Understanding the interaction between light and matter is fundamental to various scientific and technological advancements, from quantum optics to material science. This study provides a comprehensive exploration of the core principles and progressive steps involved in the physics of light-matter coupling. We begin by outlining the historical context and key theoretical frameworks that have shaped our current understanding, including classical electrodynamics and quantum mechanics. Subsequent sections delve into the essential phenomena such as absorption, emission, and scattering, examining how these processes are influenced by the nature of the interacting materials. The study emphasizes the significance of experimental techniques and theoretical models in elucidating the dynamics of light-matter interactions. By integrating recent advancements and emerging research directions, we aim to present a cohesive overview of the fundamental concepts and practical applications of light-matter coupling. This comprehensive approach not only bridges theoretical knowledge with experimental insights but also highlights future research opportunities in this dynamic field.