Meningitis is an inflammation of the central nervous system, primarily affecting the membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord. This disease can be caused by viruses or bacteria. Viral meningitis usually has a mild course and often resolves on its own, but bacterial meningitis develops rapidly and can lead to serious complications. Viruses such as enteroviruses, herpes simplex virus (HSV), and rubella virus can cause meningitis. Bacteria like Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae are responsible for more severe forms of meningitis. Due to the rapid progression of the disease, quick diagnosis and treatment are crucial. Common symptoms of meningitis include headache, neck pain, fever, and vomiting. Antibiotics are used for bacterial meningitis, while pain relievers and fever-reducing medications are used for viral meningitis. Vaccination and adherence to high hygiene standards are effective preventive measures against meningitis. This article provides detailed information on the causative agents, development process, diagnostics, treatment methods, and preventive measures of meningitis based on medical scientific sources.

The article analyzes the necessity and importance of the transition to a green economy, the structure of the green economy and its features, the problem of the development of environmental awareness, aspects related to the definition of its psychological characteristics. The current problems of the sustainable development of the national economy of Uzbekistan, the formation of the science of “green economy” in the world and the development of human capital for the “green economy” as a practical direction for ensuring “green growth” are studied.

Myocarditis in children is an inflammatory disease of the heart muscle (myocardium) that occurs in most cases as a result of infectious damage or an autoimmune process [1,2]. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), myocarditis remains one of the important causes of hospitalizations in pediatric practice, especially in preschool and early school-age children [3]. Meanwhile, the true prevalence of childhood myocarditis may be underestimated due to diagnostic difficulties and frequent asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic course [4].

Congenital heart defects (CHDs) represent one of the most significant challenges in pediatric cardiology and cardiovascular surgery worldwide [1]. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the incidence of CHDs ranges from 8 to 12 per 1,000 live births [2]. In the structure of childhood mortality, cardiovascular pathology remains one of the leading causes, with CHDs accounting for 30–45% of all mortality associated with congenital developmental anomalies [3].

An analysis of modern data on the prevalence and causes of the formation of mitral valve prolapse in children is carried out. Cardiac and extracardial manifestations of mitral valve prolapse are described. The results of electrocardiographic and echocardiographic examination of children are presented. The most frequent phenotypic manifestations of connective tissue dysplasia in children with mitral valve prolapse were identified.

Despite the improvement and possibilities of intrauterine diagnosis and improvement of the quality of imaging technology, a further increase in congenital heart pathology is predicted.

The most common variants of CHD, diagnosed already in infancy, are septal defects: ventricular septal defect and atrial septal defect, which make up one third of all congenital heart defects..

Hypoxic disorders caused by congenital septal defects cause multiple organ dysfunction, aggravate the initially burdened perinatal background and is one of the main causes of disorders of the physical and neuropsychiatric development of this category of children.

Acute cholecystitis is one of the most common diseases of the abdominal cavity. Materials and methods. The study material was the medical records of 77 patients operated on in the Khankinsky district hospital in 2023 for acute cholecystitis within 72 hours of the onset of the disease. Results and discussion. Our univariate analysis of variance allowed us to establish that there is a significant difference in average values between the groups of patients with catarrhal and destructive acute cholecystitis according to a number of studied indicators, which allows them to be used as prognostic factors for the detection of acute destructive cholecystitis. Conclusion. In order to timely resolve the issue of urgent laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a regional hospital, the diagnosis of acute destructive cholecystitis with a high degree of reliability can be established by identifying a combination of clinical, ultrasound signs and changes in functional liver tests.

The aesthetic impact of standard thyroid gland (TG) surgery on the anterior neck surface does not satisfy the ever-increasing demands of modern society. This situation establishes the necessity of creating novel methods for carrying out TG surgery.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the most persistent and widespread infectious diseases worldwide, posing a serious public health challenge, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where healthcare resources are often limited. Despite significant advancements in medical research and disease control efforts, TB continues to affect millions of people each year, leading to severe health complications and, in many cases, fatal outcomes if left untreated. Effective management of TB heavily relies on early detection, precise diagnosis, and timely initiation of appropriate treatment regimens to prevent disease progression and transmission.

This study provides an in-depth analysis of modern diagnostic techniques that have revolutionized TB detection and management, focusing on molecular, radiological, and immunological approaches. Molecular methods, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays and the GeneXpert MTB/RIF system, offer rapid and highly specific detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, including resistance to rifampicin, a key first-line drug. These techniques play a crucial role in addressing the growing challenge of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) by enabling early identification of drug-resistant strains, allowing for prompt adjustments in treatment strategies.

In addition to molecular diagnostics, radiological techniques remain essential tools for TB detection, particularly in cases where microbiological confirmation is challenging. Chest X-rays and computed tomography (CT) scans are widely used to assess lung involvement, detect cavitary lesions, and monitor disease progression. These imaging modalities, when combined with clinical symptoms and laboratory findings, significantly enhance diagnostic accuracy, particularly in patients with extrapulmonary or latent TB infections.

Immunological tests, including interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) and the traditional tuberculin skin test (TST), are valuable for identifying latent TB infections and assessing immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While these methods do not differentiate between active and latent TB, they play a critical role in screening high-risk populations, such as healthcare workers, immunocompromised individuals, and close contacts of TB patients.

To provide practical insights into the real-world applications of these diagnostic techniques, this study presents case studies of hypothetical patients, illustrating how various diagnostic tools are utilized in different clinical scenarios. These case studies highlight the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in TB diagnosis, where laboratory findings, imaging results, and clinical evaluations are integrated to ensure accurate disease detection and effective patient management.

The findings of this research emphasize the necessity of combining traditional diagnostic methods with emerging technologies to improve the overall accuracy and efficiency of TB detection. Integrating advanced molecular testing, radiological assessments, and immunological screening into routine clinical practice can significantly enhance early detection rates, facilitate timely treatment initiation, and ultimately improve patient outcomes. Furthermore, the adoption of innovative diagnostic strategies contributes to global TB control efforts, helping to reduce disease transmission and mitigate the impact of TB on public health systems worldwide.

This study explores the lexical differences in terminology related to life activities in English and Uzbek. Life activities encompass various domains such as work, family, leisure, health, and spirituality, all of which are deeply embedded in a culture’s worldview. By examining and comparing these terms, the research highlights how each language reflects its respective cultural values. English, rooted in individualistic cultural norms, emphasizes personal achievement and autonomy, while Uzbek, influenced by collectivist principles, prioritizes family and community. The findings demonstrate the pivotal role language plays in shaping cultural attitudes and social behaviors.

The rise in aggressiveness among adolescents is a complex psychological phenomenon with significant implications for mental and physical health. Recent years have seen a troubling increase in aggressive behaviors, impacting not only the individuals involved but also families, schools, and communities.

This study aims to investigate the multifactorial causes of adolescent aggression, exploring biological, environmental, and psychological influences. Utilizing a humoral approach based on Ibn Sina's “The Canon of Medicine,” the research seeks to develop innovative strategies for preventing health-related consequences associated with aggressive behavior. Ibn Sina's theory provides a framework for understanding how dietary influences and temperament traits interact to shape behavior.

The investigation will focus on the relationships between adolescent temperament and dietary habits, identifying nutritional patterns that may exacerbate or mitigate aggression. By analyzing these interactions, the study aims to formulate a comprehensive model for effective interventions applicable in various settings, including homes and schools.

Ultimately, this study seeks to contribute to the discourse on adolescent mental health and behavior management, emphasizing the importance of a holistic understanding of aggression to promote well-being and healthier behavioral patterns.

The article discusses the results of field research conducted on the territory of Olmaliq for engineering and seismological justification of the master plan for the development of the city. Geophysical and engineering-geological surveys were carried out to assess the influence of soil conditions on seismic intensity parameters. Calculated values of peak ground accelerations on a free surface were obtained using the STRATA program. Based on a generalization of field and laboratory engineering-geological data, sections and a map of the engineering-geological zoning of the city of Olmaliq were compiled.

This article provides general information on the methods for calculating the seismic impact in assessing the stability of slopes and covers the main methods used in this area. Methods for calculating the seismic impact in assessing the stability of slopes are of great importance in modern construction and geotechnical engineering. These methods are used to determine the movement of the soil during an earthquake and its effect on structures, as well as to ensure the safety and strength of structures. The development and improvement of methods for calculating the seismic impact will increase the safety of construction projects and create the possibility of implementing them in complex natural conditions. This article discusses the methods for calculating the seismic impact used in assessing the stability of slopes and their practical significance. The results of the study are presented based on the H/V method, i.e. the Response spectrum.

The COVID-19 pandemic has introduced a variety of challenges, particularly for pregnant women and their newborns. Neonatal respiratory issues in infants born to mothers infected with COVID-19 have emerged as a significant concern. This article examines the respiratory complications seen in neonates born to COVID-19-positive mothers, including the mechanisms behind these complications, the severity of symptoms, and the strategies used for managing these conditions. Additionally, it reviews the existing literature on the effects of maternal COVID-19 infection on neonatal lung development, birth outcomes, and the overall prognosis for infants. The goal of this review is to shed light on the potential risks and inform clinical practices to better manage neonates in the post-pandemic era.

Background/purpose: Using artificial intelligence to “detect cephalometric landmarks” can effectively improve dentist’s effectiveness. This study evaluated dental students’ satisfaction with the use of artificial intelligence to detect cephalometric landmarks in 2023 and 2024 at Tashkent State Dental Institute, Uzbekistan.

Macroscopic changes of the heart in autopsy and forensic medical histology materials, morphometric parameters in microscopic general-morphological and histochemical staining methods were studied from 20-60 and over 40 subjects with sudden cardiac death in research and control groups. Morphometric studies of macroscopic, microscopic typical and atypical cardiomyositis in cardiac geometry, age-related changes of neurodystrophic disorders in the nervous system were revealed.

This article discusses the role of traditional medicine in the treatment of chronic gastritis, a pressing issue in the medical field. Gastritis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the gastric mucosa. It is classified into acute and chronic types. In children, gastritis often develops during periods of rapid growth, such as between the ages of 5-6 and 9-12. The disease negatively affects the primary functions of the stomach, primarily leading to disruptions in its secretory function. According to statistics, gastritis is observed in more than half of the world’s population, with approximately 90 million cases recorded in 2013. The likelihood of developing the disease increases with age. A healthy diet, regular physical activity, and medicinal herbs play a crucial role in preventing and treating gastritis. This issue is widespread globally and affects healthcare systems. Therefore, comprehensive strategies are necessary to prevent and combat gastritis.

In the syndrome of premature ventricular excitation (PVE) of the heart, part of the ventricular myocardium or the entire myocardium is activated by impulses conducted through accessory pathways (AP), and patients sooner or later develop tachyarrhythmic attacks, which under certain conditions are transformed into atrial and ventricular fibrillation, posing a threat to the patient's life.

Manifestations of PVE are rare - from 0.15 to 3.1% of the general population, including 9% of the total number of children with cardiac arrhythmias. This disease manifests itself in different forms - from constant clinical and electrophysiological manifestations in the manifest form to the absence of any subjective and objective symptoms in the latent form.

 Acute double cervical spine injuries in children present a unique and complex challenge to medical professionals. These injuries typically involve two or more levels of the cervical spine and may be caused by trauma, such as motor vehicle accidents, falls, or sports-related incidents. The early management of these injuries is crucial to minimize neurological damage and prevent long-term disability. This article explores the specific principles of early treatment, emphasizing prompt diagnosis, stabilization, and appropriate intervention strategies to optimize outcomes in pediatric patients with double cervical spine injuries.

 Children’s health is influenced by a multitude of factors, including psycho-social determinants (such as family environment, social status, and stress levels) and chemical agents present in the external environment (including air pollutants, pesticides, and heavy metals). This article reviews current research on how these factors interact and jointly affect children’s physical and mental well-being. It highlights multi-factorial mechanisms, discusses potential long-term consequences, and provides recommendations for prevention and mitigation.

Negative attitudes and behaviors from peers and society at large can profoundly affect children’s well-being. This article explores how social rejection, stigma, bullying, and prejudice contribute to adverse mental and physical health outcomes in children. Drawing on current research in psychology, pediatrics, and sociology, we examine mechanisms through which negative social experiences impact self-esteem, stress responses, and long-term health trajectories. Finally, we discuss evidence-based strategies for prevention and intervention, highlighting the importance of a supportive school and family environment.

Infectious diseases remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children worldwide. Preventing these diseases is crucial for ensuring the health and well-being of the pediatric population. This article explores the strategies and practices that are most effective in preventing infections in children. It emphasizes vaccination, hygiene practices, early detection, and education as key preventive measures. By highlighting the importance of proactive healthcare, the article aims to provide valuable insights for healthcare professionals and parents to reduce the burden of infectious diseases in children.

Maternal mortality is an integral indicator of reproductive-age women’s health, reflecting the impact of economic, socio-hygienic, and medical-organizational factors at the population level. It also serves as a measure of the effectiveness of maternal and child healthcare services. This article discusses the work of midwives and junior nurses within medical teams serving pregnant women, as well as the opportunities available for nurses today. Additionally, the article provides insights into screening examinations designed to further improve women’s health. Information is also provided on comorbidities in pregnant women and the “Healthy Family Room” initiative established in local communities.

The article explores the significance and methodologies of constructing robust knowledge bases for Decision Support Systems (DSS) within primary healthcare settings. DSS play a pivotal role in assisting healthcare professionals by providing data-driven insights and recommendations based on patient data, clinical guidelines, and medical research. This article discusses various models, including expert systems, ontological models, case-based reasoning (CBR), and machine learning techniques, that are used to construct these knowledge bases. Additionally, it highlights key algorithms such as decision trees, Bayesian networks, neural networks, and natural language processing (NLP) that are crucial for processing, analyzing, and retrieving relevant knowledge from vast datasets. The paper also addresses the importance of regularly updating knowledge bases to maintain their accuracy and relevance. By incorporating these advanced computational models and algorithms, primary healthcare systems can enhance decision-making, improve diagnostic accuracy, and provide personalized, efficient care to patients. The article emphasizes the potential of DSS to improve overall healthcare outcomes through intelligent and evidence-based recommendations.

The early years of life are critical for physical and mental development, which form the foundation for a child's lifelong health, learning, and socialization. Physical and mental development in infants is influenced by a variety of factors, including genetics, environment, nutrition, and caregiving practices. This article explores the key stages and milestones in the physical and mental development of infants, highlighting the importance of early intervention, optimal nutrition, and supportive caregiving. It also discusses how early experiences impact brain development, cognitive abilities, and emotional regulation, setting the stage for future learning and social integration.

Infertility is a reproductive health disorder characterized by the inability of a male or female to conceive, which is a widespread issue worldwide. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the types of infertility, its main causes, diagnostic methods, and modern treatment approaches. Additionally, the psychological and social impact of infertility, along with preventive measures, are discussed.

This study examines the principles for managing children with endocrine disorders, with a specific focus on diabetes mellitus. The paper reviews modern approaches, including pharmacotherapy, dietary management, physical activity, psychological support, and educational interventions for children and their families. The methodology is based on a systematic literature review, analysis of clinical guidelines, and empirical data collection through surveys and expert interviews. The findings indicate that a multidisciplinary and individualized approach significantly improves glycemic control, reduces the risk of complications, and enhances the overall quality of life for pediatric patients.

 This study examines various rehabilitation methods in children with cerebral palsy, emphasizing a functional and integrative approach to enhance motor, cognitive, and social outcomes. The investigation focuses on traditional physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy, as well as innovative techniques such as robot-assisted therapy and virtual reality-based interventions. A systematic review of the literature, surveys among therapists, and case studies were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of these methods. The results indicate that a multimodal rehabilitation program significantly improves motor function, reduces spasticity, and enhances quality of life by leveraging neuroplasticity. The paper discusses practical aspects of integrating these methods into clinical practice and offers recommendations for future research.

This study investigates the pathomorphological and morphofunctional changes in the adrenal glands under the influence of Leontoside in a model of experimental atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis, a major cardiovascular condition, has widespread systemic effects, including on the adrenal glands, which are critical in regulating the body's stress response and metabolic functions. Leontoside, a glycoside compound, has been proposed to have therapeutic properties in cardiovascular diseases, but its specific effects on adrenal morphology and function have not been extensively studied. In this experimental study, we explore the alterations in adrenal tissue structure, function, and biochemical composition in atherosclerotic rats treated with Leontoside. The results provide insights into the potential effects of Leontoside on adrenal health and its broader implications in managing atherosclerosis-related changes in the endocrine system.

Coronary artery disease is an acute or chronic damage to the heart muscle, which is caused by the reduction or cessation of blood supply to the myocardium as a result of pathological currents in the coronary artery system.

This study investigates the prevalence and trends of diabetes mellitus in the Bukhara region over the past five years. Statistical analysis indicates a steady increase in the incidence rate, with the number of diagnosed cases rising from 2.1% to 2.8% of the total population. The research highlights key contributing factors such as sedentary lifestyles, dietary habits, genetic predisposition, and environmental influences. Data from national and international health organizations, including the WHO and the International Diabetes Federation, provide a broader perspective on diabetes trends in Uzbekistan. The study employs a mixed-method approach, combining statistical analysis, medical examinations, and surveys to assess the disease's progression. Findings suggest that by 2030, if current trends persist, the diabetes burden in the region will increase significantly, necessitating enhanced preventive measures and healthcare strategies. The research underscores the importance of early diagnosis, public awareness, and national health programs in mitigating the long-term impact of diabetes in Uzbekistan.

Lymphadenopathy (LAP) is a disease characterized by enlargement of one or more groups of lymph nodes (LNs). This disease occurs in both young children and adults and requires special diagnostic and treatment methods. Thus, this article examines the incidence of lymphadenopathy and the factors of its occurrence in 210 patients aged 5 to 17 years, and also presents the results of the study. Eleven factors that cause lymphadenopathy in children are listed, and clear recommendations for their diagnosis are given.

Forensic Methodology and criminology are related fields that focus on the investigation and analysis of crime. Forensic science applies scientific methods to the collection and analysis of evidence, while criminology studies the social and psychological aspects of crime and criminal behavior.

The complex interaction between forensic  Methodology and criminology has become a central element of the modern justice system, shedding light on complex criminal behavior and supporting the pursuit of justice. In essence, forensic science encompasses a variety of disciplines that use scientific methods to collect, analyze, and interpret evidence  from crime scenes. This analysis not only helps to accurately reconstruct the crime scene, but also helps to identify the perpetrator through techniques such as DNA analysis, ballistics, and toxicology. Criminology, on the other hand, is concerned with the psychological and sociological underpinnings of criminal behavior, seeking to understand the motives and effects of crime on society. Together, these fields create a comprehensive framework for investigating criminal activity, emphasizing the importance of scientific inquiry in the pursuit of truth and the effective implementation of legal procedures.

This scientific field examines the causes of the abandonment and rejuvenation of myopia in adolescents in the mountainous and foothill areas of the Andijan region, risk factors affecting the development of the disease, their origin, etiology, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis, complications and methods of their elimination. Treatment in the field of treatment is laid in a broad modern direction.

This article provides information about drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). Drug-resistant tuberculosis occurs when mycobacteria become resistant to the main antituberculosis drugs. This disease, unlike regular tuberculosis, is much more difficult to treat and requires long-term special drugs. The article provides detailed information about the clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment methods and prevention of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Early detection and proper treatment of tuberculosis are important in preventing drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis.

One of the most important issues related to the use and elimination of electronic medical equipment for a medical worker is its electrical safety. The patient, due to various reasons (detoxification of the body, the effects of anesthesia, weakness, the presence of electricity in the body, i.e. direct connection of the patient to the electrical circuit, etc.), is in a particularly dangerous electrical environment compared to a healthy person. To prevent electrical hazards, it is necessary to observe safety precautions.

 HIV infection can significantly change the functioning of various organs and systems, including the hemostasis (blood clotting) system. HIV-infected children have various disorders, such as an increased tendency to thrombosis or, conversely, bleeding, which can lead to complications. Evaluation of the coagulogram helps in the diagnosis of these disorders.

The purpose of the work is to study the blood coagulation parameters in children with HIV infection at different clinical stages.

Materials and methods. In the course of the work, 89 children aged 4 to 18 years suffering from HIV infection were examined. The average age of the patients was 9.8 ± 0.49 years. The patients were divided into 4 main groups depending on the clinical stage of the disease.

Among these coagulation parameters, a reliable decrease in the platelet aggregation index was noted with normal platelet count, PTI, thrombin time and plasma fibrinogen.

Conclusions. Disturbances in the coagulogram in children at different clinical stages of HIV infection are represented by a decrease in the aggregation capacity of platelets, which is detected already at the initial stages of the disease.

This article will analyze the traumatic eye injuries of patients admitted to the Eye Diseases Department of the Andijan State Medical Institute Clinic between January 31, 2024 and December 31, 2024. The main causes and structure of injuries, the structure of complications, as well as the main types of surgical treatment are analyzed. 

This scientific article discusses molecular genetic aspects in the pathogenesis of angle-closure glaucoma, as well as the etiology and pathogenesis of various types of this disease. The contribution of some genetic determinants to the development of the primary closed-angle form of glaucoma is analyzed. Pharmacogenomic studies have been shown to identify genetic factors that determine the side effects of pharmacotherapy.

In a scientific article risk factors affecting the development of retinal dystrophy in developed myopia in adolescents and the relevance of prevention of their elimination are shown. Today, one of the urgent problems of ophthalmology is the disease of clinical refraction, which is an epidemic of the 21st century. The aim was to study the reason why the disease index increases from year to year, the age of the disease and, as a result, the increase in disability.

This article explores the significance, similarities, and differences between English and Uzbek proverbs, highlighting their educational and communicative functions. This expanded discussion further illustrates how proverbs shape communication, culture, and education in English and Uzbek societies.

Diabetes mellitus, today is a worldwide problem. The number of patients is steadily growing from year to year and according to WHO, for the last 30 years, has increased more than 5 times, and at the moment is more than 500000 million people, in the Republic of Uzbekistan, about 300000 thousand people, that is about every 11 adults in the world suffer from this disease. According to the number of complications, diabetes mellitus is one of the main causes of death (AsfandiyarovaN.S., 2015, Dedov I.I., 2018, Chuan L.L., 2013, Pan X., 2020).  The most significant complication, at present, is diabetic foot syndrome, which affects about 8-10% of all patients with diabetes mellitus and is the main cause of all lower limb amputations at various levels. One of the complications of SDS, is osteomyelitis of the bones of the foot, developing against the background of infection of soft tissues and bones of the foot, with diabetic neuropathy and osteoarthropathy, according to one study complicates the course of the disease in 15% of patients (Hinchliffe.,2016, Walsh.,2017., Marphy- Lovoie.,2021), according to other data up to 50-60% ( Lazaro Martinez.,2019., Antsyferov M.B., 2007, Dedov I.I., Jeffcoate W., 2004) and leads to limb amputations. "International Working Group on the diabetic foot, 2015", considers the "gold standard" in the diagnosis of osteomyelitis in SDS, clinical, radiographic picture, bacteriology and histology of bone tissue. Detected microflora growth and histologic findings of bone infection are important for the diagnosis.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) affects more than 5% of the world population. The third disease in the structure of causes of death is DM [I.I. Dedov, T.L. Kuraeva, V.A. Peterkova, V.V. Potemkin, E.G. Starostina, N.E. Yuldashova, N.E. Suleimanova, Z.H. Lapasova, N.N. Yormukhamedova, Finucane MM, Danaei G, Ezzati M, Ahmad O, Singh GM, Danaei G, Farzadfar F, Stevens GA, Woodward M, Wormser DK, Jeon CY, Murray MB, Lipsky B., Berendt A., Deery H.G.,Currently, there are more than 350000 thousand officially registered patients in Uzbekistan. Various foot problems occur in every second patient with diabetes, the number of lower limb amputations in patients with diabetes in the Republic of Uzbekistan is 20-30 times higher than the number of amputations in patients without diabetes. Lethality, in case of amputation at the level of the shin, is 5-20%, at the level of the thigh 10-40% of operated patients [Askarov T.A., Hamdamov B.Z., Akhmedov R.M., Safoev B.B., Jalilova Z.O., Dovlatov S.S., Teshayev SH.J.]. Diabetic foot syndrome (DFS) is diagnosed in 8-10% of diabetic patients [DedovI.I., Udovichenko O.V., Grekova N.M., Galstyan G.R., Shestakova M.V., Vikulova O.K.,]. In 20-25% of cases in patients with SDS there are various purulent-necrotic lesions [Golbraik VA, Sitarkov SV, Bensman., Hall P.A., Levison D.A., Woods A.L., Kellock D.B., Watkins J.A., Barnes D.M., Gillett C.E., Camplejohn R., Dover R., Khamraeva F. M., Nazarova S. K., Fayzieva M. F.]. Purulent-necrotic manifestations of SDS are the most frequent cause of amputation and mortality of patients in this category of patients [Grekova N.M., Bordunovsky V.N., Ignatovich I.N., Bensman S.V., Burleva E.P., Aszmann O.C., Boulton AJ.M.,].

This research work include relevant information about different results those taken from Electromyographic exam in patients who are suffering from type 2 Diabetes mellitus with different body mass indexes. That may help us to explain the negative impact of the obesity in the development of neurological complications in Diabetic patients.

Iron deficiency anemia is a prevalent condition caused by insufficient iron levels, leading to inadequate hemoglobin production and reduced oxygen transport in the body. This condition arises due to dietary deficiencies, chronic blood loss, malabsorption disorders, or increased physiological demands such as pregnancy. Common symptoms include fatigue, pallor, shortness of breath, and heart palpitations. Diagnosis typically involves blood tests, and treatment includes dietary adjustments, iron supplementation, or medical intervention in severe cases. Preventing iron deficiency anemia requires maintaining a balanced diet and addressing underlying health issues. Early detection and treatment are crucial in managing the condition and preventing complications.

Keloid is a pathological scar that forms after injuries, cuts, or surgical interventions, differing from the normal scarring process. This article provides comprehensive information on the clinical features, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and modern treatment methods of keloid scars.

This article analyzes the pathologomorphological features observed in the placenta of women who died from uterine bleeding. During the study, thrombosis, necrotic changes, fibrinoid degeneration and villous atrophy were found in the blood vessels of the placenta. These changes were the cause of increased bleeding and the occurrence of severe pathological conditions in the female body. The results of the study emphasize the need for early detection of pathological conditions of the placenta and the implementation of preventive measures. This work is of practical importance for improving diagnostic and treatment methods for dangerous conditions during pregnancy.

Weight problems, once considered a trouble broadly speaking in affluent countries, has now grow to be a worldwide epidemic affecting humans of all ages and backgrounds. The speedy increase in body weight round the arena has alarming outcomes for public health, normally due to its robust correlation with the upward thrust in chronic illnesses. this text explores the interconnectedness of obesity and persistent illnesses, the global scope of the problem, and the urgent want for comprehensive strategies to address this urgent public health issue.

Lymphadenopathy (LAP) is a disease characterized by enlargement of one or more groups of lymph nodes (LNs). This disease occurs in both young children and adults and requires special diagnostic and treatment methods. Thus, this article examines the incidence of lymphadenopathy and the factors of its occurrence in 210 patients aged 5 to 17 years, and also presents the results of the study. Eleven factors that cause lymphadenopathy in children are listed, and clear recommendations for their diagnosis are given.

Chronic periodontitis (CP) is the most common periodontal pathology, leading to dysfunction of the dentofacial system. Sixty patients with CP were examined. All patients underwent an assessment of their periodontal tissues according to the following indices: PMA, API, and SBI. To study the hypoxia, the functional activity of erythrocytes was studied using spectroscopy. It has been established that in CP, changes in periodontal tissues are accompanied by suppression of erythrocyte functional activity and the development of hypoxia, which requires correction.

The study included a total of 150 people aged 18 to 30 years. The OHI-S (simplified Green-Vermilion Oral Hygiene Index) and Silness Loe indices were used to assess the oral hygiene and determine plaque thickness. Most often, inflammatory processes in the gums, namely, chronic catarrhal gingivitis, were detected in patients with fixed dentures in the oral cavity or with malocclusion, which are among the main risk factors for periodontal disease in young people aged 18 to 30 years.

In today’s globalized medical environment, mastering standardized anatomical terminology is not merely an academic requirement but a critical skill for clear and precise communication. Latin, as the foundational language of Western medicine, has helped create a universally recognized system of anatomical names. Even though modern medical practice relies on various vernacular languages, Latin-based terms ensure that healthcare professionals worldwide can describe anatomical structures consistently [1]. This standardization is particularly crucial in clinical and research contexts, where misunderstandings in terminology can lead to diagnostic errors, treatment delays, or flawed interpretations of data [2].

Moreover, studying Latin enhances students’ ability to decode complex scientific terms in other medical fields, such as pharmacology, pathology, and surgery. By understanding the roots, prefixes, and suffixes derived from Latin (and Greek), future physicians and researchers can more readily grasp new or evolving terminology. In an era of rapid medical advances, the ability to adapt to innovative concepts is essential [3]. Latin thus serves as both a historical touchstone and a modern tool, providing medical professionals with a linguistic foundation for lifelong learning and effective international collaboration [4].

This article provides information about the methods of artificial nutrition of critically ill patients, their advantages and disadvantages, as well as their effects on the patient’s body. Enteral and parenteral types of artificial nutrition, conditions for their use and beneficial effects on patients are covered. The article also discusses modern methods of artificial nutrition, rules and problems of their use.