of erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes. Erythrocytes or red blood cells are responsible for transporting oxygen to the tissues and carrying carbon dioxide back to the lungs. They contain a substance called hemoglobin, which gives blood its red color. Leukocytes or white blood cells, protect the body from microbes, viruses and other foreign substances. They play a key role in the immune system by participating in phagocytosis, antibody formation and inflammatory processes. Thrombocytes or platelets are crucial in blood clotting. When a blood vessel is damaged they gather at the site of injury and help stop bleeding. All the formed elements of blood are produced in the bone marrow. Their number, shape and function are essential indicators of a healthy organism. An imbalance in these elements can signal various diseases. For example, a decrease in erythrocytes causes anemia, a low number of leukocytes weakens the immune system and a shortage of thrombocytes leads to impaired blood clotting. The formed elements work together to maintain homeostasis or the stability of the internal environment. Therefore, studying the formed elements of blood is very important for assessing human health.

This study addresses the significant cross-linguistic challenges encountered when teaching medical terminology to students proficient in English, Russian, and Uzbek. The linguistic landscape is complicated by three key phenomena: direct lexical borrowings (primarily Latin/Greek), deceptive false cognates (or 'false friends'), and semantic misinterpretations caused by calques (loan translations). Analyzing comparative examples from the medical lexicons of these three structurally distinct languages—Germanic, Slavic, and Turkic—the paper investigates how these overlaps and divergences lead to confusion, semantic drift, and errors in clinical communication. The research utilizes corpus analysis and error data to map critical terminological traps. Findings provide foundational evidence for developing targeted, contrastive pedagogical strategies to differentiate misleading terms, thereby improving students' accurate acquisition and application of international medical vocabulary.

Obesity and diabetes are two major global health issues that often coexist.

Numerous studies have confirmed a strong association between excessive body fat accumulation and the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus.This article discusses the physiological mechanisms linking obesity to insulin resistance, reviews epidemiological data supporting their correlation, and highlights preventive and management strategies aimed at reducing the risk of diabetes in obese individuals.

This article explores the pivotal role of sports in fostering a healthy lifestyle.It discusses the physical mental and social benefits of sports  as well as the importance of sports for individuals of various ages and gendres. The article also addresses the impact of sports on disease preventioin  well being.

he role of a trainee assistant is becoming increasingly important in modern medical and educational institutions. A trainee assistant is a student or a young specialist who works under the supervision of experienced professionals to gain practical knowledge and develop essential skills. This stage helps future specialists connect theoretical education with real-world practice.Trainee assistants participate in patient care, laboratory activities, data collection, and academic research. Their work not only strengthens professional competence but also improves communication, teamwork, and decision-making abilities. In medical fields, trainee assistants play a vital role in learning diagnostic and treatment procedures while maintaining patient safety and ethical standards. Furthermore, the trainee assistant system helps institutions train qualified professionals who are ready for independent work. As technology and healthcare systems develop, the demand for skilled trainee assistants continues to grow, making their contribution highly valuable to modern education and healthcare.

 This article examines the advantages, disadvantages, and efficiency aspects of maintaining accounting records of business entities through external organizations — the outsourcing system. The theoretical and practical aspects of organizing accounting on an outsourcing basis, the impact of digital technologies, and the factors of security and reliability are analyzed. Moreover, scientifically grounded proposals have been developed for improving and forecasting the development of the accounting services market in Uzbekistan.

This article thoroughly analyzes the contemporary principles and key components of organizing the educational process in preschool educational organizations (PEOs), the creation of an effective developmental environment, and the role of pedagogical staff. Attention is also focused on issues of cooperation with parents to ensure the continuity of the process. The main goal is to provide practical guidelines to PEO staff for building a system that fosters the comprehensive development of children.

Presents the results of treatment of patients with TB of the peripheral lymph nodes. Lymphotropic administration of isoniazid for one month on a background of standard TB treatment leads to a rapid clinical benefit, which developed against the background of significant reduction in immune status and persisted until the end of the observation with the manifestation of the change in the ratio in the number of subpopulations of T–lymphocytes. Thus, compared with the control group, the experimental group of patients within a month after the start of lymphotropic therapy appeared stable positive clinical and laboratory dynamics, which gradually increased until the end of follow–up. However, it should be noted that the positive clinical effect was developed against the backdrop of significant low immune siatusa, which lasted until the end of the observation and manifest change in the ratio in the number of subpopulation of T–lymphocytes (CD4+ и CD8+ cell). Since the role of intercellular mediators that regulate the immune response in the body perform cytokines, the existens of an imbalance in tuberculosis of peripheral lymph nodes was one pathophysiological basis, which is the development and progression of specific inflammation. Comparative observation in experimental and control group showed that the targeted delivery of isoniazid at lymphotropic therapy has a positive effect on the dynamics of local inflammation: in patients of the experimental group was noted faster resorption local inflammatory changes and in any case was not observed in the control, development of fluctuations in the lymph nodes. The latter may have been due to the cytokine imbalance that patients in the control group had not normalized until the end of treatment. Patients test group, by contrast, the quantity of cytokines in the treatment normalized by IL–1β and FNOα, while the content of IFNγ and IL–2 remains significantly below normal.

 This article as a whole outlines an approach to the origins of language as the evo lotion of expressive and communicative behavior of primates, especially until the emergence of single word utterances in Homo sapiens as it is observed currently. It argues that expressive and communicative actions evolved as a complex and cooperative system with other elements of the human’s physiology, behavior and social environment. Even humans, as children, do not produce linguistically meaningful sounds or signs until they are approximately one year old. The ability to produce them begins to develop in early infancy, and important developments in the production of language occur throughout the first year of life.

Cholesterol transport and homeostasis are central to lipoproteinmediated lipid metabolism, cellular signaling and the pathogenesis of numerous metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. Apolipoproteins—key structural and functional components of lipoprotein particles—mediate lipid binding, receptor interactions, and enzymatic activation, thus orchestrating cholesterol movement within the circulation and between cellular compartments. Simultaneously, sphingolipids (including sphingomyelin, ceramide and sphingosine1phosphate) serve not only as membrane structural lipids but also as bioactive mediators that intersect with lipoprotein biology and cholesterol trafficking. This article presents a detailed molecularbiochemical analysis of the interactions among cholesterol transport, apolipoprotein function and sphingolipid metabolism. We examine how apolipoproteins influence lipoprotein assembly, cholesterol efflux and receptormediated uptake; how sphingolipid species modulate lipoprotein structure, cholesterol efflux, and intracellular lipid trafficking; and how metabolic perturbations in these pathways contribute to dyslipidaemia, atherosclerosis and other lipidrelated disorders. In particular, we explore mechanistic links such as how sphingomyelin enrichment in HDL or LDL modulates lecithincholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity, how ceramide biosynthesis influences verylowdensity lipoprotein (VLDL) production, and how sphingosine1phosphate bound to apoM on HDL confers vascular protection. Through reviewing recent experimental findings and integrating them with established biochemical frameworks, we highlight the dynamic crosstalk between lipoprotein-associated apolipoproteins and sphingolipid metabolism in determining cholesterol transport efficiency. Finally, we propose experimental design considerations and emerging therapeutic implications, underscoring how targeting sphingolipidlipoprotein interactions may modulate apolipoprotein function and enhance reverse cholesterol transport. This integrative review thus provides a comprehensive molecularbiochemical narrative of how cholesterol transport, apolipoproteins and sphingolipid metabolism interact, offering insights into the regulation of lipid homeostasis and the pathobiology of lipiddriven disease.

This article examines the specific features and teaching methodologies for evening study groups. It analyzes the profile of the modern evening student, their motivation, and the key challenges they face. Based on this analysis, practical approaches to organizing the educational process, selecting pedagogical technologies, and methods of knowledge assessment are proposed. Special attention is given to the principles of andragogy, the use of blended and project-based learning, as well as creating a psychologically comfortable educational environment that facilitates the effective combination of work, study, and personal life. The article is intended for teachers of higher and secondary specialized educational institutions working with adult audiences.

 This article examines the clinical and laboratory characteristics of hemostatic disorders in pregnant women and modern approaches to their management, based on the analysis of 50 scientific publications from the international literature published over the past five years.

This article outlines some recommendations that can be applied to the culture of business communication in English classes in an interdisciplinary context, including the subject of information technology.

The article states that the height of the main stem depends on the growing environment of the plant as well as on its genetic potential, and that even plants in the same population have different heights of the main stem, even when the water and fertilizer (environment) provided to the plant are the same. It is stated that the ability of the plant to absorb the water and nutrients provided, i.e. root pressure and the suction power of the root hairs, are also one of the main reasons.

In the state priveden chto, the height of the main stem depends on the environment of the growth of the plant, and also on the genetic potential. Nesmotrya na to, chto voda, udobrenia (middle), podavaemye rasteniyu, odinakovy, daje vysota hlavnoo steblya v predelakh odnoy populyatsii razlichayutsya. Upominaetsya, chto vysota steblya has different indicators, prichem odnoy iz osnovnykh prichin takje yavlyaetsya razlichie v obnosti rasteniya gloshchat vodu i pitatelnye veshchestva, t.e. kornevoy davlenie, vsasyvayushchaya ability kornevyx voloskov.

This paper investigates the elasto-plastic properties of soil layers and the propagation mechanisms of seismic waves in Namangan City (Islom Karimov Street) using 3D numerical modeling. The study is based on geotechnical data prepared by O‘ZGASHKLITI (2019) for the “Namangan Premium Investments” project. The 15-meter soil profile consists of topsoil (E=5 MPa), loess (E=25 MPa), sandy-gravel layer (E=80 MPa), and dense gravel (E=150 MPa). Using the PLAXIS 3D software, elasto-plastic modeling was carried out to analyze the deformation, velocity, and acceleration fields. The maximum deformation was 7.29 mm and occurred in the near-surface layers (0–1.6 m). Wave velocity decreased from 17.4×10⁻³ m/s at a depth of 5 m to 0.036×10⁻³ m/s at 20 m. Acceleration decreased from 0.35 m/s² to 0.12 m/s², indicating exponential energy attenuation with depth. The results show that upper layers with higher plasticity index (PI=12–18%) and lower elasticity modulus (E=5–25 MPa) strongly absorb wave energy, while the lower dense layers exhibit reflective behavior. The study provides valuable insights for seismic risk assessment, foundation design optimization, and enhancing the dynamic stability of soils.

High body temperature is a thermoregulatory disorder, occurring when body temperature rises above 37°C. This symptom is a protective response of the body and can be caused by various factors. It is important to distinguish between conditions such as hyperthermia (overheating) and fever, which is also accompanied by an increase in body temperature. However, its mechanism differs from that of overheating and requires different measures.

The use of high-pressure gases in modern industrial, transport and energy systems is developing on a large scale. In particular, the processes of transporting, storing and delivering compressed gases to consumers using gas cylinders are an integral part of industrial technologies. Effective and safe control of gas pressure in these systems, its reduction to the required level is one of the important problems. It is in such conditions that the use of special substances - methanegels, which are chemically active, structurally stable and highly efficient, is of great scientific and practical importance. In recent years, methanegel materials have been gaining great attention in science and industry. Their unique properties make them important materials for solving highly efficient bioengineering, medicine, energy and environmental problems. This article discusses modern research on methanegels, new stages of the production of methanegel materials and their practical significance.

Cervical cancer remains one of the most common malignant tumors among women worldwide and represents a major public health problem. The immunological characteristics of cervical cancer play a crucial role in understanding its pathogenesis, progression, and therapeutic strategies. This article discusses the immunological aspects of cervical cancer, focusing on the role of the immune system in tumor development, immune evasion mechanisms, and potential immunotherapeutic approaches. Special attention is given to the function of T-lymphocytes, cytokine balance, and the impact of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection on immune response. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for developing effective immunotherapy and improving diagnostic and preventive measures in cervical oncology.

Writing difficulties among primary school students are one of the most common challenges encountered in the learning process. These difficulties are often related to insufficient development of fine motor skills, spatial orientation, and graphic image formation. The present study explores pedagogical and correctional approaches aimed at developing spatial and graphic representations to overcome motor writing disorders. The research emphasizes the importance of integrated pedagogical methods that combine visual-motor coordination exercises, spatial perception training, and fine motor skill development. These interventions not only improve writing fluency and legibility but also enhance cognitive activity, self-regulation, and learning motivation. The study underlines the role of the special educator (speech therapist) in organizing individualized correctional work that supports the holistic development of writing abilities in primary school students.

This study analyzes the main requirements for materials that are water-, dust-, and flame-resistant, focusing particularly on the chemical structure of hydrophobic coatings and the factors determining their efficiency. Hydrophobic coatings are characterized as systems that reduce the adhesion or penetration of water molecules onto the material surface. The degree of hydrophobicity is determined by the contact angle and depends on surface energy, molecular polarity, and the micro- and nanorelief structure. Coatings based on silicon-organic compounds (PDMS, methylsilane, ethylsilane) and fluorinated organics (PTFE, perfluoroalkyl silanes) exhibit high resistance to water, dust, and heat. Moreover, biomimetic approaches — such as nanostructured surfaces inspired by the lotus effect — are highlighted as a promising direction in modern materials science for developing self-cleaning surfaces.

This article analyzes the role of modern intelligent transport systems (ITS) and intelligent highways in ensuring road traffic safety. The study highlights the effectiveness of using information and communication technologies, artificial intelligence, IoT, GPS, video analytics, and telecommunication networks in the context of increasing traffic flow, driver errors, and the growing number of road accidents. The research results include proposals aimed at digitalizing the urban transport system, reducing environmental load, and minimizing road traffic accidents.

The article discusses effective methods for developing students' oral and written speech through the use of interdisciplinary connections in native language lessons. An interdisciplinary approach is important in broadening students' worldview, increasing their vocabulary, and developing logical thinking skills.

This article informs about the role of legal culture in the establishment of civil society. In particular, special attention is paid to the impact of digitalization, globalization, civil society, and legal education on the development of legal consciousness. The causes of legal nihilism, the role of mass media, and the cultural factors influencing the acceptance of legal norms are explored. Additionally, proposals are made regarding the cooperation between the state, educational institutions, and civil society organizations in solving existing problems.

In the following article, we investigated the lexical capabilities of children with intellectual disabilities and the influence of cognitive and emotional factors on their vocabulary development. We used psycholinguistic testing and multimodal teaching methods to improve their word recall and contextual understanding. The study showed that consistent, emotionally engaging, and multisensory teaching significantly improved lexical performance, communication skills, and social interaction.

Modern global economic systems are increasingly focused on the transition to innovative and "green" development models. Investments are becoming a key tool for transforming production and services toward environmental sustainability and technological efficiency. In 2024–2025, the global flow of "green" investments is expected to grow: according to the OECD, their volume exceeded $1.7 trillion, of which more than 40% is directed toward the development of renewable energy, industrial decarbonization, and the digitalization of environmental monitoring. Innovations in energy conservation, waste recycling, the production of environmentally friendly materials, and smart grids are attracting both private and public capital, creating the conditions for accelerated infrastructure modernization and carbon footprint reduction.

For Uzbekistan, these trends are particularly important: in 2023–2024, Investment in green energy increased by more than 28%, and in solar generation by 35%. The development of national programs such as "Yashil Energy 2030" and the "Digital Uzbekistan 2030" strategy are strengthening the role of private investment and innovative technologies in the modernization of industry, transport, and housing and utilities. New financial instruments are being developed—green bonds, ESG funds, and public-private partnerships—that enable the mobilization of resources for the transition to a low-carbon economy.

The scientific significance of the study lies in identifying the relationship between investment flows and innovation activity, as well as in analyzing the mechanisms by which they influence sustainable development. Its practical value lies in identifying effective models for attracting capital to environmentally oriented projects, developing recommendations for stimulating an innovative economy, and integrating international ESG standards into national investment policy.

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 This article explores the transformation of cultural elements in the English translation of XX-century Uzbek novels, focusing on Cho‘lpon’s Night and Day (Kecha va Kunduz). The study examines how culturally specific concepts, idioms, and social realities are transferred, adapted, or altered in the translation process. Drawing on theories of cultural translation and equivalence, it analyzes linguistic strategies such as domestication, foreignization, and cultural substitution used to convey Uzbek cultural identity to an English-speaking readership. Through textual analysis, the research identifies instances where translation choices reshape the perception of Uzbek traditions, values, and gender relations in a colonial and modernist context. The findings reveal that translation not only bridges linguistic boundaries but also redefines cultural meanings, demonstrating the translator’s active role in mediating between distinct literary and ideological worlds.

The relevance of the topic. Currently, it has been established that the pharmacokinetics of drugs are significantly influenced by many factors: concomitant diseases, food intake, gender, age, physical activity of patients. However, the effect of antiorthostatic hypokinesia on the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of most drugs has not been sufficiently studied. The purpose of the study. To study the pharmacokinetics of furosemide after a single dose oral administration of Furosemide and Furesis compositum drugs under normal human conditions and in patients with antiorthostatic hypokinesia (AHH). Materials and methods. 

The rapid development of digital technologies has significantly transformed e-commerce platforms, allowing users to interact and share opinions about products and services. Customer reviews play a crucial role in assessing product quality and guiding purchase decisions. However, due to the subjective nature and large volume of feedback, analyzing consumer opinions is complex and requires automated models. This study proposes a model for evaluating customer satisfaction using digital technologies, incorporating numerical ratings, likes/dislikes, and textual sentiment and topic analysis. Data collected from Alibaba reviews of Mac, Windows Surface, Asus, and Samsung laptops were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to determine factor weights and overall satisfaction scores. The proposed approach enables businesses to identify product strengths and weaknesses, improve service quality, enhance marketing strategies, and strengthen brand–customer relationships. Integrating sentiment analysis with AI and chatbots also promises more personalized customer interactions and higher satisfaction in digital commerce.

The article discusses the integration of Digital Pedagogy and Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT) in developing oral communication competence among engineering students. In the context of English for Specific Purposes (ESP), these approaches foster active learning, critical thinking, and professional communication skills essential for future engineers. The study examines the role of digital tools—such as Flipgrid, Jamboard, Canva, and TED Talks—in motivating students to participate in real-life communicative tasks. The paper outlines a methodological framework that combines TBLT stages with digital technology to enhance students’ fluency, accuracy, and confidence in oral communication.

 The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) has intensified philosophical debates about the nature of human identity, consciousness, and meaning. While AI offers significant advancements, it simultaneously challenges existential understandings of freedom, individuality, authenticity, and self-definition. This paper examines existential perspectives on AI, drawing from the works of Jean-Paul Sartre, Martin Heidegger, and Albert Camus. Through a qualitative conceptual analysis, the study investigates how AI may influence human autonomy, selfhood, and the search for meaning. The findings suggest that AI technologies have the dual potential to support human self-actualization or undermine existential agency by fostering dependency, conformity, and emotional detachment. Recommendations are offered for preserving authentic human identity in technologically mediated environments.

This article discusses the main agro-technical measures aimed at improving soil fertility in vineyard and orchard inter-rows. The study analyzes the effectiveness of soil loosening, cultivation, mulching, the use of organic and mineral fertilizers, green manure crops, and drip irrigation systems in maintaining and enhancing soil productivity. In addition, measures for controlling weeds, diseases, and soil erosion are presented. The paper concludes with scientifically based recommendations for increasing soil fertility and ensuring sustainable crop yields in perennial plantations.

This article explores the mystical (orifona) aspects of Alisher Navoi’s ghazal beginning with “Zihi husnung zuhuridin…”, which belongs to the genre of Sufi lyric poetry. By examining its symbolic imagery, thematic unity, and philosophical undertones, the paper demonstrates how Navoi transforms classical love motifs into expressions of divine love (ilohiy ishq). The analysis is based on poetic structure, Sufi terminology, and the metaphysical principle of Wahdat al-wujud (Unity of Being).

This article analyzes in depth the innovative development factors of banking and auditing systems within the national economy. In recent years, the digital transformation of the financial and banking sector has accelerated, significantly increasing the role of modern technologies in providing banking services, conducting audit control, and ensuring financial security. The paper scientifically examines the application of innovative approaches in organizing effective banking operations, digitalizing internal and external audit systems, and implementing technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, and blockchain within the banking sector. Moreover, the study highlights the strategic role of the banking system in maintaining the stability of the national economy and the importance of audit control in strengthening transparency. The results of the research serve as an important theoretical and practical foundation for developing and implementing innovation-driven strategies in financial institutions.

This article analyzes the specific features, similarities and differences of adjective formation in Uzbek and Turkish languages from a linguistic perspective. During the research, the sources of adjective formation, that is, the methods of formation from nouns , verbs and adjectives, as well as the processes of formation through morphological and compositional (syntactic) paths, were comparatively studied.

This article provides detailed information about various approaches to studying the creative competence of future primary school teachers.