Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulty maintaining attention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Its prevalence among children reaches 5–15%, while in adults it remains at 6–7%. These disorders are caused by a complex interaction of genetic (up to 80%) and environmental factors. Pathogenesis includes disorders of the dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems — the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia: this is ensured by the genes of dopamine transporters and receptors (DAT1, DRD4, etc.). Diagnosis is based on the DSM 5 criteria using scales (e.g., the Conners questionnaire). Treatment involves a multidisciplinary approach: psychostimulants (methylphenidate, amphetamines), non-steroidal drugs (atomoxetine, reboxetine), psychotherapeutic and behavioral methods. In adults, ADHD is associated with a higher risk of comorbid disorders, due to poor concentration and impulsivity, professional and social functioning suffers. The purpose of the article is to present the current state of knowledge about ADHD: pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and therapy.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD, Neuropsychiatric disorders, Attention deficit, Impulsivity, Hyperactivity, Methylphenidate, Atomoxetine, DSM-5, Behavioral therapy, ADHD diagnostics, ADHD in adults, Neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine), Genetic factors of ADHD, Comorbid disorders.

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