Chronic heart failure is a major cardiovascular syndrome characterized by impaired cardiac function, high morbidity, and elevated risk of adverse cardiovascular events. Endothelial dysfunction plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of chronic heart failure, contributing to impaired vascular tone, reduced nitric oxide bioavailability, oxidative stress, inflammation, and prothrombotic states. These alterations exacerbate disease progression, increase cardiac workload, and elevate the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, thromboembolic complications, and sudden cardiac death. Early identification and management of endothelial dysfunction can improve vascular health, reduce cardiovascular risk, and enhance prognosis in patients with chronic heart failure. This review highlights the mechanisms, clinical implications, assessment methods, and therapeutic strategies targeting endothelial dysfunction in chronic heart failure.

Chronic heart failure, endothelial dysfunction, cardiovascular risk, nitric oxide, oxidative stress, inflammation, thromboembolism.

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