Сhronic pancreatitis – it is disease, prevalence of which has been steadly increasing during the last 30 years among the elderly people. Physiological, agespecific changes invariably influence the course of chronic pancreatitis, modifying clinical characteristics and treatment approaches to this disease in elderly people. Main etiological factors, developing mechanisms, clinical course options and basic approaches to medical therapy of chronic pancreatitis in elderly patients are described in the article.

Despite the meaningful achievements in modern diagnosis and farmacotherapy a problem of diseases which combine with each other still remains one of most complicated parts of therapy. In gastroenterology we could set for example combination GERD and pancreatitis. In this case pancreatitis
is more severe and more often than not has a number of complications. This article includes the
information about circumstances of pathogenesis and treatment such kind of patients. It has been
regarded specialy the aspects of treatment of abdominal pain syndrome using secretolytic and enzymatic therapy.

 Relevance. Diagnosis and treatment of patients with hiatal hernia (HH) are among the most pressing issues in modern medicine. The aim of this study is to present experience in the surgical treatment of hiatal hernias using a laparoscopic approach.

Materials and Methods. In the Department of Surgery at Twins Medical Center, laparoscopic interventions for hiatal hernia and GERD were performed in 67 patients between 2023 and 2025. Results: Of the operated patients, 64 (95.6%) had axial hiatal hernia (type I), 2 (2.9%) had paraesophageal hiatal hernia (type II), and 1 (1.5%) had mixed hiatal hernia with a shortened esophagus. Crurorrhea was performed in 100% of patients: posterior in 60 (89.6%), anterior in 2 (2.9%), combined in 5 (7.5%), and alloplasty in 6 (8.9%) patients. Laparoscopic fundoplications were performed: Nissen in 46 (68.7%), Dor in 7 (10.4%) patients underwent laparoscopic fundoplication, and 14 (20.9%) patients underwent Toupet's method. Fundodiphragmopexy was performed in 61 (91.0%) patients. Simultaneous surgical interventions were performed in 5 (7.4%) patients, and conversion occurred in 1 (1.4%). There were no deaths after surgery.

Conclusions. The study results demonstrate the high efficacy of the laparoscopic approach in the surgical treatment of patients with hiatal hernia.

The OBJECTIVE of the study is to consider the main problems and to define the ways to improve the efficiency
of surgical treatment of hiatal herniae. MATERIAL AND METHODS. 518 patients were operated, the plasty of hiatal
hernia – posterior cruroraphy – was carried out in 191 (26.9%) of patients, the prosthetic materials via the method
«mesh-reinforced» were used in 327 (63.1%) of patients. RESULTS. The general surgical complications were noted
in 43 (8.3 %) patients, the delayed side effects were in 118 (22.8 %) patients, relapse of hiatal hernia were in 27
(5.9 %) patients. CONCLUSION. The high frequency of relapses remains the main problem in surgery of hiatal hernia.

Generative artificial intelligence (GAI) is increasingly capable of automating a wide range of biomedical tasks, from clinical decision-making to the design and analysis of research studies. Using machine learning and transformer-based architectures, GAI can produce relevant text, images, and audio data in response to user inputs. Unlike earlier biomedical deep-learning systems that relied heavily on large, general-purpose labeled datasets, emerging evidence indicates that GAI can achieve strong performance with smaller, domain-specific data. Additionally, AI training methods have evolved from fully supervised learning to more data-efficient approaches, including weakly supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning techniques. The newest forms of GAI—such as agent-based systems, mixture-of-experts models, and reasoning models—have expanded these tools’ ability to handle complex, multi-step processes. This review summarizes recent technical developments in GAI, examines how the latest models could enhance healthcare for clinicians and patients, and discusses validation strategies through specific examples that highlight both the current challenges and future opportunities in the field.

This article provides an extensive overview of the role and significance of immunosuppressive drugs in organ transplantation. It describes the molecular basis of graft recognition and rejection by the immune system and explains how various immunosuppressive agents act on different components of the immune response. The mechanisms, clinical applications, and advantages of calcineurin inhibitors, antiproliferative agents, corticosteroids, mTOR inhibitors, and biologics are discussed in detail. The article also highlights the risks associated with immunosuppressive therapy, including infections and malignancies, and emphasizes the importance of individualized dosing, pharmacokinetic monitoring, and combination regimens. This work is intended for specialists in transplantology, clinical pharmacology, and immunology.

Industrial waste is a major global threat to groundwater quality, posing serious risks to public health and environmental sustainability. This study reviews key contamination pathways, including heavy metals, organic pollutants, and industrial microorganisms, and highlights hygienic assessment methods such as toxicological analysis, epidemiological surveillance, and hydrochemical monitoring. Case studies from Uzbekistan and other regions show that poor waste management and direct discharges are primary sources of pollution. Contaminated groundwater is linked to cancer, endocrine disruption, and acute toxicity. The article emphasizes stricter regulation, improved monitoring, and advanced remediation technologies to safeguard groundwater and public health.

Congenital heart defects are an important problem in pediatrics due to their high prevalence and the need for early surgical correction due to significant health problems and disability in children. According to WHO, congenital heart disease occurs in 0.7-1.7% of newborns. In some cases, the rapid progression of the stages of the course of congenital heart disease is determined not only by its severity, but also by the influence of concomitant diseases: hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, nutritional deficiencies, deficiency anemia, etc. Knowledge of the mechanisms of development of these disorders and the possibility of their timely detection with the help of modern research methods make it possible to diagnose and correct developing pathological conditions as early as possible. In this regard, the issue of studying clinical diagnostic criteria for improving the provision of timely medical care to children with congenital heart disease of an early age remains relevant and requires scientific research in this direction.

 In surgical practice, the presence of comorbid pathology has a significant impact on the course of the postoperative period, the development of complications, and also affects the prognosis. Current standards and approaches in surgery should include an analysis of comorbid diseases when choosing methods of anesthesia, intensive care and tactics of surgical intervention. In surgical interventions in children for congenital heart disease, it is necessary to carry out intensive therapy, including the correction of disorders of all vital organs. In our study, we focused on the correction of some disorders, in particular physical development, hormonal and immune status disorders, neurocognitive disorders. We studied several domestic and foreign literary data on the correction of these disorders.

Congenital heart defects (CHD) are one of the most common anomalies in children. The frequency of CHD is up to 30% of all developmental defects. According to official statistics, more than 20 thousand cases of congenital heart defects of varying degrees of complexity are registered in children in the CIS countries every year, 75% of which require surgical correction of the defect. Children with CHD are susceptible to various diseases due to their hormonal and immune imbalance. As a rule, in the postoperative period, the main task of the cardiologist and pediatrician is aimed at adapting the child's cardiovascular system. However, the hormonal and immune systems of this category of patients are not assessed dynamically. In this regard, the issue of studying the hormonal and immune systems in children with congenital heart defects at an early age remains relevant and requires scientific research in this area.

Congenital heart defects are an important problem in pediatrics due to their high prevalence and the need for early surgical correction due to significant health problems and disability in children. According to WHO, congenital heart disease occurs in 0.7-1.7% of newborns. In recent decades, the structure of cardiovascular pathology in childhood has changed significantly. Against the background of an increase in the number of cases of CHD, cardiac arrhythmias and conduction disorders, cardiomyopathies, the proportion of rheumatic diseases and infectious lesions of the myocardium decreased. CHD remains one of the leading causes of infant mortality, ranking second. In the perinatal period, congenital heart diseases cause 2.5% of deaths (0.25 cases per 1000 births), in the first year of life - 6-11% of deaths and about 50% of deaths associated with congenital malformations. In this regard, the issue of studying the epidemiology and risk factors for the development of congenital heart defects at an early age remains relevant and requires scientific research in this direction.

Congenital heart defects are an important problem in pediatrics due to their high prevalence and the need for early surgical correction due to significant health problems and disability in children. According to WHO, congenital heart disease occurs in 0.7-1.7% of newborns. In some cases, the rapid progression of the stages of the course of congenital heart disease is determined not only by its severity, but also by the influence of concomitant diseases: hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, nutritional deficiencies, deficiency anemia, etc. Knowledge of the mechanisms of development of these disorders and the possibility of their timely detection with the help of modern research methods make it possible to diagnose and correct developing pathological conditions as early as possible. In this regard, the issue of studying clinical diagnostic criteria for improving the provision of timely medical care to children with congenital heart disease of an early age remains relevant and requires scientific research in this direction.

The main organs of the digestive system in this article, their functions are the biological and chemical processes that take place in this system, as well as the importance of a healthy diet is mentioned. Article Popular Science written in style, it is for schoolchildren, student-youth and the general public designed. How students digest food in the human body through the Material be and realize how important these processes are for health reach.

This article analyzes the prospective optimization of military working conditions and their influence on the health status of military communication specialists operating within the Armed Forces of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Considering the intense physical, psychological and environmental challenges associated with communication units, the research anticipates identifying major occupational hazards such as microclimatic instability, cognitive overload, ionizing radiation exposure, irregular work–rest cycles and nutritional imbalance. The article outlines the future research design, anticipated analytical approaches and the hygienic recommendations that will be developed to improve working conditions, reduce morbidity and strengthen operational readiness.

Ovarian tumors remain one of the most challenging gynecological pathologies due to their asymptomatic course in early stages and high mortality associated with late diagnosis. This article reviews the clinical manifestations, immunological biomarkers, and modern radiological techniques used in the detection and differential diagnosis of ovarian tumors. Special emphasis is placed on the diagnostic value of tumor markers (CA-125, HE4), the role of multimodal imaging (ultrasound, CT, MRI), and the integration of clinical and laboratory findings for early detection. The review highlights the importance of comprehensive diagnostic algorithms to improve early recognition and patient outcomes.

Alcoholism — from a medical point of view, is a chronic disease that occurs as a result of continuous consumption of alcoholic beverages; severe drunkenness. In a broader sense — it is a set of harms caused by drinking alcoholic beverages in amounts exceeding the norm, affecting people's health and work capacity, moral and domestic life, as well as the well-being of society. Alcoholism affects all forms of individual and social life. Under the influence of alcohol, people lose their sense of responsibility to society and the state, and may engage in hooliganism and other law-violating behaviors. Alcoholism harms production, causes violations of labor discipline and decreased productivity, leads to people falling ill and even dying prematurely. In drunkenness, a person cannot maintain balance well, attention is distracted, and they cannot clearly perceive the surrounding situation, which leads to accidents. Alcoholism damages all systems and organs of the human body. A person addicted to alcohol loses track of the amount of alcohol they consume, the activity of the central and peripheral nervous system is disrupted (psychological disorders, neuritis are observed), and the functions of internal organs fail. The toxic effect of alcohol leads to metabolic disorders, especially vitamin metabolism. An alcoholic may experience trembling of fingers, eyelids, and tongue tip, as well as inability to perform daily routine tasks. In heavy drinkers, vision may become blurred, and sometimes hearing may also weaken. Alcohol negatively affects the stomach, disrupting all its functions. Alcohol especially damages the liver, causing cirrhosis. Alcoholism can also lead to pancreatitis, diabetes, angina, and myocardial infarction. Alcohol harms endocrine glands, especially sexual glands, leading to decreased libido and sexual dysfunction. Women under the influence of alcohol age faster, lose facial color, and are more likely to experience complications during pregnancy. Chronic drinking leads to early aging and disability.

Nonhistaminergic angioedema (NH-AO) is a rare, heterogeneous condition characterized by recurrent episodes of tissue swelling due to a bradykinin-mediated or other nonmastocyte-mediated mechanism. Diagnosis of NH-AO remains challenging, particularly when the disease presents in adults without a family history or drug triggers. Hormonal changes during menopause may affect the kallikrein-kinin system and contribute to the clinical presentation; however, case reports are limited.

We present a 67-year-old postmenopausal woman with recurrent episodes of angioedema unresponsive to antihistamines and glucocorticosteroids. The patient had normal C1 inhibitor levels and functional activity, and no evidence of acquired or drug-induced causes. The clinical presentation was consistent with idiopathic nonhistaminergic angioedema. This case highlights the need to consider nonhistaminergic angioedema in middle-aged and older women with angioedema without urticaria. Possible hormonal mechanisms influencing vascular permeability and bradykinin metabolism require further study.

This article examines the fundamental physical-chemical properties of nanomaterials and quantum dots at the atomic scale, analyzing their unique quantum mechanical behaviors, surface phenomena, and potential applications in modern technology. Through comprehensive literature review and theoretical analysis, the study reveals how quantum confinement effects, surface-to-volume ratios, and atomic-level structural arrangements determine the exceptional characteristics of these materials, distinguishing them from their bulk counterparts.

 Diabetes mellitus (DM), or impaired carbohydrate metabolism, continues to be one of the most urgent problems in global medicine. Diabetic complications lead to high morbidity and mortality, as well as significant consumption of limited medical resources. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease that develops as a result of absolute insulin deficiency in type 1 DM, or its relative deficiency and insulin resistance in type 2 DM (1).

The significant expansion of the age boundaries of diabetes, the development of numerous complications, and the high rates of disability and mortality determine the priority position of diabetes mellitus in national healthcare programs in all countries of the world, as established by WHO regulatory documents (3).

 This study is dedicated to assessing heart rate (HR) indicators in students of the Faculty of Medicine who regularly engage in physical activity, compared to their peers with low activity levels. The study included 50 students aged 18–24: 30 who actively participate in sports and 20 who do not engage in regular training. HR was measured using palpation of the radial artery at rest, immediately after standard physical exertion, and 5 minutes into recovery.

The results showed that students engaged in sports had lower resting HR and faster recovery after exertion compared to the control group. A direct correlation was observed between the frequency of physical activity and the speed of HR recovery.

The study confirms the positive impact of regular physical activity on the functional state of students’ cardiovascular system.

Tuberculosis remains the second most significant cause of infectious death after COVID-19. In 2022, 10.6 million cases and 1.3 million deaths were recorded. MDR-TB poses a serious threat due to the high incidence of resistant mycobacteria. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence, demographic characteristics, and key clinical characteristics of patients with MDR-TB in the Bukhara and Navoi regions of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

MDR-TB is characterized by marked polymorphism of radiographic changes. This study aims to determine the frequency of various forms of lung lesions, their distribution across lung lobes, and the phases of the pathological process in patients with confirmed tuberculosis.

The second stage of the study involved evaluating the effect of tiotriazoline on radiological dynamics and reparative processes in lung tissue among patients with MDR-TB. A total of 142 patients were included, of whom 81 received tiotriazoline in addition to standard chemotherapy. The assessment included the rate of infiltrate resolution, cavity closure, the need for surgical intervention, and morphological characteristics of granulomas. The use of tiotriazoline resulted in faster healing of infiltrative lesions, a significantly higher rate of cavity closure, and a marked reduction in the need for surgical procedures. Morphological analysis confirmed accelerated formation of a connective tissue capsule and limitation of specific inflammation.

Tuberculosis remains the second leading cause of infectious mortality after COVID-19. In 2022, a total of 10.6 million cases and 1.3 million deaths were registered worldwide. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) poses a serious threat due to the high prevalence of resistance among Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency, demographic characteristics, and major clinical features of MDR-TB among patients in the Bukhara and Navoi regions of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

Methods: The study included 156 patients diagnosed with alcohol dependence (mean age 42.3 ± 8.7 years) and 80 individuals in the control group. Functional MRI, plasma dopamine level assessment, and neuropsychological testing were applied.

Results: A statistically significant decrease of 34.2% (p<0.001) in the density of D2 receptors in the ventral tegmental area was revealed in patients with alcohol dependence compared to the control group. The basal dopamine level was reduced by 28.6% (p<0.01), while a pathological reaction to alcohol-related cues was observed, with an increase of 187% from baseline.

Conclusions: Alcohol dependence is characterized by profound impairments in dopaminergic neurotransmission, which explains the development of compulsive craving and loss of control over alcohol use.

The aim of this work is to analyze our own results of surgical treatment of 30 patients with isthmic spondylolisthesis of the L5 vertebra , which was treated with the transpedicular fixation (TPF) method using various types of transpedicular structures and methods of their installation in combination with various methods of anterior spondylodesis.

Teaching Latin and medical terminology to international students in medical universities has become increasingly significant in the digital era. Traditional grammar-translation methods alone no longer meet the needs of multilingual, multicultural student groups. This article analyzes modern pedagogical technologies-such as blended learning, ICT-based instruction, interactive strategies, gamification, competence-based approaches, and interdisciplinary integration-and evaluates their effectiveness in improving vocabulary acquisition, comprehension of medical terms, and academic motivation. Research findings indicate that integrating innovative technologies with classical linguistic theory significantly enhances learning outcomes and supports students’ professional development in medical fields.

This study investigates the pathomorphological features of liver neoplasms and the effects of high-protein dietary intake on hepatocyte morphology. Using an experimental model with Wistar rats, the research assessed hepatocyte size, nuclear-to-cytoplasm ratio, mitotic activity, and tumor differentiation under normal, high-protein, and neoplasm-induced conditions. Results demonstrated that a high-protein diet induced hepatocyte hypertrophy and increased proliferative activity under normal conditions, whereas liver neoplasms caused pronounced structural alterations, including nuclear pleomorphism and necrotic areas. High-protein intake in neoplasm-bearing rats slightly affected hepatocyte size but did not prevent tumor-induced changes. These findings highlight the complex interaction between nutrition and liver pathology, providing insights for preclinical research, dietary strategies, and therapeutic approaches in hepatology.

This article analyzes contemporary approaches to developing communicative competence among medical university students through the teaching Russian language. Particular attention is paid to the significance of professional communication for future physicians and pharmacists. The study examines active learning methods, situational dialogues, simulation exercises, digital technologies, and interdisciplinary integration, as well as the challenges encountered in developing communicative skills, and proposes strategies to address these challenges.

This article examines the theoretical and practical foundations of vocabulary enrichment in teaching Russian as a foreign language. The study explores the role of lexical work, the distinction between active and passive vocabulary, and methods for developing contextual word usage skills among students. Based on a pedagogical experiment conducted at Bukhara State Medical Institute, the research identifies effective forms and methods of vocabulary enrichment and emphasizes the role of digital technologies in the educational process.

The article examines the linguistic and methodological aspects of mastering the grammatical category of gender in Russian nouns among Turkic-speaking students. It highlights the difficulties caused by the absence of gender distinctions in Turkic languages, analyzes the causes of linguistic interference and typical errors made by learners. Based on a comparative analysis, the study identifies methodological techniques that facilitate the understanding and correct usage of gender as a grammatical category. Special attention is paid to communicative and cognitive strategies aimed at overcoming interference and developing stable grammatical skills.

University students represent a population group exposed to high academic workloads, irregular sleep patterns, psychosocial pressure and environmental disturbances, all of which influence cognitive functioning and mental stability. Contemporary research demonstrates that sleep hygiene, physical activity, environmental ergonomics, psychosocial support and behavioral hygiene collectively determine cognitive efficiency. In Uzbekistan, national sanitary rules and norms—including the SanQvaM system, hygienic standards for indoor microclimate, lighting, noise, daily routines and educational environments—are critically important for protecting mental performance and preventing cognitive decline among young adults.

This extended scientific article integrates global research with Uzbekistan’s hygienic norms to construct a multidimensional cognitive-hygiene assessment model for university students. Evidence shows that insufficient sleep, prolonged screen exposure, academic overload, inadequate hydration, poor nutrition and non-compliance with sanitary requirements (microclimate, ventilation, lighting, seating ergonomics) significantly reduce attention, memory consolidation, executive functioning and emotional resilience. The paper emphasizes the necessity of incorporating national hygienic regulations into student environments and outlines detailed methodological recommendations for future studies.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and beta-cell dysfunction. This study aimed to investigate the metabolic integration among key endocrine organs, including the pancreas, liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle, in a rat model of T2DM. Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control, high-fat diet (HFD), and T2DM experimental group induced by HFD and low-dose streptozotocin. Biochemical analyses, including fasting blood glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, liver enzymes, adipokines, and incretin hormones, were performed. Histological and immunohistochemical evaluations assessed pancreatic islet morphology, hepatic glycogen content, adipose tissue signaling, and skeletal muscle GLUT4 expression. The T2DM group exhibited significant hyperglycemia, impaired insulin secretion, altered adipokine profiles, reduced incretin hormone levels, hepatocyte vacuolization, fibrosis, adipocyte hypertrophy, and decreased GLUT4 expression in skeletal muscles. These findings indicate that T2DM disrupts inter-organ metabolic communication, highlighting the systemic nature of the disease. Understanding these complex interactions is essential for developing multi-targeted therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring metabolic homeostasis.

Spinal disorders remain one of the most significant medical and social problems of the 21st century, affecting the quality of life, working capacity, and functional status of millions of patients. According to global epidemiological data, spinal pain is one of the three leading causes of disability in the population [2]. Despite the widespread introduction of modern methods of imaging, neurophysiology, and biomechanics, the diagnosis and stratification of patients with degenerative spinal diseases remain challenging tasks. This is due to the multifactorial nature of pain, which combines mechanical, neurogenic, inflammatory, and psychophysiological components.

Insulin resistance is a central mechanism in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), contributing to hyperglycemia and multi-organ dysfunction. This experimental study aimed to investigate the effects of insulin resistance on key insulin-responsive organs, including the pancreas, liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle. Male Wistar rats were assigned to control, high-fat diet (HFD), and T2DM experimental groups. Biochemical parameters such as fasting blood glucose, insulin levels, and HOMA-IR were measured, and tissue samples were analyzed using histological and immunohistochemical methods. The T2DM group exhibited significant hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and increased HOMA-IR values. Histological analysis revealed pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction, hepatic lipid accumulation and glycogen depletion, adipose tissue hypertrophy with altered adipokine expression, and reduced GLUT4 expression in skeletal muscle. These findings demonstrate the multi-organ impact of insulin resistance and its critical role in the progression of T2DM, highlighting the importance of early interventions targeting insulin sensitivity.

Childhood obesity is a major public health concern associated with the early development of metabolic syndrome (MetS), a cluster of risk factors including insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and central adiposity. This study aimed to examine the impact of obesity on MetS development in a pediatric population by evaluating anthropometric measurements, biochemical markers, and early indicators of metabolic and cardiovascular dysfunction. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on 150 children aged 8–16 years, categorized as normal-weight, overweight, or obese. Anthropometric parameters, fasting glucose and insulin levels, lipid profiles, and blood pressure were assessed. Insulin resistance was calculated using the HOMA-IR index. Results demonstrated that obese children exhibited significantly higher BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, and HOMA-IR, with lower HDL cholesterol compared to normal-weight peers (p < 0.05). The prevalence of MetS was markedly higher in the obese group (36%). These findings indicate that childhood obesity is strongly associated with the early onset of metabolic syndrome and highlight the importance of early screening and intervention strategies to prevent long-term cardiometabolic complications.