Allergic rhinitis (AR) is one of the most common chronic allergic diseases, affecting a significant proportion of the global population. Over the past decades, approaches to understanding, diagnosing, and treating AR have undergone significant changes. Historically, key strategies included symptom control using antihistamines, corticosteroids, and specific immunotherapy; later, targeted pharmacological treatment and optimization of regimens emerged. Today, thanks to in-depth studies of pathophysiology, immunological mechanisms, the role of environmental factors, and comorbid conditions, treatment has become more comprehensive and personalized. Recent reviews emphasize the importance of reliable diagnosis, individualized therapy selection, as well as the potential role of immunomodulation and allergen-specific immunotherapy. Nonetheless, challenges remain: many patients still have insufficient symptom control, and the disease burden is increasing, including the risk of developing comorbidities such as bronchial asthma (BA). This article summarizes the key stages in the historical evolution of the understanding and treatment of AR, current concepts of pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy, and identifies current challenges and directions for further research.

allergic rhinitis, history, modern treatment methods, immunotherapy, intranasal corticosteroids.

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Consilium Medicum (2023). Allergic rhinitis: pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment — review. (Although the article is in Russian, it contains a review of international approaches and is useful for context).

American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy and other international guidelines from the 2010s (cited in review references).

General clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and management of rhinitis, rhinosinusitis, and allergic diseases (2010–2022) — as part of modern practice.

Studies focused on the role of comorbid conditions — asthma, sinusitis, conjunctivitis — highlighting the complexity of managing patients with AR.