Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by impaired insulin secretion, action, or both, leading to persistent hyperglycemia. Beyond its primary symptoms, the disease is associated with severe acute and chronic complications, including retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, cardiovascular disease, and diabetic foot ulcers. These complications significantly increase morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs worldwide. Early prevention and management strategies are crucial in reducing their burden. Preventive approaches focus on strict glycemic control, lifestyle modifications, blood pressure regulation, and lipid management. Advances in pharmacological therapy—such as the use of SGLT2 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, and continuous glucose monitoring systems—have further enhanced complication prevention. Treatment strategies vary depending on the complication but often combine pharmacological interventions, surgical approaches, and multidisciplinary care models. Patient education, regular screening, and personalized medicine are central to minimizing risks. This paper reviews the major complications of diabetes, explores preventive measures, and discusses modern treatment options. By addressing both lifestyle and clinical management, healthcare providers can significantly improve patient outcomes, reduce long-term disability, and alleviate the global burden of diabetes-related complications.

Diabetes, complications, prevention, treatment, neuropathy, retinopathy, nephropathy, cardiovascular disease, glycemic control, lifestyle.

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