This article considers esophageal cancer as an urgent oncological problem in modern medicine. The main etiological factors, histological types, clinical symptoms, diagnostic methods and treatment approaches of the disease are analyzed. The differences between squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, risk factors and modern diagnostic methods are highlighted. The prospects for immunotherapy and targeted therapy are also discussed. The article emphasizes the importance of early detection of esophageal cancer and preventive measures.

Esophageal cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, gastroesophageal reflux, Barrett's esophagus, diagnosis, treatment, immunotherapy, prevention.

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