Acute Respiratory Viral Infections (ARVI) are among the most common infectious diseases affecting children worldwide and represent a major cause of morbidity, healthcare utilization, and school absenteeism. The susceptibility of children to ARVI is closely linked to the developmental characteristics of their immune system. Unlike adults, children possess an immature immune response that undergoes gradual maturation through early childhood, influencing both the frequency and severity of viral respiratory infections. This article explores the role of the immune system in the pathogenesis and progression of ARVI in pediatric populations. It examines the interaction between innate and adaptive immune responses, the influence of age-related immunological development, and the impact of environmental and genetic factors on immune competence. A comprehensive review of existing literature highlights how deficiencies in mucosal immunity, reduced interferon production, and limited immunological memory contribute to increased vulnerability in children. Furthermore, this paper discusses the implications of immune dysregulation, including hyperinflammatory responses and secondary bacterial infections. Understanding immune mechanisms involved in ARVI development provides a foundation for improving preventive strategies, optimizing immunomodulatory therapies, and reducing disease burden. The findings emphasize the importance of early immune system support through vaccination, nutrition, and environmental control. This article contributes to pediatric infectious disease research by integrating immunological theory with clinical observations, offering a holistic perspective on ARVI development in children.

Acute respiratory viral infections, pediatric immunity, innate immune response, adaptive immunity, interferons, mucosal immunity, immune maturation, viral susceptibility, childhood infections, immunological development.

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