This article explores the theoretical foundations of English language teaching methods, focusing on the historical evolution, core principles, and pedagogical frameworks that shape modern language instruction. It examines how traditional grammatical approaches gradually transformed into communicative and learner-centered methodologies as a response to global linguistic needs and advancements in educational psychology. The paper discusses major theoretical perspectives, including behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivism,and sociocultural theory, highlighting how each has contributed to the development of effective teaching strategies for English as a foreign language. Special attention is given to the role of language acquisition theories, communicative competence, and task-based learning, which have reshaped classroom practices and emphasized meaningful interaction over mechanical drill exercises. The article also analyzes the influence of global trends, such as digitalization and intercultural communication, on modern methodological frameworks.

language teaching theory, English methodology,communicative competence, teaching approaches, instructional frameworks,language acquisition theory

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