Acute intestinal infections remain a significant public health problem worldwide, often presenting with diverse clinical syndromes that reflect the underlying pathophysiological processes. Among them, hemocolitis syndrome, characterized by bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, and systemic manifestations, stands out due to its severity and diagnostic challenges. This article explores the clinical course, pathogenesis, diagnostic considerations, and therapeutic approaches to hemocolitis syndrome in the context of acute intestinal infections. Particular emphasis is placed on the dynamic progression of symptoms, complications, and the importance of early recognition for favorable outcomes.

 This article provides a comprehensive overview of the causes, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, principles of emergency care, and modern treatment strategies for myocardial infarction. Myocardial infarction is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. The correct and rapid organization of emergency care plays an important role in saving the patient's life. The effectiveness of modern treatment methods - thrombolytic therapy, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapies - is scientifically analyzed. Attention is also paid to the areas of rehabilitation and prevention.

 The diagnosis of vocal fold nodules in children remains a critical issue in pediatric otolaryngology, given that vocal nodules are the predominant cause of dysphonia in the pediatric population with reported prevalence values between 41% and 73%. Traditional diagnostic methods, such as laryngeal visual examinations and auditory-perceptual analyses, are either invasive or subjective, resulting in an increasing reliance on acoustic analysis as a noninvasive and objective diagnostic tool. This article reviews the literature regarding the acoustic measurement parameters and techniques employed in diagnosing vocal fold nodules in children. It emphasizes perturbation measures—including jitter, shimmer, noise-to-harmonic ratio (NHR), fundamental frequency (F0) standard deviation, and cepstral peak prominence (CPP)—and compares these parameters with electroglottographic indices that have been shown to effectively differentiate between children with vocal nodules and healthy controls. The article also examines multiband cepstral analysis and machine learning advancements as promising adjuncts in the diagnostic workup. The discussion synthesizes key findings from relevant studies, addressing methodological strengths, limitations, and the potential for improved prognostic understanding through acoustic techniques. Ultimately, this comprehensive review underscores the importance of standardized acoustic protocols and objective measurements in the early detection, monitoring, and management of pediatric vocal fold nodules.

The success of treatment in orthodontics and maxillofacial surgery is directly dependent on accurate diagnosis and meticulous planning. Cephalometric analysis of teleroentgenography (TRG) data serves as the fundamental basis for this process, enabling the assessment of complex interrelationships of facial and skeletal structures. However, traditional manual tracing methods are not only time-consuming but are also susceptible to subjective errors contingent on the operator's experience. These inaccuracies can, in turn, lead to an incorrect treatment plan, a failure to achieve expected outcomes, and even negative consequences for the patient's health. The rapid development of digital technologies, particularly automated analysis systems based on artificial intelligence (AI), is revolutionizing gnatometric analysis. These systems have the potential to drastically increase the accuracy, speed, and, most importantly, the reproducibility of the analysis, thereby standardizing the diagnostic process and minimizing human-factor-related errors. Optimizing and widely implementing these modern methods into clinical practice not only improves diagnostic quality but also allows for more reliable prediction of treatment outcomes, virtual modeling of surgical interventions, and enhancement of the educational process. Therefore, the in-depth study and refinement of these technologies represent one of the most urgent tasks in modern dentistry.

Crossbite is one of the most common and complex pathologies in orthodontics, with a prevalence of approximately 8-22% in the population, adversely affecting masticatory function, facial aesthetics, temporomandibular joint function, and patients' overall quality of life. Untreated, this anomaly can lead to asymmetric facial growth, abnormal tooth wear, and periodontal disease. Expansion orthodontic plates are widely used as a traditional treatment method. However, their effectiveness is often limited by undesirable side effects, such as uncontrolled effects on the dentoalveolar component and excessive buccal tipping of the teeth. The use of stationary anchorage, particularly mini-implants, allows for more precise direction of orthodontic forces to achieve predominantly skeletal expansion. This can significantly increase treatment effectiveness, shorten its duration, and ensure the stability of the results. The relevance of this study is determined by the need to optimize the treatment of crossbite by developing improved designs of expansion plates with stationary anchorage and comparing their clinical and radiological effectiveness with traditional methods.

HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) remains a pivotal obstacle in the worldwide battle against HIV/AIDS, profoundly affecting antiretroviral therapy (ART) effectiveness, resulting in treatment failures, heightened transmission of resistant variants, escalated healthcare expenditures, and hurdles in attaining viral suppression. This in-depth review amalgamates data from premier indexed sources, including WHO reports, peer-reviewed journals, and clinical guidelines spanning 2023 to 2025, to explore molecular resistance mechanisms, prevalence patterns across regions, genetic mutations by drug class, surveillance techniques, and progressive management approaches. Contemporary statistics reveal acquired drug resistance (ADR) to integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) like dolutegravir (DTG) varying from 3.9% to 8.6% in broad populations on DTG regimens, intensifying to 19.6% in extensively treated individuals with persistent viremia. Recent 2025 updates from IAS-USA highlight new mutations such as S147G for DTG and A105T for lenacapavir, underscoring the evolving landscape. Resistance mechanisms chiefly encompass point mutations, insertions, or deletions in viral genes for enzymes like reverse transcriptase (RT), protease, and integrase, aggravated by issues such as inconsistent adherence, elevated initial viral loads, pharmacological interactions, and partial suppression. Worldwide monitoring shows stabilizing or diminishing non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) resistance in affluent nations owing to superior diagnostics and regimen adjustments, juxtaposed with ascending trends in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where pretreatment drug resistance (PDR) to NNRTIs frequently surpasses 10-15%, notably in sub-Saharan Africa. Among youth and adolescents, PDR figures are strikingly elevated, peaking at 42% in untreated cohorts in high-prevalence zones. This amplified examination, broadened eightfold in scope from earlier versions to provide exhaustive depth, integrates recent breakthroughs like lenacapavir (endorsed in 2025 for treatment and prevention), providing semiannual dosing and a multifaceted action mechanism devoid of cross-resistance to prior classes. Additionally, we probe innovative tactics such as CRISPR gene editing for cures, mRNA therapeutics targeting latent reservoirs, and pharmacogenomic personalization to avert resistance. Surveillance modalities, encompassing genotypic and phenotypic assays, proviral DNA sequencing, and bedside diagnostics, are rigorously appraised for shaping public health tactics. The review accentuates the necessity for bolstered international oversight, adherence enhancements, fair access to cutting-edge treatments, and cohesive management of comorbidities like tuberculosis and hepatitis to uphold strides toward UNAIDS 95-95-95 objectives and eradicate HIV as a public health menace by 2030. Forecasts indicate that absent intensified measures, DTG resistance might ascend to 10-15% universally by 2030, potentially undoing years of HIV control advancements. This amalgamation promotes interdisciplinary methodologies, incorporating community-driven adherence aids, digital monitoring instruments, and transnational partnerships to tackle the dynamic HIVDR panorama. Furthermore, we delve into socioeconomic ramifications, noting that treating resistant forms escalates costs by 50-70% over baseline, encompassing hospitalizations (30-50% rise), pricier alternatives (40-60% costlier), and productivity dips (yearly global losses $10-20 billion). Economic evaluations demonstrate that intervention investments recoup 2-5 times via diminished complications, transmission, and mortality. The COVID-19 pandemic induced a 10-25% global adherence drop due to lockdowns, supply shortfalls (deficits in 15-20% regions), economic hardships (15-30% unemployment-linked drops), and stress, boosting 10-15% failure and 10% resistance hikes. Migration worsens barriers (10-30% care gaps), while climate changes (African/Asian floods/droughts forecasting 5-15% 2030 adherence falls from infrastructure loss) compound challenges. Expanding further, this review incorporates 2025 data showing declining NRTI and NNRTI resistance trends amid modern ART shifts, with global, regional, and national meta-analyses revealing PDR at 0.41% for first-generation INSTIs and 0.04% for second-generation. Noncanonical mutations outside traditional targets are emerging, necessitating updated surveillance. In children and treatment-experienced populations, resistance burdens remain high, with sub-Saharan Africa accounting for 80% of pediatric cases. Projections from modeling studies warn of amplified resistance if funding declines, as highlighted in recent Global Fund reports. This comprehensive synthesis also addresses equity issues, with calls for integrated action plans like the WHO's i-GAP for 2025-2030 to combat resistance across HIV, hepatitis, and STIs.

This study investigated the types of microorganisms involved in inflammatory conditions of cow hooves and their susceptibility to antibiotics. Microbiological examinations identified Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Proteus mirabilis as the main pathogens. Enrofloxacin and gentamicin demonstrated the highest efficacy in antibiotic susceptibility testing.

Severe periodontitis is a significant global health issue affecting a large portion of the population, leading to tooth loss, impaired masticatory function, and a reduced quality of life. Traditional surgical treatment methods are not always capable of completely regenerating lost periodontal tissues or guaranteeing long-term stable outcomes. Therefore, the improvement and optimization of existing surgical protocols using modern technologies—including guided tissue regeneration (GTR), growth factors, laser technologies, and microsurgical approaches—represent one of the most pressing tasks in modern dentistry. This research is aimed at enhancing clinical outcomes by analyzing combinations of different methods and developing the most effective treatment algorithms.

Postoperative osteomyelitis of the jaw bones, which develops after surgical interventions in the maxillofacial region such as the treatment of complex fractures, tumor resections, and reconstructive surgeries, is a severe complication. This condition can lead to purulent bone necrosis, severe pain, jaw deformities, and a drastic reduction in quality of life. Standard systemic antibiotic prophylaxis is not always effective due to insufficient penetration into ischemic or poorly vascularized areas. Therefore, the development and refinement of comprehensive, multi-faceted approaches to preventing postoperative osteomyelitis—utilizing local antibiotic delivery systems, bioactive materials, and advances in tissue engineering—represent one of the most critical challenges in modern surgical dentistry and maxillofacial surgery.

The gut microbiota significantly influences the development and functioning of a child's immune system. From the first days of life, it actively participates in the development of innate and acquired immunity, promoting the development of immune tolerance and protecting the body from infectious agents. Alterations in the composition of intestinal microflora, or dysbiosis, lead to a weakening of the mucosal barrier and can cause immune imbalances. This paper examines the fundamental mechanisms of interaction between the microbiota and the immune system, as well as the relationship between dysbiotic changes and the development of allergic (e.g., atopic dermatitis, bronchial asthma) and autoimmune diseases (such as type 1 diabetes mellitus and celiac disease). Particular attention is paid to modern methods for the prevention and correction of dysbiosis in children, including breastfeeding, the use of probiotics, and the rational use of antibacterial agents.

The role of psycho-emotional states and stress factors in the development of obesity and eating disorders among adolescents and young adults has been examined . A review of statistical data from WHO, UNICEF, and national sources for the period 2018–2025 was conducted .It was found that chronic stress, low physical activity, and unbalanced nutrition are key risk factors for obesity. The results confirm the necessity of stress prevention and dietary correction to reduce the prevalence of obesity among the younger generation.

Viral hepatitis remains a major global health problem, posing significant risks for women of reproductive age due to its potential impact on fertility, pregnancy outcomes, and maternal-fetal health. Early diagnosis and monitoring are crucial for preventing severe liver damage and vertical transmission. This study discusses the diagnostic value of key biochemical markers in evaluating hepatic function and disease progression among reproductive-age women affected by viral hepatitis. The paper reviews the pathophysiological basis of viral hepatitis, highlights the role of biomarkers such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT), and emphasizes their clinical utility in early detection, prognosis, and therapeutic management. The findings underscore that biochemical markers serve as noninvasive, cost-effective diagnostic tools essential for individualized patient care and maternal health protection.

Burn injuries remain a significant global public health concern, accounting for approximately 180,000 deaths annually. The overwhelming majority of these fatalities occur in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), with nearly two-thirds reported in the African and South-East Asian regions of the World Health Organization (WHO). Although the incidence of burn-related mortality has shown a declining trend in high-income settings, LMICs continue to exhibit disproportionately high rates, particularly among children, where mortality is estimated to be seven-fold greater than in high-income countries. Beyond fatal outcomes, non-lethal burn injuries represent a major contributor to global morbidity, resulting in prolonged hospitalization, irreversible disfigurement, and long-term disability, all of which foster social stigmatization and discrimination. In LMICs, burn injuries are recognized among the leading causes of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost, underscoring their persistent clinical and socioeconomic impact.

Objective: This study aims to conduct a long-term (up to 2 years) analysis of the qualitative and quantitative changes in the peri-implant bone tissue under early functional loading protocols, utilizing 3D radiographic data. The secondary objective is to evaluate the dynamics of blood supply and implant stability to substantiate the efficacy of early loading. Methods: The study involved 90 patients, aged 25 to 61, with minor defects of the dental arches in the lower jaw. Patients were allocated into three groups: Group 1 (n=28) received two-stage screw-type implants with conventional loading; Group 2 (n=31) received implants with early functional loading (prostheses placed after 1 month); Group 3 (n=38) received traditional fixed partial dentures. All prosthetic constructions were metal-ceramic bridges. The evaluation included clinical-stomatoscopic examination, 3D radiography (CBCT), Laser Doppler Flowmetry (LDF) to assess blood microcirculation, and implant/tooth mobility tests. Assessments were performed at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 months post-prosthesis placement. Results: The 3D radiographic analysis is expected to demonstrate that the early loading group (Group 2) exhibits comparable, if not superior, results in maintaining marginal bone levels and bone density compared to the conventional loading group (Group 1) over the 2-year period. LDF data will likely show an initial pronounced hyperemic response in Group 2, followed by a quicker stabilization of blood flow, suggesting an accelerated and robust healing process. Implant stability quotients are anticipated to show a minimal initial dip followed by a steady increase in the early loading group, reaching values comparable to the conventional group by the 6-month follow-up. Conclusion: Early functional loading of dental implants, when applied under controlled conditions and in properly selected cases, can be a predictable and effective treatment modality. It not only reduces the overall treatment time but may also positively stimulate the peri-implant bone, leading to successful long-term osseointegration and clinical outcomes. This study provides a multi-faceted approach, combining radiographic, hemodynamic, and stability data to validate this protocol.

Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are the most common type of birth defect, representing a leading cause of infant mortality and morbidity worldwide. Early and accurate diagnosis is critical for timely intervention, which significantly improves clinical outcomes and patient survival. Echocardiography, as a non-invasive, safe, and widely accessible imaging modality, has become the cornerstone of pediatric cardiology. Evaluating its effectiveness and defining its precise role in the early detection of CHDs—from the fetal stage through early childhood—is essential for optimizing diagnostic strategies, improving perinatal management, and enhancing long-term prognoses for affected children. This article explores the current capabilities, limitations, and advancements of echocardiography in this critical area of pediatric medicine.

Acute and chronic heart failure are characterized by impaired cardiac contractile function (inotropy), leading to reduced cardiac output and end-organ hypoperfusion. Cardiotropic drugs, particularly inotropes, are a cornerstone of treatment in acute decompensated heart failure and cardiogenic shock, designed to directly enhance myocardial contractility. However, these agents possess a narrow therapeutic window and are associated with significant risks, including arrhythmogenesis, increased myocardial oxygen consumption, and potential long-term cardiotoxicity. A standardized, "one-size-fits-all" dosing approach fails to account for the vast inter-patient variability in pathophysiology, comorbidities, and pharmacodynamic response. Therefore, optimizing the individual dosage of these potent medications is a critical clinical challenge. This article explores the modern strategies for personalizing inotrope therapy, aiming to maximize hemodynamic benefits while minimizing adverse effects, thereby improving patient outcomes.

Henoch-Schönlein purpura, now more specifically termed IgA Vasculitis (IgAV), is the most common systemic vasculitis in children. While often a self-limiting disease, it can lead to severe and chronic complications, most notably IgA vasculitis nephritis (IgAV-N), which can progress to end-stage renal disease. The pathogenesis is fundamentally driven by the formation and deposition of IgA-containing immune complexes in the small vessel walls of target organs. Understanding the precise role of these immune complexes—their composition, size, and quantity—and elucidating their relationship with the diverse clinical manifestations (skin, joint, gastrointestinal, and renal) is of critical importance. This knowledge is essential for developing prognostic biomarkers to identify children at high risk for severe complications like nephritis and for designing targeted therapies that go beyond non-specific immunosuppression.

Penetrating chest wound is a complex pathology in terms of its clinical course diversity, when the range varies from partial pneumothorax and small hemothorax to massive bleeding associated with damage to large vessels or the heart.

This observation presents a case from the practice of a specialized department: subtotal hemothorax and tense hydropericardium on the 15th day after a stab wound in the area of the manubrium of the sternum.

It is noteworthy that the patient went to the hospital at her place of residence in the first hours after receiving the wound and was observed for a short time.

Within 15 days, subtotal hemothorax and tense hydropericardium developed, which were accompanied by severe respiratory and cardiac failure, which entailed the need for two-stage surgical treatment. The first stage involved drainage of the left pleural cavity with decompression of the pleural cavity and the second stage involved thoracotomy with pericardiotomy, lung decortication and partial pleurectomy.

Hospitalization and dynamic observation of patients with this nosology allows for timely detection of developing complications and their prevention at the initial stages with less extensive manipulations.

Antibiotic resistance is a major global public health concern, threatening the effective treatment of infectious diseases. This study investigates the prevalence, causes, and contributing factors of antibiotic resistance in Uzbekistan, using a mixed-methods approach that combines literature review, clinical data analysis, and surveys of healthcare professionals. Data were collected from 20 hospitals between 2015 and 2024, analyzing 420 bacterial isolates and patterns of antibiotic prescription. Results show a high prevalence of resistance among Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with beta-lactams and fluoroquinolones showing the highest resistance rates. The study highlights the critical role of Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs (ASP) in reducing resistance and emphasizes the need for public awareness, regulation, and targeted interventions. These findings provide evidence-based recommendations for mitigating antibiotic resistance in healthcare settings and inform global efforts against this pressing health issue.

Migraine is one of the most common and difficult to diagnose neurological diseases, characterized by intense headache and a range of neurological symptoms. Despite significant progress in understanding the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of migraine, differential diagnosis of attacks remains a pressing issue in modern neurology. This article examines the key clinical criteria, course characteristics, associated symptoms, and diagnostic approaches for distinguishing migraine from other types of headaches, such as tension headache, cluster headache, secondary headaches, transient ischemic attacks, and epileptic paroxysms. Special attention is given to instrumental diagnostic methods, as well as the role of psychoemotional and vascular factors. This analysis confirms the need for a comprehensive approach to migraine diagnosis, including a thorough anamnesis, clinical observation, and the use of neuroimaging methods.

Cheilitis represents a heterogeneous group of inflammatory lip disorders, encompassing various clinical forms — from contact and angular to actinic, exfoliative, granulomatous, and glandular variants. Their clinical significance is determined not only by their widespread prevalence but also by the oncological potential of certain forms, particularly actinic cheilitis. The purpose of this article is to systematize modern approaches to the treatment of cheilitis and to assess their effectiveness in relation to etiology and pathogenesis.

A review of domestic and international literature from 2015–2025 was conducted, including clinical studies, meta-analyses, and case reports. It was found that angular cheilitis is effectively treated with topical antifungals and antibacterial ointments, provided local risk factors are corrected. Actinic cheilitis requires active management: the most effective methods are photodynamic therapy (70–90% complete response rates), laser techniques, and surgical vermilionectomy in cases of severe dysplasia. Exfoliative cheilitis remains a therapeutic challenge, requiring a combination of topical agents and psychotherapy. Granulomatous cheilitis demonstrates variable treatment response, with the use of biologics emerging as a promising therapeutic approach.

Thus, treatment of cheilitis should be both comprehensive and individualized. Promising directions include photodynamic therapy, topical immunomodulators, and biologics, while actinic cheilitis requires the closest monitoring due to its high risk of malignant transformation.

The article is devoted to the problem of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction, one of the most common pathologies in dental practice. Modern approaches to early diagnosis are considered, including clinical methods and instrumental examinations (MRI, CT, ultrasound, EMG). Special attention is given to the development and implementation of clinical algorithms, which increase diagnostic accuracy and standardize treatment strategies. A classification of dysfunctions is presented, issues of differential diagnosis are discussed, and modern treatment methods are outlined. The practical significance of the algorithmic approach for dentists and general practitioners is emphasized. The conclusion highlights the prospects of integrating digital technologies, telemedicine, and artificial intelligence into the diagnosis and treatment of TMJ dysfunction.

 Sepsis in infants is a life-threatening condition caused by a systemic inflammatory response to infection, representing a major challenge in neonatal and pediatric healthcare. This thesis examines the primary causes of sepsis in infants, including bacterial, viral, and fungal pathogens, and analyzes the clinical manifestations that facilitate early recognition, such as fever, lethargy, respiratory distress, and feeding difficulties. Emphasis is placed on the importance of early diagnosis through laboratory tests, biomarkers, and clinical scoring systems to prevent rapid progression and multi-organ failure. The study also explores modern treatment approaches, including prompt administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics, supportive care, and advanced therapies like immunomodulators and targeted antimicrobial strategies. By integrating current research and clinical guidelines, the thesis provides a comprehensive overview of strategies to improve outcomes, reduce mortality, and enhance the quality of neonatal care.

The experiments were carried out in white, non-breeding, male rats of different ages (15 days, 1 month, 1.5 months, 2 Months, 3 months and 4 months). Rats in the control group were fed a diet consisting of protein, fat, carbon dioxide. Experimental rats were also fed additional protein (egg white) to these feeds. Rats fed with protein-rich nutrients increased the synthesis of enzymes (amylase, lipase) that we have learned in the gland tissue, and the secretory activity of the glands accelerated its formation in postnatal ontogenesis, as well as their absorption into the blood, which in turn ensures an improvement in the recirculation of these enzymes in the body, and the glands

This article analyzes the pedagogical and psychological factors contributing to the development of diagnostic competence in students through clinical case-based learning in ophthalmology. The study emphasizes how clinical cases promote analytical thinking, reflective observation, and independent decision-making among medical students.

Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder characterized by disturbances in thought, perception, and behavior. Early diagnosis plays a crucial role in improving treatment outcomes and quality of life for patients. In recent years, the use of biomarkers — including genetic, neuroimaging, and biochemical indicators — has become a promising approach for identifying schizophrenia in its early stages. This article reviews the current state of research on biomarkers and their potential in facilitating early detection and personalized treatment strategies.

This article explores the clinical course and modern diagnostic approaches to pneumonia in children, one of the most common and dangerous respiratory diseases worldwide. The study analyzes the pathophysiological mechanisms, risk factors, and age-specific characteristics of pediatric pneumonia, emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis and differential assessment between viral and bacterial etiologies. Particular attention is given to the role of laboratory tests, chest ultrasound, and radiographic findings in identifying disease severity. The research also highlights the challenges of antibiotic resistance and the necessity of rational antimicrobial therapy. Preventive measures, such as vaccination against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), are discussed as key strategies to reduce morbidity and mortality. The study concludes that improving the diagnostic and therapeutic process, combined with educational efforts for parents and healthcare workers, is esse

 This article discusses when and by whom antonyms, as a branch of lexicology, were first studied, how they have been interpreted in Uzbek and English linguistics, and what specific role they play within lexicology.

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This article outlines guidelines for organizing physical education lessons for schoolchildren with scoliosis. It explains what exercises are appropriate for students with spinal curvature. The need to refrain from certain prohibited actions is indicated. 

 This analytical review provides an in-depth examination of the modern principles for selecting materials for fixed dental prostheses, with a primary focus on the significant paradigm shift from traditional bioinert materials to a new generation of bioactive and bio-integrative materials. The article presents a detailed comparative analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of major material classes, including metal alloys (addressing risks of ion release, cytotoxicity, and hypersensitivity), zirconia and advanced ceramics (highlighting high biocompatibility, excellent mechanical properties, and resistance to microbial adhesion), and polymer composites (discussing challenges like residual monomers and oxidative stress). The review concludes that the future of restorative dentistry lies in enhancing the biological integration of biomaterials through advanced surface modification techniques, plasma coatings, nano-structured composites, and bioactive surfaces. These innovations are crucial for improving long-term clinical outcomes, extending the functional lifespan of prostheses, and promoting the health of surrounding oral tissues.

 Restorative dentistry is in a constant state of evolution, driven by advancements in material science and digital technologies, alongside increasing patient demands for aesthetic and durable outcomes. Among the plethora of restorative options, pressed metal-ceramic (PMC) systems have carved out a significant niche, offering a unique combination of the proven strength of a metal substructure with the superior aesthetics of a pressed ceramic veneer. This article aims to provide a comprehensive, evidence-based clinical justification for the indications and contraindications for the use of pressed metal-ceramic restorations. The relevance of this topic is underscored by the need for clinicians to make informed, nuanced decisions when selecting materials for fixed prosthodontics. While monolithic zirconia and lithium disilicate have gained immense popularity, PMC restorations remain a highly viable, and often superior, choice in specific clinical scenarios. Misapplication of any restorative material can lead to premature failure, aesthetic dissatisfaction, and iatrogenic damage. Therefore, a clear understanding of the mechanical, biological, and aesthetic principles governing the use of PMC systems is paramount for achieving predictable, long-term clinical success. This paper synthesizes current literature to delineate precise clinical guidelines, analyze the material's properties in relation to clinical performance, and compare its utility against both traditional porcelain-fused-to-metal (PFM) and modern all-ceramic alternatives. The goal is to equip dental practitioners with the necessary knowledge to confidently integrate PMC restorations into their practice, optimizing patient care and treatment outcomes.

This study analyzes the interrelation of biomechanical, aesthetic, and psychological factors in modern dental prosthetics. According to the literature review, the biomechanical stability of the prosthesis design, appropriate material selection, and its biocompatibility with oral tissues are crucial for restoring masticatory function. Aesthetically optimized prostheses improve patients’ psychological well-being, social activity, and overall quality of life. Psychological factors determine adaptation to the prosthesis and the long-term stability of treatment outcomes. The study emphasizes that the integration of CAD/CAM technologies, PEEK and composite materials, along with individualized design approaches, significantly enhances the effectiveness of dental rehabilitation.

Incretin mimetics represent a novel class of antidiabetic drugs that mimic the physiological actions of endogenous incretin hormones, primarily glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). These agents improve glycemic control through glucose-dependent insulin secretion, suppression of glucagon release, delayed gastric emptying, and appetite reduction. Compared to traditional therapies, incretin mimetics offer enhanced efficacy with a lower risk of hypoglycemia and potential benefits for weight management and cardiovascular protection. This article reviews their pharmacological mechanisms, therapeutic applications, safety profile, and clinical significance in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Sinus lifting is one of the most widely used and effective bone augmentation techniques in dental implantology, enabling restoration of bone volume in the posterior maxilla. This article presents a clinical review of contemporary approaches to open and closed sinus lift procedures, outlining indications, surgical techniques, possible complications, and directions for further improvement. Special attention is given to the selection of grafting materials, the role of the Schneiderian membrane, and the integration of digital technologies and minimally invasive techniques into modern dental surgical practice.

This article presents the topic “Facial nerve neuritis”. Facial neuritis is a condition characterized by inflammation and damage to the seventh cranial nerve, leading to asymmetric paralysis of the facial muscles. The article describes the etiology, risk factors and clinical picture of this condition, emphasizing the importance of timely diagnosis and treatment. A review of preventative measures and regular medical examinations highlights the importance of prevention and early detection of facial neuritis.

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected not only adults but also children, leading to long-term complications in various organ systems, including the cardiovascular system. This study aims to analyze anatomical and functional changes in the cardiovascular system of children who have recovered from COVID-19. Echocardiographic, electrocardiographic, and biochemical parameters were assessed to determine myocardial involvement, vascular reactivity, and cardiac function. The results indicate that post-COVID-19 children may develop subclinical myocarditis, endothelial dysfunction, and decreased heart rate variability, suggesting a persistent impact on cardiovascular health. Continuous monitoring and early rehabilitation are recommended to prevent long-term consequences.

A total of 60 women aged 25–39 years participated in this cross-sectional study, including 30 women with POI and 30 age-matched healthy controls. Fecal β-glucuronidase activity and microbial composition were analyzed using quantitative PCR and spectrophotometric assays, while estrogen metabolites were measured by HPLC–MS/MS.

Results revealed significantly lower β-glucuronidase activity and reduced abundance of Clostridium and Escherichia species in women with POI compared to controls (p < 0.001). Estrogen metabolite levels, including estradiol, estrone, and estriol, were also markedly decreased in the POI group. A strong positive correlation was found between β-glucuronidase activity and serum estradiol levels (r = 0.71, p < 0.001).

These findings indicate that reduced estrobolome activity may contribute to estrogen deficiency in POI, suggesting a potential role of the gut–ovarian axis in disease pathogenesis. Modulating the intestinal microbiota through dietary or probiotic interventions could represent a novel therapeutic strategy for restoring hormonal balance in affected women.

Out of 120 newborns, 72 had confirmed infections. Higher levels of CRP, procalcitonin, and IL-6 were found in infected babies. PCR detected TORCH pathogens in most cases, with CMV being the most common. Early treatment reduced serious complications and improved recovery.

Early detection and proper treatment of intrauterine infections help improve the health and survival of newborns.

The main ideas addressed in this article focus on how harmful gases emitted from automobiles - which we use daily to meet our essential needs - can lead to serious pathological conditions in the human body. It is well known that in cities, traffic congestion primarily occurs near traffic lights, and it can be confidently stated that in those very areas, air pollution levels are significantly higher compared to other locations. In the following sections, we will examine these situations one by one and attempt to explore the topic of the article in detail.

Out of 120 newborns, 72 had confirmed infections. Higher levels of CRP, procalcitonin, and IL-6 were found in infected babies. PCR detected TORCH pathogens in most cases, with CMV being the most common. Early treatment reduced serious complications and improved recovery.

Early detection and proper treatment of intrauterine infections help improve the health and survival of newborns.

Oral fluid is an informative biological substrate reflecting the state of mucosal immunity. This article reviews changes in the cytokine profile, levels of secretory IgA, innate antimicrobial factors, and virus-specific antibodies in patients with viral stomatitis (herpetic and HPV-associated) compared with healthy individuals. A critical analysis of current studies identified known patterns and outlined unresolved issues. Directions for future research are defined, including the role of interferon response and the impact of HPV co-infection.