This article analyzes the primary physical and biological effects of ionizing radiation on living cells. Radiation-induced DNA damage, disruption of cellular structures, and the mechanisms of their repair are explained based on scientific evidence. Additionally, risk factors associated with the use of radiation sources in medical practice and the main methods of radiation protection aimed at minimizing these risks are discussed. The results hold practical significance in the fields of biophysics, radiobiology, and medical diagnostics.

Ionizing radiation, radiobiological effects, DNA damage, cellular processes, radiation dose, safety standards, X-ray, radiotherapy, mutagenesis, ionization process.

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