This article explores how the thinkers of the 18th-century Enlightenment shaped the foundations of critical thinking. It examines their contribution to rational inquiry, democratic values, the advancement of science, and the reform of education. Special attention is given to the rise of freedom of speech and the emergence of independent public opinion. The study uses historical, comparative, and philosophical approaches. It also addresses modern challenges such as the spread of misinformation, psychological manipulation, and the impact of technology on how people perceive information. The article highlights the continuing relevance of Enlightenment ideas and underscores the need for further strengthening of critical thinking in today’s society.

Enlightenment, critical thinking, rational inquiry, democratic values, freedom of speech, science, education, information manipulation.

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