This article examines the functions of intertextuality and polyphony in Khaled Hosseini’s novel And the Mountains Echoed. The narrative’s multi-voiced structure, constructed through the perspectives of numerous characters, creates a polyphonic framework that allows the events to be interpreted from diverse psychological, social, and cultural standpoints. The study also explores the novel’s intertextual layers, including references to folklore, myth, Afghan cultural history, and broader literary traditions, which enrich the thematic depth and expand the semantic potential of the text. Drawing on Bakhtin’s theory of polyphony, Kristeva’s concept of intertextuality, and contemporary narratological approaches, the analysis reveals how Hosseini employs dialogic relationships between voices, stories, and cultural texts to construct a multilayered narrative world. The findings demonstrate that intertextuality and polyphony serve not only as aesthetic devices but also as means of expressing moral complexity, emotional distance, and the fragmented social reality of Afghanistan. Ultimately, the study highlights the significance of these literary techniques in shaping the novel’s structure, thematic richness, and cultural resonance.

intertextuality, polyphony, multi-voiced narrative, Khaled Hosseini, And the Mountains Echoed, dialogism, Bakhtinian theory, narratology, cultural context, literary analysis

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