Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism and is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Diabetes induces metabolic stress, which significantly impacts the cardiovascular system. Consequently, a large proportion of diabetic patients die due to cardiovascular complications.

Diabetes mellitus, metabolic stress, cardiovascular diseases, atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, coronary artery disease, heart failure

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