This study delves into the characterization of surface layers within Mo/Si multilayer structures, employing Total Electron Yield (TEY) and X-ray Reflectivity (XRR) techniques. Mo/Si multilayers are pivotal components in advanced optical systems, such as extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography. Understanding and optimizing their surface properties are paramount for enhancing performance. Through a meticulous analysis, we unveil the structural and compositional details of the surface layer and explore their implications for optical performance. This research contributes to the refinement of Mo/Si multilayer designs and paves the way for improved optical systems in diverse applications.

This research introduces an innovative optical flocculation approach for water treatment utilizing micro/nano polymeric beads. The method harnesses the unique optical properties of these beads to enhance the flocculation process, enabling efficient removal of chemical contaminations from water sources. Through a combination of advanced materials science and optical engineering, the study explores the efficacy of micro/nano polymeric beads in aggregating and precipitating contaminants. The findings present a promising avenue for environmentally friendly and resource-efficient water treatment strategies, with implications for improving water quality and addressing global challenges related to chemical pollution.

Recent advancements in photonic integrated circuits (PICs) have spurred significant interest in embedded ring modulators and switches for their potential applications in telecommunications and computing. These devices offer compact, efficient solutions for signal modulation and routing within integrated photonics platforms. This review explores the latest trends in design, fabrication, and integration techniques for embedded ring modulators and switches. Key topics include novel materials such as silicon photonics, gallium arsenide, and hybrid integration approaches. Additionally, advances in modulation techniques, such as electro-optic and thermo-optic effects, are discussed for their impact on device performance metrics like bandwidth, power efficiency, and scalability. Future prospects focus on overcoming current challenges in fabrication scalability, cost-effectiveness, and compatibility with existing optical networks. By addressing these issues, embedded ring modulators and switches hold promise for enabling next-generation photonic systems with enhanced functionality and performance.

This study presents a comprehensive quantum mechanical model of deuteron states, focusing on both bound and excited states. The deuteron, as the simplest nucleus comprising a proton and a neutron, provides a fundamental testbed for nuclear interaction theories. By employing advanced computational techniques and potential models, we investigate the binding energy, wave functions, and spatial configurations of the deuteron. Key aspects of our approach include the use of realistic nucleon-nucleon interaction potentials, such as the Argonne V18 and CD-Bonn models, and the implementation of the Schrödinger equation to solve for the energy eigenstates. Additionally, we explore the influence of different potential models on the deuteron's properties and compare our results with experimental data. The findings offer valuable insights into the nature of nuclear forces and contribute to the broader understanding of quantum chromodynamics in nuclear systems. This work not only enhances our theoretical knowledge but also provides a robust framework for future studies on more complex nuclear systems.

The development of highly sensitive mass detection techniques is crucial for advancing various scientific and technological fields. This study explores the use of single-layer graphene sheet-based nanoelectromechanical resonators (NEMRs) for enhanced mass detection. Leveraging the unique mechanical and electrical properties of single-layer graphene, these resonators exhibit exceptional sensitivity and precision in detecting minute mass changes. We present a comprehensive analysis of the design, fabrication, and performance of the graphene sheet-based NEMRs, highlighting their superior sensitivity compared to conventional mass sensors. Experimental results demonstrate that the resonators achieve unprecedented detection limits, with potential applications spanning from biomedical diagnostics to environmental monitoring. This work paves the way for further innovations in nanoscale sensing technologies and underscores the transformative potential of graphene-based materials in advanced detection systems.