Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Over recent decades, the global prevalence of diabetes has increased dramatically, making it a major public health concern. One of the most serious complications associated with diabetes is the heightened risk of cardiovascular diseases, including coronary artery disease, stroke, heart failure, and peripheral vascular disease. Cardiovascular complications remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

The relationship between diabetes and cardiovascular disease is multifactorial and involves complex metabolic and vascular mechanisms. Chronic hyperglycemia promotes endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation, and dyslipidemia, thereby accelerating atherosclerosis. Moreover, diabetes is frequently associated with additional cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, obesity, and abnormal lipid profiles, further increasing disease burden.

This article reviews current scientific literature to evaluate cardiovascular disease risk in patients with diabetes mellitus, analyze underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, and summarize recent research findings related to prevention and management strategies. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for reducing complications and improving long-term outcomes in diabetic patients.

Diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, dyslipidemia.

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