Acute intestinal infections remain a significant public health problem worldwide, often presenting with diverse clinical syndromes that reflect the underlying pathophysiological processes. Among them, hemocolitis syndrome, characterized by bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, and systemic manifestations, stands out due to its severity and diagnostic challenges. This article explores the clinical course, pathogenesis, diagnostic considerations, and therapeutic approaches to hemocolitis syndrome in the context of acute intestinal infections. Particular emphasis is placed on the dynamic progression of symptoms, complications, and the importance of early recognition for favorable outcomes.

 This article provides a comprehensive overview of the causes, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, principles of emergency care, and modern treatment strategies for myocardial infarction. Myocardial infarction is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. The correct and rapid organization of emergency care plays an important role in saving the patient's life. The effectiveness of modern treatment methods - thrombolytic therapy, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapies - is scientifically analyzed. Attention is also paid to the areas of rehabilitation and prevention.

 The diagnosis of vocal fold nodules in children remains a critical issue in pediatric otolaryngology, given that vocal nodules are the predominant cause of dysphonia in the pediatric population with reported prevalence values between 41% and 73%. Traditional diagnostic methods, such as laryngeal visual examinations and auditory-perceptual analyses, are either invasive or subjective, resulting in an increasing reliance on acoustic analysis as a noninvasive and objective diagnostic tool. This article reviews the literature regarding the acoustic measurement parameters and techniques employed in diagnosing vocal fold nodules in children. It emphasizes perturbation measures—including jitter, shimmer, noise-to-harmonic ratio (NHR), fundamental frequency (F0) standard deviation, and cepstral peak prominence (CPP)—and compares these parameters with electroglottographic indices that have been shown to effectively differentiate between children with vocal nodules and healthy controls. The article also examines multiband cepstral analysis and machine learning advancements as promising adjuncts in the diagnostic workup. The discussion synthesizes key findings from relevant studies, addressing methodological strengths, limitations, and the potential for improved prognostic understanding through acoustic techniques. Ultimately, this comprehensive review underscores the importance of standardized acoustic protocols and objective measurements in the early detection, monitoring, and management of pediatric vocal fold nodules.

The success of treatment in orthodontics and maxillofacial surgery is directly dependent on accurate diagnosis and meticulous planning. Cephalometric analysis of teleroentgenography (TRG) data serves as the fundamental basis for this process, enabling the assessment of complex interrelationships of facial and skeletal structures. However, traditional manual tracing methods are not only time-consuming but are also susceptible to subjective errors contingent on the operator's experience. These inaccuracies can, in turn, lead to an incorrect treatment plan, a failure to achieve expected outcomes, and even negative consequences for the patient's health. The rapid development of digital technologies, particularly automated analysis systems based on artificial intelligence (AI), is revolutionizing gnatometric analysis. These systems have the potential to drastically increase the accuracy, speed, and, most importantly, the reproducibility of the analysis, thereby standardizing the diagnostic process and minimizing human-factor-related errors. Optimizing and widely implementing these modern methods into clinical practice not only improves diagnostic quality but also allows for more reliable prediction of treatment outcomes, virtual modeling of surgical interventions, and enhancement of the educational process. Therefore, the in-depth study and refinement of these technologies represent one of the most urgent tasks in modern dentistry.

Crossbite is one of the most common and complex pathologies in orthodontics, with a prevalence of approximately 8-22% in the population, adversely affecting masticatory function, facial aesthetics, temporomandibular joint function, and patients' overall quality of life. Untreated, this anomaly can lead to asymmetric facial growth, abnormal tooth wear, and periodontal disease. Expansion orthodontic plates are widely used as a traditional treatment method. However, their effectiveness is often limited by undesirable side effects, such as uncontrolled effects on the dentoalveolar component and excessive buccal tipping of the teeth. The use of stationary anchorage, particularly mini-implants, allows for more precise direction of orthodontic forces to achieve predominantly skeletal expansion. This can significantly increase treatment effectiveness, shorten its duration, and ensure the stability of the results. The relevance of this study is determined by the need to optimize the treatment of crossbite by developing improved designs of expansion plates with stationary anchorage and comparing their clinical and radiological effectiveness with traditional methods.

HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) remains a pivotal obstacle in the worldwide battle against HIV/AIDS, profoundly affecting antiretroviral therapy (ART) effectiveness, resulting in treatment failures, heightened transmission of resistant variants, escalated healthcare expenditures, and hurdles in attaining viral suppression. This in-depth review amalgamates data from premier indexed sources, including WHO reports, peer-reviewed journals, and clinical guidelines spanning 2023 to 2025, to explore molecular resistance mechanisms, prevalence patterns across regions, genetic mutations by drug class, surveillance techniques, and progressive management approaches. Contemporary statistics reveal acquired drug resistance (ADR) to integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) like dolutegravir (DTG) varying from 3.9% to 8.6% in broad populations on DTG regimens, intensifying to 19.6% in extensively treated individuals with persistent viremia. Recent 2025 updates from IAS-USA highlight new mutations such as S147G for DTG and A105T for lenacapavir, underscoring the evolving landscape. Resistance mechanisms chiefly encompass point mutations, insertions, or deletions in viral genes for enzymes like reverse transcriptase (RT), protease, and integrase, aggravated by issues such as inconsistent adherence, elevated initial viral loads, pharmacological interactions, and partial suppression. Worldwide monitoring shows stabilizing or diminishing non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) resistance in affluent nations owing to superior diagnostics and regimen adjustments, juxtaposed with ascending trends in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where pretreatment drug resistance (PDR) to NNRTIs frequently surpasses 10-15%, notably in sub-Saharan Africa. Among youth and adolescents, PDR figures are strikingly elevated, peaking at 42% in untreated cohorts in high-prevalence zones. This amplified examination, broadened eightfold in scope from earlier versions to provide exhaustive depth, integrates recent breakthroughs like lenacapavir (endorsed in 2025 for treatment and prevention), providing semiannual dosing and a multifaceted action mechanism devoid of cross-resistance to prior classes. Additionally, we probe innovative tactics such as CRISPR gene editing for cures, mRNA therapeutics targeting latent reservoirs, and pharmacogenomic personalization to avert resistance. Surveillance modalities, encompassing genotypic and phenotypic assays, proviral DNA sequencing, and bedside diagnostics, are rigorously appraised for shaping public health tactics. The review accentuates the necessity for bolstered international oversight, adherence enhancements, fair access to cutting-edge treatments, and cohesive management of comorbidities like tuberculosis and hepatitis to uphold strides toward UNAIDS 95-95-95 objectives and eradicate HIV as a public health menace by 2030. Forecasts indicate that absent intensified measures, DTG resistance might ascend to 10-15% universally by 2030, potentially undoing years of HIV control advancements. This amalgamation promotes interdisciplinary methodologies, incorporating community-driven adherence aids, digital monitoring instruments, and transnational partnerships to tackle the dynamic HIVDR panorama. Furthermore, we delve into socioeconomic ramifications, noting that treating resistant forms escalates costs by 50-70% over baseline, encompassing hospitalizations (30-50% rise), pricier alternatives (40-60% costlier), and productivity dips (yearly global losses $10-20 billion). Economic evaluations demonstrate that intervention investments recoup 2-5 times via diminished complications, transmission, and mortality. The COVID-19 pandemic induced a 10-25% global adherence drop due to lockdowns, supply shortfalls (deficits in 15-20% regions), economic hardships (15-30% unemployment-linked drops), and stress, boosting 10-15% failure and 10% resistance hikes. Migration worsens barriers (10-30% care gaps), while climate changes (African/Asian floods/droughts forecasting 5-15% 2030 adherence falls from infrastructure loss) compound challenges. Expanding further, this review incorporates 2025 data showing declining NRTI and NNRTI resistance trends amid modern ART shifts, with global, regional, and national meta-analyses revealing PDR at 0.41% for first-generation INSTIs and 0.04% for second-generation. Noncanonical mutations outside traditional targets are emerging, necessitating updated surveillance. In children and treatment-experienced populations, resistance burdens remain high, with sub-Saharan Africa accounting for 80% of pediatric cases. Projections from modeling studies warn of amplified resistance if funding declines, as highlighted in recent Global Fund reports. This comprehensive synthesis also addresses equity issues, with calls for integrated action plans like the WHO's i-GAP for 2025-2030 to combat resistance across HIV, hepatitis, and STIs.

This study investigated the types of microorganisms involved in inflammatory conditions of cow hooves and their susceptibility to antibiotics. Microbiological examinations identified Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Proteus mirabilis as the main pathogens. Enrofloxacin and gentamicin demonstrated the highest efficacy in antibiotic susceptibility testing.