Liver cirrhosis is a progressive and irreversible chronic disease characterized by fibrosis, architectural distortion, and regenerative nodules. It represents the final common pathway of many chronic liver injuries, including viral hepatitis, alcohol abuse, and metabolic disorders. The pathophysiological changes of cirrhosis lead to complications such as portal hypertension, hepatic encephalopathy, and hepatocellular carcinoma. This article reviews the underlying mechanisms, clinical features, and pharmacological management strategies associated with cirrhosis. By integrating evidence from clinical and experimental studies, the paper highlights the challenges and therapeutic opportunities in addressing this major global health problem.

liver cirrhosis, portal hypertension, fibrosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, pharmacological therapy

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