The article covers Newton's laws, Newton's laws in the field of medicine in immobility and immobilization, homeostasis and physiological stability, surgery and traumatology, Orthopedic prostheses and devices use, Muscle contraction (compression), injury effects, physiotherapy and rehabilitation exercises, affecting bones and joints. gravity, weightlessness in space, gravity and blood circulation, osteoporosis and gravity are discussed.

Newton's laws, muscle contraction, immobility and immobilization, homeostasis and physiological stability, orthopedic prostheses, physiotherapy and rehabilitation exercises.

See, for example, Zain.[4]: 1-2 David Tong observes, "A particle is defined to be an object of insignificant size: e.g. an electron, a tennis ball or a planet. Obviously the validity of this statement depends on the context..."[5]

Negative acceleration includes both slowing down (when the current velocity is positive) and speeding up (when the current velocity is negative). For this and other points that students have often found difficult, see McDermott et al.[8]

Per Cohen and Whitman.[2] For other phrasings, see Eddington[13] and Frautschi et al.[14]: 114 Andrew Motte's 1729 translation rendered Newton's "nisi quatenus" as unless instead of except insofar, which Hoek argues was erroneous.[15][16]

One textbook observes that a block sliding down an inclined plane is what "some cynics view as the dullest problem in all of physics".[23]: 70 Another quips, "Nobody will ever know how many minds, eager to learn the secrets of the universe, found themselves studying inclined planes and pulleys instead, and decided to switch to some more interesting profession."[14]: 173

For example, José and Saletan (following Mach and Eisenbud[24]) take the conservation of momentum as a fundamental physical principle and treat F=ma as a definition of "force".[18]: 9 See also Frautschi et al.,[14]: 134 as well as Feynman, Leighton and Sands,[25]: 12-1 who argue that the second law is incomplete without a specification of a force by another law, like the law of gravity. Kleppner and Kolenkow argue that the second law is incomplete without the third law: an observer who sees one body accelerate without a matching acceleration of some other body to compensate would conclude, not that a force is acting, but that they are not an inertial observer.[23]: 60 Landau and Lifshitz bypass the question by starting with the Lagrangian formalism rather than the Newtonian.[26]

See, for instance, Moebs et al.,[27] Gonick and Huffman,[28] Low and Wilson,[29] Stocklmayer et al.,[30] Hellingman,[31] and Hodanbosi.[32]

See, for example, Frautschi et al.14: 356

For the former, see Greiner,35 or Wachter and Hoeber.36 For the latter, see Tait 37 and Heaviside.38

Among the many textbook explanations of this are Frautschi et al.14: 104 and Boas.42: 287

Among the many textbook treatments of this point are Hand and Finch 45: 81 and also Kleppner and Kolenkow.23: 103

Treatments can be found in, e.g., Chabay et al.47 and McCallum et al.48: 449

Discussions can be found in, for example, Frautschi et al.,14: 215 Panofsky and Phillips,77: 272 Goldstein, Poole and Safko,79: 277 and Werner.80

Details can be found in the textbooks by, e.g., Cohen-Tannoudji et al.93: 242 and Peres.94. 302

As one physicist writes, "Physical theory is possible because we are immersed and included in the whole process – because we can act on objects around us. Our ability to intervene in nature clarifies even the motion of the planets around the sun – masses so great and distances so vast that our roles as participants seem insignificant. Newton was able to transform Kepler's kinematical description of the solar system into a far more powerful dynamical theory because he added concepts from Galileo's experimental methods – force, mass, momentum, and gravitation. The truly external observer will only get as far as Kepler. Dynamical concepts are formulated on the basis of what we can set up, control, and measure."95 See, for example, Caspar and Hellman.96

Aristotelian physics also had difficulty explaining buoyancy, a point that Galileo tried to resolve without complete success.98