This article examines the evolution of English as a global lingua franca, focusing on sociolinguistic, pragmatic, and structural transformations that have occurred due to its extensive international use. As English interacts with diverse linguistic and cultural environments, it undergoes continuous changes in pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, and communicative norms. This study highlights how globalization, migration, technology, and cross-cultural communication have influenced the development of English varieties, shaping new forms of linguistic identity and international discourse.

Global English, Lingua Franca, Sociolinguistics, Pragmatics, Language Contact, Structural Change

Crystal, D. (2003). English as a Global Language. Cambridge University Press.

Jenkins, J. (2007). English as a Lingua Franca: Attitude and Identity. Oxford University Press.

Seidlhofer, B. (2011). Understanding English as a Lingua Franca. Oxford University Press.

Kachru, B. B. (1992). The Other Tongue: English Across Cultures. University of Illinois Press.

McKay, S. L. (2002). Teaching English as an International Language. Oxford University Press.

Kirkpatrick, A. (2007). World Englishes: Implications for International Communication. Cambridge University Press.

Modiano, M. (1999). International English in the Global Village. English Today.

Canagarajah, S. (2013). Translingual Practice. Routledge.

House, J. (2009). Communication in a Globalized World: ELF Pragmatics. De Gruyter.

Bolton, K. (2006). World Englishes Today. World Englishes Journal.