Early-term miscarriage, occurring within the first 12 weeks of pregnancy, remains a significant reproductive health concern, with genetic abnormalities being the predominant cause. This article reviews the key genetic factors contributing to early pregnancy loss, including chromosomal aneuploidies, structural abnormalities, and single-gene mutations. It further examines modern diagnostic methods such as karyotyping, chromosomal microarray analysis, and next-generation sequencing that have enhanced the detection and understanding of these genetic causes. Advances in genetic testing provide critical insights for clinical management, enabling personalized reproductive counseling and improved outcomes for affected couples.

early-term miscarriage, spontaneous abortion, genetic factors, chromosomal abnormalities, aneuploidy, structural chromosomal abnormalities, genetic diagnosis, karyotyping, recurrent pregnancy loss.

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