Articles
| Open Access | IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA: EPIDEMIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS, CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS, AND MODERN TREATMENT APPROACHES
Sultonova Saidabonu Sirojiddin kizi , 1st-year student, Faculty of Medicine Kokand University, Andijan Branch Munavvarov Rasuljon Anvarovich , Senior Lecturer, Department of Clinical Sciences Faculty of Medicine, Kokand University, Andijan BranchAbstract
Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is one of the most widespread hematological disorders worldwide and develops as a result of depleted iron stores required for hemoglobin synthesis. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 50% of anemia cases globally are associated with iron deficiency, with particularly high prevalence among children under five years of age, pregnant women, and women of reproductive age¹. This condition imposes a significant burden on healthcare systems and is associated with reduced work productivity, delayed cognitive development, and impaired immune function.
The etiology of IDA is multifactorial and includes insufficient dietary iron intake, impaired intestinal absorption, chronic blood loss, and increased physiological demand. The pathogenesis involves a gradual depletion of iron stores, decreased hemoglobin synthesis, and the formation of microcytic hypochromic erythrocytes. These changes lead to tissue hypoxia and disruption of metabolic processes.
Clinically, IDA presents with both general and specific manifestations. General symptoms include fatigue, weakness, dizziness, and dyspnea, while specific signs include koilonychia, hair loss, angular stomatitis, and pica syndrome. In children, iron deficiency negatively affects intellectual and psychomotor development.
Diagnosis is based not only on hemoglobin levels but also on ferritin, serum iron, transferrin saturation, and total iron-binding capacity (TIBC). Treatment strategies include oral or parenteral iron supplementation, nutritional optimization, and elimination of underlying etiological factors. Modern approaches emphasize individualized treatment and strengthened preventive measures.
Keywords
iron deficiency anemia, hemoglobin, ferritin, microcytic anemia, hypochromia, iron preparations, blood loss, WHO, childhood anemia, pregnancy.
References
World Health Organization (WHO).
Iron deficiency anaemia: assessment, prevention and control. A guide for programme managers.
Geneva: WHO; 2001.
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-NHD-01.3
DeLoughery TG.
Iron deficiency anemia.
New England Journal of Medicine. 2017;377:205–212.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMcp1702514
Cappellini MD, Musallam KM, Taher AT.
Iron deficiency anaemia revisited.
The Lancet. 2020;396(10263):201–213.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31204-9
Camaschella C.
Iron-deficiency anemia.
New England Journal of Medicine. 2015;372:1832–1843.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra1401038
Killip S, Bennett JM, Chambers MD.
Iron deficiency anemia.
American Family Physician. 2007;75(5):671–678.
https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0301/p671.html
McLean E, Cogswell M, Egli I, Wojdyla D, de Benoist B.
Worldwide prevalence of anemia, WHO Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System.
Public Health Nutrition. 2009;12(4):444–454.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980008002401
Johnson-Wimbley TD, Graham DY.
Diagnosis and management of iron deficiency anemia in the 21st century.
Clinical Medicine & Research. 2011;9(3–4):118–123.
https://doi.org/10.3121/cmr.2011.1000
Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Ali M, et al.
Laboratory diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia.
Journal of General Internal Medicine. 1992;7:145–153.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02598003
Short MW, Domagalski JE.
Iron deficiency anemia: evaluation and management.
American Family Physician. 2013;87(2):98–104.
https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0115/p98.html
World Health Organization (WHO).
Haemoglobin concentrations for the diagnosis of anaemia and assessment of severity.
Geneva: WHO; 2011.
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-NMH-NHD-MNM-11.1
Andrews NC.
Disorders of iron metabolism.
New England Journal of Medicine. 1999;341:1986–1995.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199912233412607
Tolkien Z, Stecher L, Mand References
World Health Organization (WHO).
Iron deficiency anaemia: assessment, prevention and control. A guide for programme managers.
Geneva: WHO; 2001.
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-NHD-01.3
DeLoughery TG.
Iron deficiency anemia.
New England Journal of Medicine. 2017;377:205–212.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMcp1702514
Cappellini MD, Musallam KM, Taher AT.
Iron deficiency anaemia revisited.
The Lancet. 2020;396(10263):201–213.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31204-9
Camaschella C.
Iron-deficiency anemia.
New England Journal of Medicine. 2015;372:1832–1843.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra1401038
Killip S, Bennett JM, Chambers MD.
Iron deficiency anemia.
American Family Physician. 2007;75(5):671–678.
https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0301/p671.html
McLean E, Cogswell M, Egli I, Wojdyla D, de Benoist B.
Worldwide prevalence of anemia, WHO Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System.
Public Health Nutrition. 2009;12(4):444–454.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980008002401
Johnson-Wimbley TD, Graham DY.
Diagnosis and management of iron deficiency anemia in the 21st century.
Clinical Medicine & Research. 2011;9(3–4):118–123.
https://doi.org/10.3121/cmr.2011.1000
Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Ali M, et al.
Laboratory diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia.
Journal of General Internal Medicine. 1992;7:145–153.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02598003
Short MW, Domagalski JE.
Iron deficiency anemia: evaluation and management.
American Family Physician. 2013;87(2):98–104.
https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0115/p98.html
World Health Organization (WHO).
Haemoglobin concentrations for the diagnosis of anaemia and assessment of severity.
Geneva: WHO; 2011.
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-NMH-NHD-MNM-11.1
Andrews NC.
Disorders of iron metabolism.
New England Journal of Medicine. 1999;341:1986–1995.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199912233412607
Tolkien Z, Stecher L, Mander AP, Pereira DIA, Powell JJ.
Ferrous sulfate supplementation causes significant gastrointestinal side-effects.
BMJ. 2015;351:h4564.
https://www.bmj.com/content/351/bmj.h4564
er AP, Pereira DIA, Powell JJ.
Ferrous sulfate supplementation causes significant gastrointestinal side-effects.
BMJ. 2015;351:h4564.
Article Statistics
Downloads
Copyright License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.