Water is one of the most essential natural resources for human life, industrial development, agriculture, and environmental sustainability. However, the increasing level of pollution and the presence of hardness-causing ions significantly limit the usability of natural water sources. Water purification and softening are therefore crucial processes aimed at improving water quality for domestic, industrial, and agricultural use. This article analyzes the physical, chemical, and biological properties of water, the main sources of water contamination, and scientifically proven methods of water purification and softening. Particular attention is paid to traditional and modern treatment technologies such as sedimentation, filtration, chlorination, ion exchange, membrane technologies, and chemical softening methods. The study is based on factual data derived from Uzbek scientific and educational literature and highlights the effectiveness, advantages, and limitations of each method.

water quality, water purification, water softening, hardness, ion exchange, filtration, chemical treatment

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