Background: Cardiac pathophysiology comprises molecular, structural, and functional alterations that disrupt normal myocardial performance. A comprehensive understanding of these mechanisms is crucial for developing effective diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to cardiovascular disease.
Objective: This study aims to analyze the key pathophysiological processes underlying myocardial dysfunction, focusing on ischemia, hypertrophy, ventricular remodeling, and arrhythmogenesis.
Methods: A systematic review of experimental and clinical studies published between 2010 and 2024 was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Articles were selected based on relevance to cellular, molecular, and systemic mechanisms of cardiac pathophysiology. The findings were synthesized and categorized into major pathological pathways.
Results: The primary mechanisms identified include impaired calcium homeostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress-induced cellular injury, and maladaptive neurohormonal activation leading to ventricular remodeling. These changes were consistently associated with the progression from compensated hypertrophy to overt heart failure.
Conclusion: Cardiac pathophysiology is a multifactorial and dynamic process that integrates disturbances at the molecular, cellular, and organ levels. Early identification of these alterations is critical for optimizing preventive and therapeutic interventions in cardiovascular disease.

cardiac pathophysiology, myocardial ischemia, ventricular remodeling, calcium handling, oxidative stress, heart failure.

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