The urinary system, comprising the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra, plays a fundamental role in maintaining homeostasis by regulating body fluid composition, eliminating metabolic waste, and controlling blood pressure. This study aimed to examine the macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of the kidneys and urinary system to better understand their structural and functional interrelationships. Using standard anatomical dissection and histological observation, the position, shape, and internal organization of the kidneys were analyzed, along with the architecture of the ureters, bladder, and urethra. The findings revealed that the kidneys are retroperitoneal, bean-shaped organs with distinct cortical and medullary regions, containing about one million nephrons each. Microscopic examination showed that nephrons consist of renal corpuscles and tubular structures specialized for filtration and reabsorption. The urinary tract demonstrated structural adaptations for urine transport and storage, including transitional epithelium and smooth muscle layers. These results confirm the close relationship between structure and function in the renal system and emphasize the clinical significance of anatomical knowledge in diagnosing and managing urinary system diseases.

Kidney anatomy; Urinary system; Nephron; Renal cortex; Renal medulla; Ureters; Urinary bladder; Urethra; Histology; Human anatomy

Tortora, G. J., & Derrickson, B. (2023). Principles of Anatomy and Physiology (16th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

Moore, K. L., Dalley, A. F., & Agur, A. M. R. (2022). Clinically Oriented Anatomy (9th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer.

Drake, R. L., Vogl, W., & Mitchell, A. W. (2023). Gray’s Anatomy for Students (5th ed.). London: Elsevier.

Netter, F. H. (2023). Atlas of Human Anatomy (8th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier.

Standring, S. (2021). Gray’s Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice (42nd ed.). London: Elsevier.

Ross, M. H., & Pawlina, W. (2022). Histology: A Text and Atlas (8th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer.

Young, B., O’Dowd, G., & Woodford, P. (2020). Wheater’s Functional Histology: A Text and Colour Atlas (7th ed.). London: Elsevier.

Hall, J. E. (2021). Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology (15th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier.

Junqueira, L. C., & Carneiro, J. (2020). Basic Histology: Text and Atlas (15th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Education.

Marieb, E. N., & Hoehn, K. (2022). Human Anatomy & Physiology (12th ed.). Pearson Education.

World Medical Association. (2013). Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects. JAMA, 310(20), 2191–2194.

Sembulingam, K., & Sembulingam, P. (2021). Essentials of Medical Physiology (8th ed.). New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers.

Ellis, H., & Mahadevan, V. (2019). Clinical Anatomy: Applied Anatomy for Students and Junior Doctors (14th ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.

Saladin, K. S. (2021). Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function (9th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Snell, R. S. (2020). Clinical Anatomy by Regions (10th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer.

Taal, M. W., Chertow, G. M., Marsden, P. A., Skorecki, K., Yu, A. S. L., & Brenner, B. M. (2019). Brenner and Rector’s The Kidney (11th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier.

Nanci, A. (2021). Ten Cate’s Oral Histology: Development, Structure, and Function (10th ed.). St. Louis: Elsevier.