The assessment of students’ knowledge in general secondary education schools serves as a fundamental component of the educational process. Effective assessment not only measures academic achievement but also provides insights into cognitive development, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills. This study analyzes the scientific foundations of student assessment, including theoretical principles, methodological approaches, and evidence-based practices that ensure validity, reliability, and fairness. Emphasis is placed on both traditional and alternative assessment methods, the integration of technological tools, and alignment with curriculum standards. The analysis highlights the role of assessment in improving teaching strategies, supporting student learning, and fostering holistic development.

Student assessment, knowledge evaluation, general secondary education, formative assessment, summative assessment, educational measurement, validity, reliability, curriculum alignment, evidence-based practices

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