Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) remains a serious global threat to public health. Particularly, the emergence of drug-resistant forms — multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains — complicates treatment outcomes. This article analyzes the genetic variations of M. tuberculosis, especially single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and other mutations, and their influence on drug resistance. The methodology is based on a systematic review of scientific literature, genomic research, and knowledge of genetic diversification. The main section discusses the common molecular mechanisms of drug resistance across major gene groups (e.g., rpoB, katG, inhA, gyrA, embB, and others), as well as the clinical implications of these mutations and their relevance within Uzbekistan’s diagnostic and treatment context. The study concludes that a deeper understanding of the genetic basis of drug resistance in M. tuberculosis is essential for improving tuberculosis control strategies and advancing personalized therapeutic approaches. The article aims to provide an analytical perspective useful for researchers and to serve as a foundation for future studies.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, genetic variation, nucleotide polymorphism, drug resistance, multidrug resistance, rpoB, katG, inhA, gene mutation diagnostics.

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