Background: Thyroid disorders are a major global public health concern, with increasing prevalence in both developed and developing countries. Andijan region of Uzbekistan has unique environmental and dietary conditions that may influence thyroid health.

Objective: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of thyroid diseases among the population of Andijan region, identify region-specific risk factors, evaluate current diagnostic practices, and propose strategies for optimizing prevention.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1,200 residents aged 15 years and older, selected through stratified random sampling. Data were collected using structured questionnaires, clinical examinations, biochemical tests (TSH, FT4, anti-TPO), urinary iodine concentration, and thyroid ultrasonography. Multivariate logistic regression was applied to identify significant risk factors.

Results: The overall prevalence of thyroid disorders was 18.7%, with higher rates in females (24.6%) than males (12.1%). Hypothyroidism (9.3%) and goiter (5.7%) were the most common conditions. Rural residents had slightly higher prevalence (20.3%) compared to urban residents (17.1%). Significant risk factors included female sex, age above 40 years, family history of thyroid disease, low dietary iodine, and environmental exposure.

Conclusion: Thyroid disorders are prevalent in Andijan region, particularly among females and older adults. Early diagnosis, routine screening, iodine supplementation, and public health education are essential to reduce disease burden and improve population health outcomes.

Thyroid disorders; Prevalence; Risk factors; Iodine deficiency; Andijan region; Hypothyroidism; Goiter; Thyroid screening

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