Mangrove forests represent one of the most complex socio-ecological systems in the world, simultaneously functioning as ecological buffers, sources of livelihood, and arenas of institutional contestation. Despite their recognized ecological and economic value, mangrove ecosystems continue to experience rapid degradation, particularly in developing coastal regions where property rights are ambiguous and governance arrangements are fragmented. This article develops an integrative theoretical and empirical analysis that bridges agency theory and institutional perspectives with community-based natural resource management in mangrove ecosystems. Drawing strictly on classical agency theory literature and an extensive body of mangrove governance and conservation studies, the paper conceptualizes mangrove management as a multi-layered principal–agent problem embedded within dynamic socio-ecological systems. Through a qualitative synthesis of institutional arrangements, property rights regimes, and participation mechanisms documented across Southeast Asia and other developing regions, the study elucidates how agency costs, information asymmetries, and incentive misalignments shape management outcomes. The results demonstrate that mangrove degradation cannot be adequately explained by ecological pressures alone; rather, it is deeply rooted in institutional failures, conflicting mandates, and weak accountability structures. Conversely, cases of successful mangrove conservation reveal the importance of devolved governance, community participation, and adaptive institutional design that aligns incentives between state agencies, local communities, and resource users. The discussion advances a theoretically grounded framework that integrates agency theory with socio-ecological resilience and common-property governance, highlighting limitations and future research directions. The article contributes to environmental economics, institutional analysis, and natural resource governance by offering a unified analytical lens for understanding and improving mangrove forest management in developing coastal contexts.

In this article, under the conditions of the typical sierozem soils of the Tashkent region, when the sugar-beet varieties “Sado” and “Eldona” were sown between March 20–30 and April 5–15, it was observed that the variety “Eldona” is 4–5 days later-maturing compared to “Sado.” The growing period of the varieties, when sown between March 20–30, amounted to 179–182 days, and when sown between April 5–15, reached 183–186 days. Furthermore, the study reports that when the varieties were sown on March 20–30, their growing period ranged from 175 to 182 days, whereas sowing between April 5–15 resulted in a growing period of 179 to 186 days.

Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of global mortality, with atherosclerosis representing their most prevalent pathological substrate. While inflammation, lipid dysregulation, endothelial dysfunction, and mitochondrial injury are well-recognized contributors, emerging evidence has identified a novel form of regulated cell death known as cuproptosis as a central mechanistic axis linking metabolic dysregulation, mitochondrial stress, and vascular pathology. Cuproptosis is triggered by intracellular copper accumulation that directly targets lipoylated enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, inducing toxic protein aggregation, proteotoxic stress, and collapse of mitochondrial bioenergetics. Recent studies have expanded the relevance of this process from cancer biology to cardiovascular disorders, including diabetic myocardial injury and atherosclerosis, where copper dysregulation and mitochondrial vulnerability converge to drive tissue damage and maladaptive remodeling (Yang et al., 2023; Huo et al., 2023).

Simultaneously, advances in RNA biology have uncovered complex regulatory networks centered on RNA-binding proteins such as U2AF2 and mitochondrial proteins such as complement C1q binding protein (C1QBP, also known as p32), which coordinate gene expression, metabolic reprogramming, and stress responses. U2AF2, a core spliceosomal factor, has been shown to integrate long non-coding RNA signaling with metabolic and oncogenic pathways, including lipid metabolism and mitochondrial function, while C1QBP is now recognized as a critical regulator of mitochondrial translation, oxidative phosphorylation, and TCA cycle integrity in both cardiac and cancer contexts (Wang et al., 2022; Tian et al., 2024; Wang et al., 2022).

This study synthesizes evidence from molecular pharmacology, cardiovascular biology, RNA splicing research, and copper metabolism to propose an integrated pathogenic model in which dysregulated copper trafficking, aberrant cuproptotic signaling, and RNA-binding regulatory circuits converge to drive atherosclerosis and cardiac dysfunction. By integrating cuproptosis-specific gene signatures identified in human atherosclerotic tissue (Chen et al., 2023; Cui et al., 2023) with mitochondrial copper signaling pathways (Huo et al., 2023; Miner et al., 2019) and U2AF2-dependent RNA regulatory loops (Wang et al., 2022; Jiang et al., 2020), this article establishes a coherent mechanistic framework explaining how metabolic stress translates into vascular injury and plaque instability. The analysis further explores how lncRNAs such as ZFAS1 and NEAT1 reprogram RNA stability and splicing in copper-stressed cells, amplifying inflammatory and metabolic derangements (Wang et al., 2022; Liu et al., 2025).

Beyond theoretical integration, this work highlights novel diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities. Cuproptosis-related gene signatures provide a robust molecular fingerprint of atherosclerotic activity, while targeting copper transporters, mitochondrial chaperones, and RNA-binding proteins may enable precise modulation of vascular cell survival and metabolism. By reframing cardiovascular disease as a disorder of mitochondrial copper-dependent proteostasis governed by RNA-regulatory networks, this article offers a transformative perspective that unifies metabolic, genetic, and inflammatory paradigms into a single, actionable pathophysiological model.

Delphinium denudatum Wall. Ex. Hook. & Thoms. (Nirbisi or Jadwar), is an important medicinal plant widely used in both Ayurvedic and Unani systems for its diverse therapeutic benefits. Uncontrolled extraction from the wild combined with severely limited natural regeneration has reduced its populations to a precarious state, making scientifically grounded propagation strategies a matter of considerable urgency. The present study characterised seed morpho-physiological attributes across three altitudinal populations in Pauri Garhwal district, Uttarakhand, collected from 850 m, 1550 m, and 2000 m above sea level (asl), and assessed the joint influence of gibberellic acid (GA₃) concentration (100, 200, and 300 ppm) and 4 temperature regimes (15°C, 20°C, 25°C, and greenhouse conditions) on germination percentage (GP%), mean germination time (MGT), and mean daily germination (MDG). Seeds from all three altitudinal populations recorded 100% viability at the time of harvest. Seed size and weight varied significantly across altitudes (P< 0.01), with the 1550 m population consistently yielding the largest seeds (length: 1.89 ± 0.18 mm; width: 1.10 ± 0.12 mm; weight: 0.13 ± 0.04 g). Seed moisture content and imbibition capacity also showed marked altitudinal differences. Among all treatment combinations evaluated, seeds from the 1550 m population pre-treated with 300 ppm GA₃ (treatment Gb3) achieved the highest germination percentage (88.88 ± 9.62%) at 20 °C, alongside the highest MDG (0.29 ± 0.05). These findings establish clear evidence base for developing large-scale propagation protocols and ex situ conservation strategies for this threatened Himalayan species.