Vitiligo is a chronic dermatological disorder characterized by the partial or complete loss of melanin in localized areas of the skin, leading to the appearance of well-defined depigmented patches. The disease affects individuals of any age, sex, or ethnic background, with a global prevalence of 1–4%. Despite not being infectious or life-threatening, vitiligo significantly impacts patients’ psychosocial well-being due to cosmetic concerns and social misconceptions. This article discusses the current scientific understanding of vitiligo with a focus on its etiopathogenesis, including genetic predisposition, autoimmune mechanisms, endocrine dysfunctions, and environmental triggers. Diagnostic approaches such as clinical examination, Wood’s lamp assessment, and differential diagnosis are reviewed. Furthermore, modern treatment strategies are analyzed, including topical corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, phototherapy (NB-UVB), laser therapy, immunomodulatory agents, melanocyte transplantation, and cosmetic methods such as camouflage and micropigmentation. The review emphasizes the importance of an individualized treatment plan and early intervention to improve therapeutic outcomes and quality of life in patients with vitiligo.

vitiligo, melanin, skin, autoimmune disease, treatment, corticosteroids, phototherapy, immunomodulators, autotransplantation, melanocyte, camouflage, micropigmentation, depigmentation.

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