Abdulrazak Gurnah’s novel «By the Sea» offers a profound exploration of the immigrant experience through its complex characters. This article delves into the inner worlds of these characters, examining how their identities, memories, and emotions are shaped by their journeys. The analysis highlights the psychological and emotional landscapes navigated by the immigrants, reflecting broader themes of displacement, loss, and adaptation.

immigrant characters, inner world, psychological landscape, displacement, identity, memory, trauma, adaptation, resilience, cultural identity, refugee experience, emotional turmoil, psychological resilience.

Gurnah, A. (2001). By the Sea. Bloomsbury Publishing.

Brah, A. (1996). Cartographies of Diaspora: Contesting Identities. Routledge.

Said, E. W. (2000). Reflections on Exile and Other Essays. Harvard University Press.

Bhabha, H. K. (1994). The Location of Culture. Routledge.

Ashcroft, B., Griffiths, G., & Tiffin, H. (1989). The Empire Writes Back: Theory and Practice in Post-Colonial Literatures. Routledge.

McLeod, J. (2000). Beginning Postcolonialism. Manchester University Press.

Rushdie, S. (1991). Imaginary Homelands: Essays and Criticism 1981-1991. Penguin Books.

Clifford, J. (1994). Diasporas. Cultural Anthropology, 9(3), 302-338.

Chambers, I. (1994). Migrancy, Culture, Identity. Routledge.

Hron, M. (2009). Translating Pain: Immigrant Suffering in Literature and Culture. University of Toronto Press.