Nutritional disorders during infancy, especially in children under one year of age, remain a pressing concern in pediatric healthcare. This article explores the most common causes of nutritional imbalances in this age group, including improper feeding practices, maternal health factors, congenital conditions, and socio-economic challenges. Emphasis is placed on early diagnosis and the implementation of modern treatment approaches, such as individualized nutritional plans, use of fortified formulas, and parental education. Understanding and addressing these factors are crucial for preventing long-term health complications and promoting optimal growth and development in infants.

The article provides a historical background, presenting the approaches of morphologists and radiologists to the issue of the lobar structure of the prostate gland. Given the confusion regarding the term “central zone”, it is proposed to avoid its use in the conclusions of magnetic resonance and ultrasound examination. It is recommended to use the division of the gland into 39 sectors only when describing an MRI study of the prostate performed in accordance with the recommendations of the PI-RADSv2 system.

Anxiety is a prevalent concern among medical students, driven by academic pressure and emotional stress. This review examined nine international studies encompassing 4,508 students, revealing anxiety prevalence rates ranging from 28.48% to 81.63%. Variability was attributed to institutional, cultural, and methodological factors. Higher rates were observed in female students and those in preclinical years. Most studies emphasized the lack of psychological support systems. These findings highlight the urgent need for institutional interventions and standardized mental health assessments to support future healthcare professionals.

Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting the supporting structures of the teeth, including the gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone. It is primarily caused by the accumulation of microbial biofilms on tooth surfaces, leading to host immune responses that can result in progressive tissue destruction. This literature review aims to summarize current knowledge on the etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal disease, highlighting the role of microbial factors, host immune response, genetic predisposition, and environmental influences such as smoking and stress. Understanding the multifactorial nature of periodontal disease is essential for developing targeted preventive and therapeutic strategies.

During the study, in 107 patients with vascular thrombosis of various localization, the associative relationship of Leu33Pro in the integrin beta-3 (ITGB3) gene in the formation of pathology data was analyzed. In the studied groups, the actual distribution of C807T polymorphism genotypes corresponded to those expected at the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p<0.05).

This article analyzes scientific literature on the effectiveness of teaching chronic heart failure (CHF) to students using intensive and accelerated technologies. The study evaluates the impact of innovative teaching methods on students' understanding of the disease, clinical reasoning skills, ability to comprehend diagnostic and treatment principles, and practical competencies. The research findings confirm that applying interactive and modern educational technologies in CHF teaching accelerates students' learning processes and enhances their preparedness for clinical and practical work.

This article sheds light on the morphology, distribution, chemical composition and application in medicine of medicinal plants, which contain alkaloids that are part of the tropane derivative.

 This article presents the clinical course of brucellosis in children, changes in laboratory analyses, and the effectiveness of physiotherapy in modern treatment. The study was conducted on 140 patients with acute brucellosis aged 3 to 17 years who were hospitalized in the Children's Department of the Surkhandarya Regional Infectious Diseases Hospital.

Premorbid anemia negatively affects the course and outcome of acute brucellosis in children. Additionally, to prevent various complications in the bones and joints as well as disability, patients were recommended for rehabilitation in sulfur and radon-rich resorts, specifically the Sherabad and Omonkhona resorts, taking into account the damage to their musculoskeletal and nervous systems.

 Over the past fifteen years, increasing public demand for minimally invasive surgery and recent technological advances have led to the development of a number of conservative therapeutic treatments for obstructive salivary gland diseases such as stones and duct stenosis. These include extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, sialendoscopy, laser intracorporeal lithotripsy, interventional radiology, video-assisted conservative surgical removal of parotid and submandibular stones, and botulinum toxin therapy. Each of these methods can be used as a stand-alone therapeutic method or in combination with one or more of the above options, usually on a day or overnight basis under local or general anesthesia. The multimodal approach is completely successful in approximately 80% of patients and reduces the need for gland removal by 3%, justifying the combination, albeit labor-intensive and relatively expensive, as part of a modern and functional treatment of salivary gland stones. Regarding the treatment of salivary duct anomalies such as strictures and kinks, interventional radiology with fluoroscopically guided balloon ductoplasty appears to be the most appropriate method despite the use of radiation. Operative sialendoscopy alone is the best therapeutic option for all mobile intraluminal causes of obstruction such as microliths, mucus plugs or foreign bodies, or for the local treatment of inflammatory conditions such as recurrent chronic mumps or autoimmune diseases of the salivary glands. Finally, if one of the above methods fails and regardless of the cause of obstruction, botulinum toxin injection into the salivary gland parenchyma using color Doppler ultrasound monitoring should be considered before deciding on surgical removal of the gland.

Perforation of the tympanic membrane is observed in patients with acute purulent otitis media due to the fact that they did not consult an ENT doctor in the early stages of the disease, and in some patients, due to frequent recurrence of the disease due to perforation of the tympanic membrane, the formation of infiltrates and exudate with incomplete absorption can lead to the formation of cicatricial adhesions on the mucous membrane of the tympanic cavity, the tympanic membrane, and the auditory ossicles. As a result, the mobility of the auditory ossicles is impaired, and patients experience varying degrees of hearing loss.

Bronchoobstructive syndrome (BOS) is a common pathological condition in pediatric practice, accompanied by narrowing of the airways, which occurs against the background of diseases of various etiologies. BOS is manifested by difficulty breathing, wheezing, prolonged expiration and is associated with inflammation, edema, increased secretion or muscle spasm, which causes bronchial obstruction. This syndrome is more common in children against the background of bronchiolitis, bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, viral respiratory infections, as well as congenital anomalies.

 Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) is a widely distributed medicinal plant known for its rich composition of biologically active compounds, including flavonoids, polyphenols, vitamins, and minerals. This review highlights the various beneficial properties of dandelion, supported by traditional usage and modern scientific research. Dandelion demonstrates significant anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, diuretic, hepatoprotective, antibacterial, and antidiabetic effects. Additionally, recent studies have explored its potential anticancer and skin-healing properties. The plant’s root, leaves, and flowers are used in different medicinal preparations such as teas, extracts, and ointments. Experimental studies in vitro and in vivo, as well as clinical trials, suggest that dandelion can be effectively used for the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases, including liver and kidney disorders, metabolic syndrome, and inflammatory conditions. Despite its promising therapeutic potential, further research is required to confirm optimal dosages and long-term safety. This work aims to contribute to the growing interest in dandelion as a natural remedy and to encourage more extensive scientific investigations into its pharmacological applications.

 This article explores the most effective strategies for teaching second languages to adult learners. Also it provides a comprehensive overview of the most effective strategies for teaching a second language to adult learners. It emphasizes the importance of practical, real-world application and learner-centered approaches. Key methodologies discussed include Communicative Language Teaching (CLT), task-based learning, immersive techniques, blended learning, and the use of digital tools. The article also highlights the significance of learner autonomy, social interaction, and the creation of a low-anxiety environment to encourage risk-taking and build confidence. In today’s globalized world, the ability to speak a second language is more than a personal achievement—it’s a professional and social asset. While children often absorb new languages with ease, adults approach language learning with different motivations, cognitive strategies, and challenges. Teaching a second language to adults effectively requires methods that are purposeful, practical, and psychologically supportive.

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that often begins in early childhood and significantly affects the quality of life of both the child and their family. This paper focuses on the importance of early prevention strategies to reduce the incidence and severity of the disease. Key preventive measures include proper skin care, breastfeeding, allergen avoidance, and parental education. By implementing these approaches, it is possible to minimize flare-ups and promote healthier development in children at risk of atopic dermatitis.

Vitamin D plays a crucial role in the growth and development of children, especially in maintaining bone health and supporting the immune system. This article explores the prevalence and causes of vitamin D deficiency among school-age children, highlighting its impact on physical and cognitive development. Factors contributing to the deficiency, such as limited sun exposure, poor dietary intake, and lifestyle habits, are discussed. The article also presents recommendations for early diagnosis, prevention, and intervention strategies to improve vitamin D levels in children and reduce associated health risks.

This article explores the stages of developing geometric concepts in primary school pupils, emphasizing the importance of age-appropriate methods, visual aids, and hands-on activities. The study highlights the critical role of early mathematics education in building a foundation for spatial thinking, problem-solving, and logical reasoning. As Piaget (1952) suggests, cognitive development occurs in stages, and geometry provides a foundation for more abstract mathematical reasoning. By understanding how children gradually comprehend geometry, teachers can better structure lessons and learning experiences that foster deep understanding and long-term retention.

The scientific article is devoted to the study of the prevalence of sensitization to food and fungi, as well as its prevention in a hot climate. To date, fungi are known in different countries of the world as an etiological factor of allergic diseases, in patients with allergic diseases, based on a detailed medical history and with the help of modern in vitro diagnostics, it is possible to detect sensitivity to fungal allergens. In hot climates, the detection of immunoglobulin E antibodies to mold and yeast fungi such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, Alternaria and Rhizopus and only with the help of a personalized approach to diagnosis and therapy can be achieved.

Background: Drug-induced oral adverse reactions (ADRs) are frequently encountered in dental practice but are often underrecognized or misdiagnosed due to their clinical resemblance to primary oral diseases. As systemic drug use increases, particularly in aging and polymerizate populations, awareness of these reactions becomes essential for timely diagnosis and effective management.

Objective: This review aims to synthesize current evidence on the range, frequency, causative agents, and clinical implications of drug-induced oral ADRs, with an emphasis on diagnostic relevance for dental professionals.

Methods: A structured literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar for articles published between January 2000 and March 2023. From an initial pool of 20 studies, 8 met the inclusion criteria and were analysed. Data were extracted on the type of oral ADRs, implicated drug classes, clinical presentation, and management strategies. A narrative synthesis was used due to heterogeneity in study design and outcome reporting.

Results: The most frequently reported ADR was xerostomia, commonly induced by antihypertensives, antidepressants, and diuretics. Lichenoid reactions, oral ulcers, and mucositis were frequently associated with NSAIDs, β-blockers, and methotrexate. Gingival enlargement was commonly observed in patients taking calcium channel blockers, phenytoin, or cyclosporine. Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) was reported with bisphosphonates and antiangiogenic agents. Tongue disorders, including glossitis and burning tongue, were reported with nervous system and anti-infective medications. Several studies highlighted underreporting and diagnostic challenges due to lack of pharmacovigilance in dentistry.

Conclusion: A wide range of systemic medications can induce clinically significant oral ADRs. Dental professionals must be vigilant in recognizing these reactions, taking thorough drug histories, and collaborating with medical teams for appropriate interventions. Increased education, reporting practices, and awareness of pharmacogenomic variability are essential for improving oral healthcare outcomes related to medication use.

 Pediatric pulmonology addresses respiratory disorders in infants, children, and adolescents, encompassing a broad range of conditions such as asthma, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, cystic fibrosis, and pneumonia. With unique anatomical and physiological characteristics of the pediatric respiratory system, early and accurate diagnosis is essential. This article explores the current knowledge, clinical practices, and emerging research in pediatric pulmonology. It is structured according to the IMRAD format and aims to provide an in-depth academic discussion backed by authoritative sources and contemporary medical findings. This article presents a comprehensive scientific overview of pediatric pulmonology, focusing on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of respiratory disorders in children. Emphasizing the unique anatomical and physiological aspects of the pediatric respiratory system, it explores common conditions such as asthma, bronchiolitis, pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, and primary ciliary dyskinesia. Based on a qualitative synthesis of current literature and clinical guidelines, the paper discusses modern diagnostic tools and evidence-based therapeutic approaches tailored to pediatric populations. It also highlights the importance of multidisciplinary care and public health initiatives in improving respiratory outcomes for children globally. The article contributes to the growing body of knowledge essential for medical professionals, researchers, and healthcare policymakers in pediatric respiratory care.

This scientific article presents an in-depth analysis of the prevalence, symptoms, vaccination-related, hygiene-related, and parental health-related knowledge of acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in pediatrics. The study was conducted in children's polyclinics and preschool institutions in Tashkent, Fergana, and Kashkadarya regions. Statistical analyses, questionnaires, interviews, and observations revealed the relationship between the incidence of ARIs in children and age, conditions, and health-improving measures. The results demonstrate the relevance of a systematic approach to maintaining children's health, vaccination, and improving the hygienic environment. The article also includes practical recommendations for prevention, healthy lifestyle formation, and improving pediatric approaches.

Pediatric AIDS is associated with a broad spectrum of systemic complications, among which oral manifestations play a crucial diagnostic and prognostic role. This article examines the prevalence, types, and clinical relevance of oral changes observed in children with AIDS. Common conditions include candidiasis, linear gingival erythema, oral hairy leukoplakia, and herpetic lesions. These manifestations often reflect the degree of immunosuppression and may serve as early indicators of disease progression or antiretroviral therapy failure. Emphasis is placed on the need for interdisciplinary management, early diagnosis through routine oral screening, and the integration of dental care into pediatric HIV treatment protocols.

This article analyzes the factors that cause breast cancer, the importance of complex radiological and ultrasound methods in early diagnosis and comparative diagnosis of dangerous and safe tumor diseases of the breast, and the issues of teaching students and demonstrating in practice the analysis of examination results.

Bronchoobstructive syndrome (BOS) in children is a clinical manifestation characterized by partial or complete obstruction of the lower airways, leading to symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, and difficulty breathing. It is commonly observed in various respiratory conditions including asthma, acute bronchitis, and bronchiolitis, particularly in early childhood. The syndrome is frequently triggered by viral infections, allergens, environmental pollutants, or structural abnormalities of the airways. Early diagnosis and effective management are crucial to prevent complications and improve quality of life. This paper reviews the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic approaches, and current strategies in the treatment and prevention of BOS in pediatric patients. Emphasis is placed on the importance of individualized care, environmental control, and parental education in the management of this increasingly prevalent condition.