Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a globally cultivated vegetable crop essential for human nutrition and economic stability. Tomato productivity is severely limited by fungal, bacterial, and viral pathogens as well as abiotic stresses such as drought, heat, and salinity. This comprehensive review combines classical breeding, molecular marker-assisted selection (MAS), CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing, and genomic selection (GS) strategies to develop tomato cultivars with durable disease resistance, high  agronomic optimization enables a holistic approach to sustainable tomato production.

Tomato breeding; Solanum lycopersicum; disease resistance; CRISPR/Cas9; genomic selection; wild germplasm; Fusarium wilt; late blight; TYLCV; drought tolerance; morpho-physiology; cultivar selection; high-throughput phenotyping; abiotic stress; agronomic management; yield stability.

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