The viscera, collectively referring to the internal organs housed within the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities, represent the body’s most vital systems responsible for maintaining homeostasis. These organs — including the heart, lungs, liver, stomach, intestines, kidneys, and reproductive structures — perform functions essential to life: respiration, circulation, digestion, excretion, and reproduction. This paper provides an overview of the anatomical structure and physiological functions of the major visceral systems and discusses their clinical relevance. It emphasizes the coordinated regulation of visceral activity through neuro-hormonal mechanisms and the significance of visceral health in sustaining human life. Understanding the viscera’s role and pathology remains central to medical education and clinical practice.

viscera, internal organs, homeostasis, digestion, circulation, neuro-hormonal regulation, pathology

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