This study conducts a comprehensive quality assessment of optional excursions provided by Egyptian travel agents in Hurghada, a prominent tourist destination. Employing a systematic evaluation framework, we analyze various aspects such as tour itinerary, guide competence, customer satisfaction, and overall experience. Through surveys, interviews, and observational methods, we gather insights into the strengths and weaknesses of these excursions, aiming to contribute valuable information for both travelers and travel agents. The findings serve as a basis for enhancing the quality of optional excursions and ensuring a memorable experience for tourists in Hurghada.

This research, titled "Redefining Horizons: Charting the Future of Egyptian Tourism and Hospitality Higher Education through the Identification of New Industry Occupations," navigates the evolving landscape of the tourism and hospitality sector in Egypt. The study aims to identify emerging occupations within the industry, laying the groundwork for the development of curricula in higher education institutions. By scrutinizing industry trends, technological advancements, and changing consumer preferences, the research endeavors to equip educational institutions with insights to prepare students for novel roles in this dynamic field.

"Rediscovering Egypt: Nostalgia Tourism Revival" explores the potential for reinvigorating tourism in Egypt by tapping into nostalgia. This paper investigates how historical, cultural, and iconic landmarks can evoke nostalgic sentiments among travelers, prompting them to revisit Egypt to relive cherished memories or explore ancestral connections. By examining the impact of nostalgia on tourist behavior and preferences, this study offers insights into strategic marketing approaches and experiential offerings that can attract nostalgic travelers to Egypt, fostering sustainable tourism growth and cultural appreciation.

Economists with different orientations have emphasized the importance of the role of the human element and consider it one of the most essential elements of production. Therefore, most countries in the world, with varying degrees of economic progress, have paid attention to building and forming human capital, developing it, and acquiring knowledge, experience, and skills, which leads to increasing job opportunities, reducing unemployment, and redistributing income. The national and Iraqi economies suffered from unemployment challenges before and after 2003, and there are factors and reasons for the increase in unemployment rates.

Based on this, our research focuses on building human capital formation by investing in the human element in various ways, including investing in tourism projects and their importance, especially in the holy city of Karbala.

The researcher here is trying to answer the following central question: What is the effect of the quality system on guest satisfaction in hotels? This study's importance lies in a comprehensive framework for testing the relationship between the quality system and guest satisfaction in hotels in Erbil and Sulaymaniyah governorates. In this study, the researcher relied on the descriptive approach, which is based on collecting information related to the apparent phenomenon through a questionnaire form prepared for this matter. The study reached a set of results, the most important of which is that intense competition forced hotels to pay attention to the quality system to meet the needs of the guests because it is the basic rule on which satisfaction depends. Guest service because it is a measure of the success or failure of hotels. The study recommends a set of recommendations, the most important of which are introducing and educating hotel employees in Erbil and Sulaymaniyah governorates about the concept of quality and how to apply it in hotels, as many tourist service institutions are unable to succeed in improving the quality of their services because their human staff do not have the knowledge or The necessary skills in implementing and managing the service concept and its quality.

Tourism agencies are among the business organizations that use e-commerce. In light of the increasing risks of technological challenges and cyber threats, focusing on cyber security requirements has become essential. From this standpoint, the study aimed to define the concept of cyber security and its importance, identify its dimensions and requirements, and demonstrate the impact of cyber security in Addressing technological challenges in tourism agencies. The study relied on the descriptive analytical approach and used a questionnaire to collect study data from a random sample of workers in tourism agencies in Baghdad, numbering (110) individuals. The study found statistically significant differences between the opinions of the study sample about the role of cybersecurity in confronting technological challenges. Tourism agencies in the city of Baghdad, and the presence of a statistically significant effect of cybersecurity on facing technological challenges in tourism agencies in Baghdad. The study recommended the necessity of activating the role of the response team to cyber events in Iraq, establishing a special department for information security in tourism agencies, and qualifying tourism human resources to deal with cyber technological threats.

Developing ecotourism is one of the goals of Comprehensive Economic and social development. The importance of this tourism is manifested because of its ability to preserve natural areas and invest them optimally for the great benefit of all parties involved in the tourism process, as well as preventing the adverse effects of tourism, such as the destruction of Environmental Quality and distortion of natural areas.

Najaf governorate has multiple and diverse natural tourist attractions suitable for practicing ecotourism activity, such as rivers, marshes, the Najaf Sea depression, which is a natural lake, Springs, Springs, and desert, as well as parks, landscapes, and the picturesque atmosphere of the orchards that characterize the governorate, which provide tourists with plenty of room to practice activities and events related to ecotourism.