The kidney is a vital organ responsible for maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance, excreting metabolic waste, and regulating blood pressure. Histologically, the kidney consists of nephrons, each composed of a renal corpuscle and tubular system, supported by interstitium and vasculature. Pathological processes such as glomerulonephritis, diabetic nephropathy, and chronic kidney disease disrupt the delicate microanatomical organization, leading to functional impairment. This article reviews the normal histological architecture of the kidney and highlights characteristic pathological changes, emphasizing their clinical and diagnostic relevance.

kidney histology, nephron, glomerulonephritis, diabetic nephropathy, chronic kidney disease.

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