Chemical burns of the gastrointestinal tract not only cause severe local tissue damage but also trigger systemic reactions affecting distant organs. This literature review summarizes current data on morphometric changes in the thyroid gland after corrosive injuries to the gastrointestinal tract, and discusses possible mechanisms of their occurrence and approaches to correction. The introduction describes the prevalence and pathophysiology of gastrointestinal burns with acids and alkalis, emphasizing that the severity of the injury varies from mild mucosal lesions to full-thickness necrosis of the wall with life-threatening complications [6]. The main section analyzes changes in the thyroid gland based on experimental and clinical studies: after severe burn injuries, microstructural rearrangements in the gland (deformation of follicular architecture, lymphomonocytic infiltration) and suppression of its function (euthyroid pathology syndrome) are observed [5]. Key mechanisms include systemic release of inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-6, TNF-α) [2], acute stress response with hyperproduction of adrenal hormones, and neuroendocrine disturbances at the level of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. Diagnosis of thyroid changes is based on histological examination (colloid depletion and thyroglobulin aggregation in follicles were detected in burn victims) and determination of hormonal parameters; instrumental methods (ultrasound, scintigraphy) are used limitedly. Various approaches to correcting the identified disorders are discussed in the literature: anti-inflammatory therapy, antioxidants, and hormonal support are considered as ways to mitigate thyroid damage and its dysfunction. However, targeted evidence-based treatments are still lacking. In conclusion, it is noted that chemical burns of the gastrointestinal tract can cause significant morphometric and functional changes in the thyroid gland through complex systemic mechanisms. Early detection and correction of thyroid disorders in burn patients can improve outcomes, but further research is needed to develop effective treatments.

Chemical burn; Digestive tract; Thyroid gland; Morphometric changes; Correction

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