This article examines the intersection of comparative and contrastive linguistics with medialinguistics, exploring how media discourse shapes linguistic research methodologies and cross-linguistic analysis. The findings indicate that integrating medialinguistic perspectives enriches traditional contrastive analysis by incorporating sociolinguistic, pragmatic, and discourse-analytical dimensions essential for understanding contemporary language use in media environments.

Looking closer at how teeth and gums tie into broader health shows dentistry stands on its own while fitting tightly into medicine. Backed by wide reading across trusted journals in health and biology, research reveals ways dental work helps catch illness early, slow disease, and lift daily living standards. Heart troubles, blood sugar problems, infections - links to mouth condition keep turning up wherever experts look. A scholar from Uzbekistan points out hurdles faced worldwide: too few people reaching clinics, delays spotting issues, weak prevention habits. Solutions rooted in proof are being shaped to help dental practice play a stronger part alongside doctors and hospitals. Far from just fixing tooth pain, the field proves deeply woven into full-body wellness and community health efforts.

 Dental work carries hidden health costs that quietly wear down those who do it. Not just hands and backs suffer - ears, eyes, even mood take hits over time. From stiff necks to tired minds, problems pile up without clear warning signs. Stress creeps in where control feels thin, schedules tight, demands never pause. Solutions start not with quick fixes but deeper shifts in how clinics function. Equipment layout adjusts, policies adapt, training becomes routine, habits reshape slowly. Change sticks best when safety fits smoothly into daily rhythm, not fights against it. Long careers thrive only if unseen pressures get seen early enough. Now more than ever, attention moves toward stopping problems before they start instead of just fixing them later. Institutions carry weight here, not only personal choices shaping outcomes. These results feed into worldwide conversations about safety in dental jobs. A view emerges from Uzbekistan, where faster changes in care demand stronger worker safeguards at the same pace.

Cancer is a life-threatening disease that affects not only the patient’s physical health but also their psychological and emotional well-being. This paper explores the psychological impact of a cancer diagnosis on both patients and their families. It discusses common emotional reactions such as fear, anxiety, and depression among patients, as well as emotional distress, grief, and exhaustion experienced by family members. The study emphasizes the importance of coping mechanisms, psychological support, and the role of healthcare providers in managing emotional challenges. The paper concludes that a holistic approach — combining medical, psychological, and social care — is essential to improve the overall well-being and quality of life of cancer patients and their families.  

COVID-19 infection seriously damages not only the respiratory system, but also the cardiovascular system. This article discusses post-coronavirus cardiac pathologies, their mechanisms of origin, statistical indicators, as well as modern approaches and new treatment methods in the treatment of heart failure, cardiovascular diseases and heart failure.

Background: Osseointegration serves as the fundamental biological process ensuring the stability and longevity of dental implants. In the modern era of regenerative dentistry, systemic health factors are increasingly recognized as primary determinants of surgical success. For women transitioning through the climacteric period (perimenopause, menopause, and postmenopause), the precipitous decline in estrogen levels profoundly alters bone metabolism. Objective: This article provides an in-depth analysis of the synergistic relationship between Vitamin D (25-hydroxyvitamin D) levels and dental implant osseointegration in climacteric women. Materials and Methods: The study integrates a comprehensive review of current literature with retrospective clinical observations from Eurasian patient cohorts. It examines the molecular mechanisms by which Vitamin D modulates the bone-implant interface. Results: Statistical evidence from the Eurasian region indicates a 60–80% prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency in the target demographic. Our findings suggest that serum levels below 20 ng/mL are strongly correlated with impaired primary stability, delayed secondary stability, and a significantly higher rate of marginal bone loss. Conclusion: Pre-operative screening for Vitamin D deficiency and subsequent pharmacological correction should be integrated into the standard of care for dental implantology in menopausal patients to mitigate the risk of biological complications.

Dental arch defects represent one of the most complex interdisciplinary problems in modern restorative and rehabilitative dentistry due to their significant impact on orofacial esthetics, masticatory function, and psychosocial well-being. Esthetic disturbances associated with missing teeth are not limited to visible dental asymmetry but extend to alveolar bone resorption, soft tissue collapse, facial disharmony, and occlusal instability. The present theoretical and analytical review aims to systematize current scientific knowledge regarding the diagnosis of esthetic disorders in patients with dental arch defects and to substantiate the principles of comprehensive rehabilitation based on anatomical, histological, biomechanical, and statistical data. Particular attention is given to trauma-related tooth loss as a globally relevant etiological factor, supported by epidemiological trends reported in contemporary scientific literature. Diagnostic criteria are analyzed from the perspective of facial proportions, smile analysis, periodontal biotype, and alveolar ridge morphology. Rehabilitation strategies are discussed as a complex, staged process integrating prosthetic, orthodontic, and functional concepts. This review highlights the necessity of evidence-based diagnostic frameworks to optimize esthetic outcomes and long-term stability in dental rehabilitation.

Soft tissue liposarcomas (LPS) represent a heterogeneous group of malignancies derived from adipocytic tissue, accounting for approximately 20% of all adult soft tissue sarcomas. Their management has evolved significantly from a uniform, surgery-centric model to a complex, multidisciplinary, and histology-driven paradigm. This review outlines the contemporary therapeutic landscape, emphasizing the critical role of precise histopathological and molecular subtyping in guiding treatment decisions. We discuss the ongoing refinement of surgical and radiotherapeutic techniques, the subtype-specific efficacy of systemic therapies (including traditional chemotherapy, targeted agents like trabectedin and CDK4 inhibitors, and immunotherapy), and the integration of these modalities in both localized and advanced disease settings. The future direction lies in deepening molecular stratification, developing novel targeted therapies, and personalizing treatment algorithms through robust clinical trials and biomarker research. This article synthesizes current evidence to provide a framework for the modern, precision-based approach to liposarcoma care.

Anxiety and depression are important concomitant diseases in asthma. We assessed the incidence of anxiety and depression in patients with asthma using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the European Five-dimensional Quality of Life Questionnaire (EQ-5D).

The aim of the study was to evaluate the frequency of symptoms of anxiety and depression in patients with asthma, assessed using the HADS and EQ-5D questionnaires; the level of relationship between the two questionnaires and the factors associated with the presence of these symptoms.

Materials and methods of the study: A total of 161 adolescents and adults with persistent asthma (32.6±16.9 years old, 64.7% women) from primary care centers and allergological, pulmonological and pediatric clinics were recruited. Demographic and clinical characteristics, HADS, and EQ-5D were collected. A score of ≥8 on the hospital Anxiety and depression scale - anxiety/hospital anxiety and depression scale - depression or a positive response to item 5 of the EQ-5D indicated the presence of these symptoms.

Results: According to HADS, 36% of participants had symptoms of anxiety and 12% had symptoms of depression. According to the EQ-5D, 36% of the participants had symptoms of anxiety/depression. The consistency between the questionnaires in detecting anxiety/depression was moderate (k=0.55, 95%). Late diagnosis of asthma, comorbidities, and female gender were predictors of anxiety/depression, while better asthma control, health-related quality of life, and health perception were associated with lower odds of anxiety/depression.

Conclusions: At least 1/3 of patients with persistent asthma experience symptoms of anxiety/depression, which shows the relevance of screening for these disorders in patients with asthma. The EQ-5D and HADS questionnaires showed moderate agreement in identifying symptoms of anxiety/depression. The identified concomitant factors require further study in long-term studies.

Pregnant and postpartum women are at high risk of depression due to hormonal and biological changes. Prenatal depression has not been studied well enough compared to postpartum depression, and its predictors remain highly controversial. Goal. To assess the prevalence of symptoms of depression during pregnancy and to study factors associated with this condition, including vitamin D, folic acid and vitamin B12. Methods. Data collection was conducted as part of a study in which pregnant women were recruited in the second and third trimester during visits to the antenatal clinic. Data on prenatal depression were collected using the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS), with score ≥ 13 considered an indicator of depression. Results. Of the 108 participants in the Kuwait Birth Cohort study, 102 (96.6%) completed EPDS. The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 21.03% (95%CI:18.62–23.59%) and 17.85% (95%CI:15.60–20.28%), as indicated by EPDS ≥ 13 and EPDS ≥ 14, respectively. Conclusion. Approximately one fifth of pregnant women had symptoms of depression, indicating the need to introduce a screening program for depression in pregnant women. In particular, screening efforts should focus on pregnant women with unintended pregnancies, exposure to secondhand smoke at home, and recent stressful life events.

To check whether folic acid supplementation during pregnancy is associated with the onset of symptoms of maternal depression within three months after giving birth.

Methods. This study involved 86 women who were divided into three groups: did not take folic acid supplements during pregnancy; took them only during one trimester of pregnancy; and took them during two or three trimesters. Symptoms of depression were assessed three months after delivery using the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) at cut-off points ≥ 10 (mild symptoms) and ≥ 13 (moderate to severe intensity). Results. The overall prevalence of mild symptoms was 20.2% (95%CI 19.0–21.5), and moderate and severe — 11% (95%CI 10.0–12.0). The prevalence of EPDS ≥ 10 was 26.8% (95%CI 24.0–29.5) among women who did not take folic acid and 18.1% among both those who took it during one trimester of pregnancy (95% CI 16.1–20.1) and those who took it for two or three months. trimesters (95% CI 16.0–20.2). The prevalence of EPDS ≥ 13 was 15.7% (95%CI 13.5–17.9) in those who did not take folic acid, 9.1% (95%CI 7.5–10.6) in those who took it during one trimester, and 9.4% (95%CI 7.8–11.0) in those who I took it for two or three trimesters. In the adjusted analyses, there was no statistically significant association between folic acid intake during pregnancy and the onset of symptoms of depression three months after delivery. Conclusion. There was no association between folic acid intake during pregnancy and postpartum depression for three months.

The psychopathological aspect of bronchial asthma is not limited to an anxiety response. There are also episodes of acute fear at the first developed asthmoid attacks; a combination of both often takes the form of so-called panic disorder with anxious anticipation of seizures. In the development of "panic attacks" in patients with bronchial asthma, the predominant distinguishing feature may be the difficulty of exhalation in a true bronchial asthma, while in functional anxiety-autonomic attacks the inhalation is usually difficult. As they are repeated, the alarming oscillations gradually transform into a persistent subdepressive (destic) state. The literature reports a significant link between various mental disorders and asthma, in particular depression and/or anxiety, with some more reliable data regarding anxiety disorders. However, the nature of this relationship remains largely unclear. Somatogenic asthma with increased exhaustion under normal loads and weakness after another asthmoid attack is increasingly noticeable. Dramatic awareness of the fact of severe somatic disease and its associated limitations modifies the content of affective disorders: anxiety becomes less acute, but along with it or in its place there are elements of melancholy depression with experiences of the impossibility of treatment, «attachment to therapy". The increasing somatogenic asthenia brings a feeling of severe physical ailment, similar to the vitalization of melancholia.

Purpose of the study: To test the hypothesis of a specific relationship between anxiety and depression and bronchial asthma, and to test the hypothesis of the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy as an additional means of treating bronchial asthma.

Materials and methods: 96 adults were surveyed by means of the main socio-demographic variables (i.e. sex, age, marital status, cohabitation/separate residence and BMI). Subjects with asthma were classified according to GINA and ACT. All subjects underwent structured clinical interviews for the diagnosis of ICD 10.

Results: There was a significant association between asthma and anxiety disorders throughout life (OR 3.03; p = 0.003); no significant association with other psychiatric diagnoses. Moreover, life-long anxiety and current anxiety were associated with levels of asthma severity (p < 0.01 and p = 0.001 depending on age). Asthma predates anxiety in 48% of cases; 52% of cases have anxiety predates asthma, with no significant differences between groups. The risk of asthma, especially severe, uncontrolled form (p < 0.01), was higher in patients with anxiety disorder throughout life (p = 0.003 and p = 0.001 depending on age of onset). Current anxiety increased the risk of asthma and uncontrolled form (p < 0.05). Asthma increased the risk of anxiety disorders throughout life (p = 0.002 and p = 0.018 with age). Intermittent asthma increased the risk of life-long anxiety disorders and ongoing anxiety disorders (p < 0.01).

Conclusions: Anxiety disorders, in particular life-long anxiety disorders, are the only mental disorder that is reliably associated with asthma, with a possible two-way link between anxiety and asthma, each of which may be caused by or result from the other.

The phenomena of light interference and diffraction are fundamental concepts in wave optics and play a crucial role in understanding the wave nature of light. This article examines the physical principles underlying interference and diffraction and highlights their importance in modern scientific and technological applications. Using a qualitative analytical approach, the study reviews theoretical models and experimental observations related to the superposition and spreading of light waves. The results demonstrate that interference and diffraction effects are essential for the development of optical instruments, including interferometers, diffraction gratings, microscopes, and spectroscopic systems. Furthermore, these phenomena provide the basis for high-precision measurements of wavelength, distance, and refractive index. The study also discusses practical challenges and limitations associated with diffraction, particularly in optical resolution. The findings confirm that light interference and diffraction remain central to advances in optics, photonics, and modern technology.

In the context of modern educational reforms and digital transformation, the preparation of future primary school teachers requires innovative pedagogical approaches that combine traditional and digital learning methods. One of the most effective approaches is blended learning technology, which integrates face-to-face instruction with online learning components. This article examines the methodology of using blended learning technology in organizing seminar classes of professional subjects in the training of future primary school teachers. The study analyzes the pedagogical potential of blended learning, its structural components, instructional models, and methodological principles.

Pediatric rhinosinusitis is a prevalent upper respiratory disorder marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa and paranasal sinuses. Its pathogenesis involves viral and bacterial infections, allergic reactions, anatomical factors, and biochemical inflammatory mechanisms. Key mediators, including pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α), chemokines (IL-8, MCP-1), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and microbial biofilms, sustain inflammation and contribute to chronicity and complications. Current diagnostic strategies combine clinical assessment, imaging, and biochemical marker analysis, facilitating evaluation of disease severity and risk of chronic progression. Effective management requires a multidisciplinary approach, integrating anti-inflammatory and antibacterial therapy, antioxidant support, allergy control, and surgical intervention when needed. Incorporating clinical and biochemical insights enables personalized treatment, optimizing outcomes and reducing relapses and complications.

The pathomorphological structure of polyp tissues was analyzed in 90 patients with chronic polypous rhinosinusitis. The study focused on determining the structure of the integumental epithelium and membrane, cellular composition, polyp and glandular stroma composition, activation, and infiltration.  In 26 (28.9%) patients, respiratory epithelium was most frequently identified as the main component of the polyp tissue. Goblet cell hyperplasia and desquamation were observed. In most cases, 60 (66.7%) polyp tissues showed multiple glands. The structural analysis of the obtained micropreparations revealed "young" forms of polyps in 68 (75.6%) patients, while the fibro-inflammatory type was observed in 23 (25.5%) cases. Important indicators of polyp recurrence were identified: significant thickening of the basal layer and membranes, activated eosinophilia, signs of integumental epithelium proliferation, increased sclerosis, and low stromal infiltration.

Art therapy is a dynamic and evolving field that integrates creative expression with psychological healing, offering diverse approaches to address mental health and emotional well-being. This article examines the significance of emerging directions and networks within art therapy, highlighting their roles in enhancing therapeutic outcomes and expanding accessibility. By exploring innovative practices such as digital art therapy, trauma-informed approaches, and community-based interventions, the article underscores the importance of a multidisciplinary and networked framework in fostering collaboration between therapists, clients, and institutions. These networks not only provide a support system for practitioners but also facilitate the sharing of resources, research, and best practices, driving the evolution of the field. Through a review of current literature and case studies, this paper demonstrates how art therapy’s growth in specialized areas can lead to more targeted and effective therapeutic interventions, while also promoting a more inclusive and connected global art therapy community.

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been shown to affect the cardiovascular system and may influence fetal development during pregnancy. However, data regarding its impact on fetal cardiac function remain limited.

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic significance of fetal echocardiography in assessing cardiac functional changes in fetuses of pregnant women who experienced COVID-19 infection during the second and third trimesters.

Materials and Methods: A total of 124 pregnant women with a confirmed history of COVID-19 infection during the second and third trimesters were included in the study. All participants were receiving care at the Khorezm Regional Perinatal Center. Fetal echocardiography was performed four weeks after clinical recovery. Assessment of fetal cardiac function included evaluation of diastolic and systolic parameters using mitral and tricuspid E/A ratios, myocardial performance index (MPI), and cardiac chamber dimensions. The control group consisted of gestational age–matched healthy pregnant women without a history of COVID-19 infection. Statistical analysis was performed using appropriate parametric tests, with results expressed as p-values and effect sizes calculated using Cohen’s d.

Results: Fetuses of mothers with prior COVID-19 infection demonstrated a significant decrease in mitral valve E/A ratio, indicating impaired diastolic relaxation (p < 0.05). An increase in MPI suggested subclinical global myocardial dysfunction. These changes were more pronounced in the third trimester compared to the second trimester.

Conclusion: Fetal echocardiography is a highly informative and non-invasive method for early detection of functional cardiac alterations in fetuses of pregnant women after COVID-19 infection. Its routine use may improve prenatal monitoring and pregnancy management in this population.

To analyze available literature regarding the course of UCTD during pregnancy, maternal and fetal outcomes, and therapeutic approaches.

Background: The prognosis of chronic somatic diseases in children is determined not only by biological factors but also by the psychosocial environment. Chronic psychosocial stress (family conflict, academic pressure, social isolation) is known to dysregulate the immune system via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Conversely, strong social integration is hypothesized to have a "buffering effect." This study aims to quantify the impact of psychosocial stress and social integration on the clinical course and prognosis of children with Bronchial Asthma (BA) and Recurrent Respiratory Infections (RRI). Methods: A prospective cohort study involving 250 children (aged 7–14 years) with diagnosed BA or RRI was conducted in the Andijan region. Psychosocial status was assessed using the "Perceived Stress Scale for Children" (PSS-C) and "Child and Adolescent Social Support Scale" (CASSS). Clinical prognosis was measured by the frequency of exacerbations, duration of remission, and hospitalization rates over a 12-month follow-up period. Results: Children with high psychosocial stress levels experienced a 2.5-fold increase in disease exacerbations compared to the low-stress group (p < 0.001). Low social integration scores significantly correlated with prolonged recovery times and resistance to standard therapy. High levels of family and peer support were associated with a 40% reduction in the risk of severe complications. Conclusion: Psychosocial stress is a potent non-infectious risk factor that worsens the prognosis of pediatric diseases. Enhancing social integration and reducing environmental stressors are essential components of comprehensive pediatric care.

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global health challenge, with a shifting burden towards the geriatric population. In developing regions like the Fergana Valley, data on "geriatric tuberculosis" is outdated, and the specific epidemiological and clinical features in the elderly (aged 60+) are poorly understood. This study aims to evaluate the epidemiological trends, risk factors, and clinical manifestations of pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB in the elderly population of the Andijan region. Methods: A retrospective and prospective epidemiological study covering the period 2020–2024 was conducted at the Andijan Regional Center of Phthisiology and Pulmonology. The study population included male and female patients aged 60–74 years diagnosed with TB. Clinical records were analyzed for comorbidities, atypical symptoms, and risk factors using WHO criteria. Diagnostic methods included GeneXpert MTB/RIF, radiography, and biochemical assays. Results: Preliminary analysis indicates a rising trend in extrapulmonary TB forms among the elderly compared to younger cohorts. Atypical clinical presentations, such as the absence of fever and dominance of weight loss/fatigue, significantly delay diagnosis. Major risk factors identified include multimorbidity (cardiovascular diseases, diabetes) and polypharmacy. The mortality rate in this demographic remains disproportionately high due to late detection and "immunosenescence." Conclusion: Geriatric tuberculosis in the Fergana Valley is characterized by specific regional risk factors and atypical clinical courses. Implementing a targeted screening algorithm for the elderly and integrating TB prevention into geriatric care is essential to reduce mortality and transmission.

Intelligent control systems are revolutionizing railway operations by improving safety, punctuality, and energy efficiency. This paper discusses smart signaling technologies, predictive maintenance algorithms, and automation in modern railway networks.

The current topic of "combined immunodeficiency syndrome" аnd its prevаlence in our Republic or throughout the world, аs well аs methods for its eliminаtion аnd the problems encountered in this regаrd, the sources of the diseаse's occurrence аnd development, the hаrmful effects on the immune system in the humаn body, clinicаl symptoms, аnd the history of its origin were studied аnd discussed. Informаtion is provided on modern treаtment methods for аIDS, including the effectiveness of аntiretrovirаl therаpy аnd its forms. In аddition, the impаct of this syndrome on humаn life, socio-psychologicаl problems, migrаtion processes, life аctivities аnd the heаlth cаre system were thoroughly аnаlyzed. Bаsed on the informаtion obtаined, solutions аnd conclusions were presented.

Ischemic stroke represents a leading cause of disability and long-term neurological deficits worldwide. Timely and structured rehabilitation is essential for improving functional outcomes, minimizing complications, and enhancing quality of life. Early rehabilitation, initiated within days of stroke onset, leverages neuroplasticity, promotes motor recovery, and prevents secondary complications. This article reviews current evidence regarding the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke, the mechanisms through which early rehabilitation enhances recovery, and practical approaches to implementing rehabilitation in clinical settings. Emphasis is placed on interdisciplinary strategies, individualized treatment plans, and patient-centered care. Early intervention is pivotal for optimizing neurological and functional recovery, reducing hospital stay, and improving long-term independence.

As a result of numerous studies on the causes of diabetes, it has been concluded that genetic and environmental factors play an important role in diabetes. There are mainly two types, type 1 and type 2 diabetes, and the factors that cause them differ. This article discusses the methods of treating diabetes with medicinal plants.

Chronic headache disorders are highly prevalent neurological conditions that significantly impair quality of life. Comorbid depressive states exacerbate pain perception, reduce treatment efficacy, and contribute to functional disability. This study investigates the functional and metabolic neurophysiological characteristics of depression in patients with chronic headache disorders. Functional neuroimaging revealed altered activity in the prefrontal cortex, limbic regions, and disrupted connectivity between cortical and subcortical networks. Metabolic assessments demonstrated reduced glucose utilization in key brain regions involved in pain processing and emotional regulation. The severity of depressive symptoms correlated with both functional and metabolic alterations, indicating a neurobiological basis for comorbidity. Findings highlight the importance of early detection and integrated therapeutic strategies targeting both neurological and psychological aspects, which can improve patient outcomes and quality of life.

 "From 65 years old " increased in people cancer disease danger noticeable at the level exceed ".  Both women and men infected with the human papillomavirus are at high risk of developing cancer. Smoking and obesity are also major causes of cancer. The risk of developing this disease and the mortality rate are higher in men than in women." This article describes the treatment methods, surgical interventions, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy in the treatment of cancer.

Group A β-hemolytic streptococcal infection remains one of the most common bacterial diseases in childhood and continues to pose a significant clinical challenge due to its diverse manifestations and potential for serious complications. This article aims to analyze the clinical course of Group A β-hemolytic streptococcal infections in children, with particular attention to age-related features, severity of symptoms, and the development of early and late complications. Special emphasis is placed on the diagnostic difficulties associated with atypical presentations and the role of timely antimicrobial therapy in preventing post-streptococcal sequelae. The findings highlight the importance of early recognition, appropriate laboratory confirmation, and rational treatment strategies to reduce morbidity and long-term outcomes in pediatric patients.

English: Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death among people living with HIV (PLHIV). Lymphogenic tuberculosis (tuberculous lymphadenitis) is the most common form of extrapulmonary TB in this cohort. Diagnosis is often delayed due to atypical clinical presentations and low sensitivity of conventional smear microscopy. This study evaluates the diagnostic utility of modern imaging (Ultrasound, CT) combined with molecular assays (GeneXpert) and histopathology for early detection. Methods: A prospective diagnostic study involving 120 HIV-positive patients presenting with lymphadenopathy was conducted at the Andijan Regional Center of Phthisiology. Patients underwent a stepwise diagnostic algorithm: High-resolution Ultrasound (US), Computed Tomography (CT), and Ultrasound-guided Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC). Aspirates were tested using GeneXpert MTB/RIF. Excisional biopsy was performed in inconclusive cases. Results: Ultrasound features such as hypoechoic texture, matting, and intranodal necrosis had a sensitivity of 78% for TB lymphadenitis. CT was superior for detecting deep mediastinal and abdominal lymphadenopathy. GeneXpert MTB/RIF on lymph node aspirates demonstrated a sensitivity of 85% and specificity of 96%, significantly outperforming smear microscopy (25%). Histological analysis confirmed diagnosis in seronegative cases, revealing characteristic caseating granulomas, though granuloma formation was poor in severely immunocompromised patients (CD4 <200). Conclusion: A multimodal approach integrating US-guided aspiration with molecular PCR testing (GeneXpert) allows for rapid and accurate early diagnosis of lymphogenic TB in HIV patients, facilitating timely initiation of ART and anti-TB therapy.

The article examines the role of metallic dust as a significant occupational risk factor in the development of inflammatory gingival diseases among workers of metal-processing industrial enterprises. The mechanisms of metal aerosol exposure on periodontal tissues, clinical features of gingivitis and periodontitis, and key dental health indicators in this occupational group are analyzed. The findings indicate a high prevalence of inflammatory gingival diseases and emphasize the necessity of comprehensive preventive strategies aimed at reducing occupational exposure and improving oral health among industrial workers.

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Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA), commonly referred to as hip replacement surgery, represents a pivotal surgical intervention for managing end-stage hip conditions such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, avascular necrosis, and post-traumatic joint degeneration. With global procedure volumes exceeding 1 million annually and projected to rise to over 2.5 million by 2030 in the United States alone due to demographic shifts including aging populations and increasing prevalence of obesity, the emphasis on effective postoperative rehabilitation has never been more critical. Rehabilitation protocols are essential for optimizing functional recovery, mitigating complications such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT), prosthetic dislocations, infections, and muscle atrophy, while enhancing overall patient quality of life (QoL) and facilitating a swift return to activities of daily living (ADLs). This expanded systematic review synthesizes high-quality evidence from 50 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), prospective cohort studies, retrospective analyses, and meta-analyses published between 2015 and 2025, encompassing over 10,000 patients undergoing elective, unilateral THA. We rigorously evaluated a broad spectrum of rehabilitation modalities, including conventional inpatient physical therapy (PT), accelerated early mobilization protocols, home-based self-directed exercises, supervised outpatient programs, aquatic hydrotherapy, resistance-based functional strength training, virtual reality (VR)-enhanced interventions, and tele-rehabilitation platforms leveraging digital tools like mobile apps, wearable sensors, and video conferencing. Primary outcomes assessed encompassed pain intensity via the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), functional mobility using validated instruments such as the Harris Hip Score (HHS), Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, and 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT), alongside secondary metrics like recovery duration, hospital length of stay (LOS), patient satisfaction scores (e.g., Net Promoter Score - NPS), complication rates (e.g., dislocations <3%, infections <2%), cost-effectiveness ratios, and long-term QoL via the EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D) and Short Form-36 (SF-36) questionnaires. Meta-analytic findings demonstrate that accelerated PT and tele-rehabilitation significantly outperform standard protocols in short-term outcomes, yielding mean differences of -2.5 points in VAS pain scores (95% CI: -3.2 to -1.8, p<0.001, I²=38%), +15.4 points in HHS at 3 months (95% CI: 12.1-18.7, p<0.001, I²=45%), and reductions in LOS by 1.5-3 days (p<0.01). Aquatic therapy proved particularly beneficial for obese patients (BMI >30 kg/m²), improving joint range of motion (ROM) by 20-30% without exacerbating pain. VR and digital interventions showed promise in enhancing adherence rates (up to 85% vs. 60% in traditional methods) and reducing dropout risks. However, long-term efficacy beyond 12-24 months remains inconsistent, with no significant differences in implant survivorship or revision rates (hazard ratio 1.02, 95% CI: 0.95-1.09). Adverse events were rare (<4% overall), primarily minor such as transient pain flares or mild skin irritations from wearables. This review highlights the paradigm shift towards patient-centered, technology-integrated rehabilitation, accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic's emphasis on remote care, while addressing gaps in equity for underserved populations (e.g., rural or low-socioeconomic groups). Limitations include methodological heterogeneity (e.g., varying intervention durations from 4-12 weeks), potential publication bias (Egger's test p=0.04), and underrepresentation of diverse ethnicities and comorbidities. Future directions advocate for large-scale, multicenter RCTs incorporating artificial intelligence (AI) for personalized rehab algorithms, cost-benefit analyses in low-resource settings, and longitudinal studies on sustainability. Ultimately, this synthesis provides robust, evidence-based guidance for clinicians to tailor rehabilitation, potentially reducing healthcare burdens by 20-30% through optimized recovery pathways.

The process of digital transformation is driving the rapid integration of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies into healthcare. Modern healthcare systems are characterized by large volumes of complex clinical data, the need for rapid diagnostics, and personalized treatment. Therefore, AI algorithms are recognized as an essential tool to support medical decision-making.
The aim of this article is to highlight the scientific and practical opportunities of artificial intelligence in healthcare and to analyze the main challenges arising from its implementation based on international experiences.

This article analyzes the morphofunctional adaptation mechanisms of the liver under hypoxic conditions. Hypoxia leads to significant disturbances in cellular metabolism and energy production, particularly affecting organs with high metabolic activity such as the liver. The study focuses on structural changes in hepatic tissue, metabolic reprogramming of hepatocytes, mitochondrial functional modulation, and activation of hypoxia-responsive regulatory pathways. Special attention is given to the balance between adaptive and pathological processes during oxygen deficiency. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for improving the diagnosis and management of hypoxia-associated liver dysfunction.

Gastritis remains one of the most prevalent chronic inflammatory conditions of the stomach worldwide, with significant clinical and socioeconomic consequences. Modern preventive strategies increasingly emphasize the importance of morphofunctional alterations of the gastric mucosa, including structural changes, secretory dysfunction, and molecular markers of inflammation and atrophy. The present study provides a narrative analytical review of peer-reviewed articles indexed in PubMed and Scopus databases, focusing on the role of morphofunctional features in the prevention of gastritis. The analysis highlights key morphological indicators such as inflammatory cell infiltration, glandular atrophy, and intestinal metaplasia, as well as functional parameters including gastric acid secretion, pepsinogen levels, and gastrin regulation. Particular attention is paid to Helicobacter pylori–associated gastritis and the preventive impact of early eradication on mucosal recovery. The findings demonstrate that integrating morphologic assessment with functional biomarkers enables more effective risk stratification and targeted prevention. This review supports the implementation of combined morphofunctional approaches as a cornerstone of evidence-based gastritis prevention.

Oligohydramnios is a clinically significant obstetric condition associated with increased risks during labor and delivery. Reduced amniotic fluid volume disrupts normal biomechanical and physiological processes necessary for effective labor progression. This narrative analytical review examines evidence from PubMed and Scopus–indexed studies regarding the relationship between oligohydramnios, prolonged labor, and associated maternal and neonatal complications. The analysis highlights pathophysiological mechanisms linking low amniotic fluid volume with dysfunctional uterine contractions, delayed cervical dilation, increased fetal distress, and higher operative delivery rates. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for optimizing labor management and improving perinatal outcomes in pregnancies complicated by oligohydramnios.

The article presents expanded results of a clinical and laboratory study of homocysteine levels in patients with chronic generalized periodontitis who have had COVID-19. A detailed analysis of age-related and clinical features, statistical assessment of the obtained data, and pathogenetic justification for a comprehensive approach to treatment were conducted.

Chronic renal failure (CRF) is a non-specific syndrome that develops in hereditary, congenital, and acquired kidney diseases due to the progressive death of nephrons and stroma with a steady decrease in the ability of the kidneys to perform homeostatic functions. More than 50 diseases are known, that end with CRF with different frequencies and speeds (14). The true social significance of diseases for society is currently underestimated. Meanwhile, erased and latent forms of nephropathies are increasingly common in childhood, diagnosed late and early leading to the formation of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and CRF (15,13). The origins of CKD in the adult population often also go back to childhood.

This scientific article examines the clinical, immunological, and anthropological characteristics of pneumonia in children with chronic diseases, including bronchial asthma, cardiovascular diseases, and chronic anemia. The study was conducted during 2024–2025 in the pediatric demonology and cardiology departments of Samarkand State Medical University and was based on clinical observation and analysis of patients hospitalized with a diagnosis of pneumonia. A total of 72 pediatric patients diagnosed with pneumonia were included in the study. The patients were divided into three groups according to their underlying chronic conditions: bronchial asthma, cardiovascular diseases, and chronic anemia.

In each group, the severity of pneumonia, the dynamics of inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein and nonreciprocal), oxygenation parameters, and the microbiological spectrum were compared. Evaluation of treatment effectiveness demonstrated the importance of an individualized therapeutic approach. In particular, optimization of inhalation therapy in the asthma group and adjustment of diuretic, anticoagulant, and metabolic support protocols in patients with underlying cardiovascular pathology resulted in improved clinical outcomes. These findings serve as a scientific basis for the management of co-morbid pneumonia in pediatric and pulmonology practice.

The aim of the study was to investigate the clinical and endoscopic features of chronic gastritis in children.A total number of 84 children aged 7 to 16 years were examined. It was established that the clinical picture is characterized by pain, dyspeptic symptoms, and astheno-neurotic syndromes,the severity of which correlated with the morphological activity of the inflammatory process and the presence of Helicobacter pylori infection. Endoscopically, superficial and focal forms of gastritis predominated; morphological examination revealed mucosal infiltration by lymphocytes and plasma cells, as well as epithelial dystrophic changes.

Allergic diseases in children, including asthma, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, and food allergies, are increasingly prevalent worldwide and pose significant challenges to pediatric healthcare. Effective management requires modern pharmacological strategies, including antihistamines, corticosteroids, bronchodilators, leukotriene receptor antagonists, biologics, and allergen immunotherapy. This article reviews current approaches to pediatric allergy treatment, emphasizing individualized therapy, early intervention, and patient-centered care. The integration of evidence-based pharmacological interventions with education and trigger avoidance improves disease control, prevents complications, and enhances children’s quality of life.

Biological signals are essential tools in modern medical diagnostics, as they provide objective and real-time information about the functional state of the human body. These signals include electrical, physiological, and biochemical signals generated by organs and biological systems. By analyzing biological signals, healthcare professionals can detect diseases at early stages, monitor patient conditions, and evaluate the effectiveness of medical treatments. This article discusses the diagnostic importance of biological signals, their main types, current challenges related to signal quality and interpretation, and possible solutions to improve diagnostic accuracy.

Chronic recurrent aphthous stomatitis is an inflammatory disease of the oral mucosa, characterized by the appearance of aphthous lesions, a long course with periodic relapses and is often accompanied by diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Chronic cholecystitis is an inflammatory disease of the gallbladder wall. It develops due to the formation of stones in the gallbladder, which leads to stagnation of bile. Periodically arising and passing inflammations lead to changes in the wall of the gallbladder with the development of chronic calculous cholecystitis in it. Along with the general clinical signs of chronic calculous cholecystitis, changes in the oral mucosa develop.

This scientific article describes the types of blood-borne diseases, transmission mechanisms and methods of protecting nurses working in medical institutions from these diseases. Occupational risk factors, preventive measures and occupational safety issues were also analyzed.

A comprehensive approach to the treatment of pneumonia can yield better outcomes if all the capabilities of therapeutic physical training and physiotherapy, whose effectiveness has been proven over many years, are fully utilized. The use of physical rehabilitation methods in pneumonia, particularly respiratory rehabilitation, increases tolerance to physical exertion and allows improvement in oxygen consumption and endurance in patients compared with baseline levels. In addition, it reduces the frequency and duration of hospitalization and significantly enhances the effectiveness of pharmacological therapy.At the first and second stages of care for patients with pneumonia of various etiologies, therapeutic physical exercises that improve the drainage function of the bronchi and stimulate secretion clearance are recommended. The use of physiotherapeutic treatment methods with bactericidal, anti-inflammatory, anti-edematous, and resorptive effects significantly increases the effectiveness of comprehensive therapeutic interventions.

This article examines the efficiency of modern automated laboratory systems in clinical diagnostics. The study analyzes how automation improves diagnostic accuracy, reduces human error, increases throughput, and optimizes laboratory workflow. The clinical significance of these systems is highlighted, emphasizing their role in early disease detection, personalized medicine, and evidence-based decision-making. Challenges such as high initial costs, maintenance requirements, and staff training are discussed, along with strategies for system optimization. The findings demonstrate that automated laboratory technologies significantly enhance diagnostic performance and contribute to improved patient care.

The formation and maturation of female gametes, or oogenesis, is a fundamental biological process essential for human reproduction and genetic stability. This process begins during embryonic development, when primordial germ cells migrate to the developing ovaries and differentiate into oogonia. Oogonia undergo mitotic divisions, enter meiosis, and arrest at prophase I until puberty. Follicular growth, nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation, and hormonal regulation are critical for producing competent oocytes capable of fertilization. Genetic, molecular, and environmental factors influence oocyte quality and reproductive outcomes. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for fertility preservation, assisted reproductive technologies, and the prevention of reproductive disorders. Recent advances in molecular biology and reproductive medicine provide insights into improving oocyte competence and clinical interventions.

Muscle tissue is a specialized biological tissue characterized by its ability to contract and generate force, playing a fundamental role in movement, posture maintenance, circulation, and visceral functions in the human body. From the perspective of histology, cytology, and embryology, muscle tissue represents a complex system of differentiated cells with distinct structural, functional, and developmental characteristics. This article provides a comprehensive scientific overview of muscle tissue, focusing on its classification, cellular organization, ultrastructural features, mechanisms of contraction, embryonic origin, and functional significance. The study is based on established morphological, cytological, and developmental data derived from classical and modern scientific literature. Emphasis is placed on skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle tissues, highlighting their unique histological features and physiological roles. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of muscle tissue as an essential component of human anatomy and physiology.

This scientific article analyzes the issues of assessing the level of glycemic compensation in patients with type 2 diabetes. The main objective of the study is to determine the level of diabetes control based on fasting and postprandial glucose levels and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels. During the study, the results of clinical and laboratory examinations were analyzed and the main factors affecting glycemic compensation were identified. The results showed that a significant proportion of patients have insufficient glycemic control, which is associated with the duration of the disease, overweight, insulin resistance, and non-adherence to medication. It was also found that rational nutrition and physical activity are important in improving glycemic compensation. The results obtained indicate the need to improve the treatment strategy based on an individual approach in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Malocclusion is a widespread dental issue among adolescents that can affect oral health, function, and aesthetics. During adolescence, the dentofacial system undergoes significant growth and development, making it particularly sensitive to genetic, environmental, and behavioral influences. This study investigates the prevalence of malocclusion in adolescent populations and identifies the main contributing factors, including hereditary predisposition, oral habits such as thumb sucking, premature loss of primary teeth, and functional disturbances like mouth breathing. Early identification of these factors is crucial for planning preventive measures and timely orthodontic treatment, which can improve both oral health outcomes and quality of life.

Chronic recurrent aphthous stomatitis is an inflammatory disease of the oral mucosa, characterized by the appearance of aphthous lesions, a long course with periodic relapses and is often accompanied by diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Chronic cholecystitis is an inflammatory disease of the gallbladder wall. It develops due to the formation of stones in the gallbladder, which leads to stagnation of bile. Periodically arising and passing inflammations lead to changes in the wall of the gallbladder with the development of chronic calculous cholecystitis in it. Along with the general clinical signs of chronic calculous cholecystitis, changes in the oral mucosa develop.

In most cases of chronic calculous cholecystitis on the oral mucosa, patients feel discomfort caused by swelling, the appearance of aphthae, erosions, ulcers and other changes. In chronic cholecystitis, we observed patients with chronic recurrent aphthous stomatitis, which occurred equally often in both women and men. Diagnosis of chronic recurrent aphthous stomatitis is often limited only to objective data on the clinical manifestations of the disease on the oral mucosa. Biopsy of aphthae on the oral mucosa is usually not performed. The prevalence of chronic recurrent aphthous stomatitis in chronic cholecystitis is very variable, ranging from 5 to 60% and depends on the population studied, environmental factors and diagnostic criteria. A number of authors believe that the results of treatment of chronic recurrent aphthous stomatitis against the background of digestive diseases are not always satisfactory due to frequent relapses.

The purpose of the study: justification of pathomorphological studies for the diagnosis of chronic recurrent aphthous stomatitis in chronic calculous cholecystitis.

This article discusses the medical and social relevance of hyperandrogenism (HA) in regard to infertility and pregnancy loss. Despite the advancements in reproductive health, there is still an ignorance regarding the clinical and biochemical features of HA in pregnancy and its implications on reproductive failure. This study is targeted at developing diagnostic and prognostic methods for pregnancy outcomes in women with HA. Women were evaluated with typical symptoms of HA, that is hirsutism, acne, and ovarian dysfunctions. Instrumental diagnostics included ultrasound apart from clinical examinations and laboratory tests. It has been earlier demonstrated that hormonal disturbances with precursors androgen levels are seminal factors for infertility as well as early gestational losses in pregnancies. Risk factors associated with decadence or treatment tailored to HA reduced significantly the complications of infertility as well as pregnancy. The research demonstrates the need for awareness regarding HA as one major reproductive health issue requiring sound management strategies to rectify effectively. The results hold hope not only for better integration of targeted interventions within standardized protocols but also enhanced outcomes for patients, along with quality-of-life improvements.

Infertility is one of the pressing problems of the 21st century, affecting more than 15% of couples of reproductive age. Endometrioid ovarian cysts (EOCs) are a common manifestation of endometriosis and one of the main causes of infertility. EOCs not only impair ovarian function but also create a general inflammatory background, hindering the onset of pregnancy. This article provides information on modern aspects of infertility associated with EOCs, new methods of diagnosis and treatment, as well as innovative approaches aimed at increasing the chance of pregnancy.

Chronic heart failure is a major cardiovascular syndrome characterized by impaired cardiac function, high morbidity, and elevated risk of adverse cardiovascular events. Endothelial dysfunction plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of chronic heart failure, contributing to impaired vascular tone, reduced nitric oxide bioavailability, oxidative stress, inflammation, and prothrombotic states. These alterations exacerbate disease progression, increase cardiac workload, and elevate the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, thromboembolic complications, and sudden cardiac death. Early identification and management of endothelial dysfunction can improve vascular health, reduce cardiovascular risk, and enhance prognosis in patients with chronic heart failure. This review highlights the mechanisms, clinical implications, assessment methods, and therapeutic strategies targeting endothelial dysfunction in chronic heart failure.

The expansion of digital healthcare systems has increased the efficiency of medical services while simultaneously creating significant cybersecurity challenges. The use of electronic health records, telemedicine, cloud platforms, and connected medical devices exposes healthcare infrastructures to cyber threats such as data breaches and unauthorized access. This annotation highlights the importance of protecting sensitive medical data and ensuring system reliability through effective cybersecurity measures. Strengthening cybersecurity frameworks is essential for maintaining patient safety, privacy, and trust in digital healthcare systems.

This study investigates the use of Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) in medical training. VR provides fully immersive simulations for practicing clinical skills, surgical procedures, and patient interactions in a risk-free environment, enhancing procedural memory and decision-making. AR overlays digital information onto real-world settings, supporting guided procedures, anatomy visualization, and real-time feedback. Evidence indicates that these technologies improve learning outcomes, engagement, and retention compared to traditional methods. While challenges such as cost, technical limitations, and instructor training exist, VR and AR offer transformative potential in medical education, enabling safer, more effective, and interactive skill acquisition for students and professionals.

This study examines the use of machine learning (ML) models for the early detection of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Early diagnosis is critical for effective treatment, yet traditional methods may be limited in speed and accuracy. ML algorithms, including logistic regression, support vector machines, and neural networks, analyze patient data such as medical history, lab results, and imaging to identify risk patterns. These models enable personalized risk assessment, improve clinical decision-making, and support timely intervention. The study also addresses challenges such as data privacy, model interpretability, and integration into healthcare systems. Overall, ML provides a promising approach to enhance early detection and management of cardiovascular diseases.

Gutta-percha remains the most widely used core material in endodontic obturation due to its unique physicochemical properties, biological safety, and long-term dimensional stability. This article provides a comprehensive scientific overview of gutta-percha, including its chemical composition, natural origin, processing technologies, and industrial manufacturing practices. The theoretical foundations of gutta-percha behavior under thermal and mechanical conditions are examined based on data extracted from scientific databases and published academic sources. Special attention is given to the polymeric structure of trans-1,4-polyisoprene, filler composition, phase transitions, and thermoplastic characteristics that define its clinical applicability. Additionally, the paper reviews leading global manufacturers producing dental gutta-percha and analyzes standardization requirements for material purity, radiopacity, and sterility. The methodological framework is based on systematic literature retrieval from major scientific platforms, dissertations, and material science publications. Results demonstrate that gutta-percha’s success lies in its chemical inertness, low toxicity, controlled thermal softening, and adaptability to modern obturation techniques. Discussion focuses on technological evolution, material modifications, and prospects for future polymer innovations. The article concludes that gutta-percha remains an indispensable benchmark material in endodontic obturation science.

This piece looks into how tiny-cut surgeries work in bone and trauma medicine, viewing results through the eyes of a scientist from Uzbekistan joining worldwide research talks. Findings pulled from major global trials and reviews help show what happens after surgery - how fast people heal, fewer issues arise, movement returns quicker, plus rehab paths shaped around patients. Global knowledge meets local hospital conditions in Uzbekistan, pointing out that new tools matter less than whether they fit real-world clinics. Progress here is not about flashy gear but steady gains in care quality. The shift now leans on moving sooner after operations, sparing healthy tissues, blending therapy early - all tied to stubborn medical questions answered by solid proof.

This piece looks into why some people develop arthritis after an injury, digging into physical and bodily processes that wear down joints. A close look at major global research and patient data shows poor bone healing, injured cartilage, swelling inside tissues, along with slow recovery efforts can push things forward. Coming from Uzbekistan, our view ties advanced medical methods to local health realities, measuring these against worldwide norms. Timing matters - spotting risks sooner, shaping care to fit each person, bringing in tissue-healing strategies makes a difference over time. Tough questions remain in practice; yet clear findings point toward smarter steps that ease hardship and help lives stay fuller after joint injuries.

This article presents data on establishing the age of traumatic brain injury. Morphologically, these injuries often manifest as epi-, subdural, and subarachnoid hemorrhages. The nature of morphological changes, particularly the state of the hemorrhage, the presence of a clot, color, organization or resorption, density, and a number of other characteristics, can be used to accurately determine the age of the injury.

A study of living individuals with burn injuries was conducted, 21 of whom were examined in the forensic outpatient department (Group 1), and the remainder in the combustology department (Group 2). It was found that burn injuries primarily occur due to exposure to high temperatures (flames, flammable liquids), and are predominantly male and of working age. To determine the extent of the burn, it is necessary to consider the burn surface area, while also determining the depth of the burn.

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a multifaceted endocrine disorder characterized by metabolic dysregulation and impaired reproductive function. Insulin resistance is a central pathogenic mechanism contributing to hyperandrogenism and ovulatory dysfunction. Given the heterogeneity of PCOS, treatment strategies increasingly focus on individualized and combined therapeutic approaches.

Objective: To evaluate the effects of personalized and combined treatment strategies, including lifestyle interventions and pharmacological therapy, on insulin resistance and reproductive function in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Methods: A prospective analytical study was conducted involving women of reproductive age diagnosed with PCOS according to the Rotterdam criteria. Participants received either lifestyle intervention alone or a combination of lifestyle modification and individualized pharmacological therapy. Insulin sensitivity was assessed using fasting insulin levels and the HOMA-IR index. Reproductive outcomes were evaluated by menstrual cycle characteristics, ovulatory function, and endocrine parameters before and after treatment.

Results: Patients receiving combined therapy demonstrated a more pronounced improvement in insulin sensitivity, reflected by a significant decrease in fasting insulin levels and HOMA-IR values. Restoration of regular menstrual cycles and ovulation occurred more frequently in the combined treatment group. Individualized therapeutic regimens were associated with improved hormonal balance and a reduction in clinical manifestations of hyperandrogenism.

Conclusion: Personalized and combined therapeutic strategies provide superior metabolic and reproductive benefits in women with PCOS compared to lifestyle intervention alone. These findings support the implementation of individualized treatment algorithms targeting both insulin resistance and reproductive dysfunction.

Radiomics transforms medical images into high-dimensional quantitative data, enabling objective disease characterization. In pediatric imaging, radiomics offers promising applications in oncology, neurology, and pulmonary diseases. This review summarizes current evidence, challenges, and future directions of radiomics in pediatric medicine.

Meloidogyne nematodes, more commonly known as root-knot nematodes, constitute one of the most devastating groups of plant-parasitic nematodes in global agriculture. They attack various crops, causing root galls (knots), weakening plant vigor and substantially reducing yields. Globally, these nematodes are recognized for their adaptability, wide host range, prolific reproduction, and resilience, making their management a significant challenge for producers and researchers. Their feeding induces physiological, morphological, and biochemical changes in host plants, making them more susceptible to other pathogens and environmental stresses.

Vitiligo is a chronic autoimmunе skin disordеr charactеrizеd by thе loss of mеlanocytеs, lеading to dеpigmеntеd patchеs on thе skin. Although thе disеasе is not lifе-thrеatеning, it significantly affеcts patiеnts’ quality of lifе duе to its psychological and social impact. Ovеr rеcеnt dеcadеs, considеrablе progrеss has bееn madе in undеrstanding thе pathogеnеsis of vitiligo, which has contributеd to thе dеvеlopmеnt of modеrn and morе еffеctivе trеatmеnt stratеgiеs. This articlе rеviеws contеmporary mеthods for thе managеmеnt of vitiligo, including topical thеrapiеs, photothеrapy, systеmic immunomodulatory trеatmеnts, surgical approachеs, and еmеrging targеtеd thеrapiеs such as Janus kinasе (JAK) inhibitors. Thе advantagеs, limitations, and clinical еffеctivеnеss of thеsе mеthods arе discussеd. A comprеhеnsivе and individualizеd trеatmеnt approach is еssеntial to achiеvе optimal rеpigmеntation and improvе patiеnt outcomеs.

Background: Reproductive health is a cornerstone of public health, directly influencing maternal and child mortality rates. In Uzbekistan, the primary healthcare system relies heavily on patronage nurses to deliver care to women of reproductive age (WRA). However, the effectiveness of nursing interventions in outpatient settings remains under-evaluated. This study aims to assess the impact of an "Enhanced Nursing Care Model" on reproductive health indicators, patient satisfaction, and preventive behavior among WRA in the Andijan region. Methods: A prospective comparative study was conducted in 4 Family Polyclinics. 400 women of reproductive age were enrolled. The Intervention Group (n=200) received care from nurses trained in a new protocol (active counseling, home monitoring, digital tracking), while the Control Group (n=200) received standard care. Key performance indicators included contraceptive prevalence rate, screening coverage for cervical cancer/anemia, and patient satisfaction scores over a 12-month period. Results: The Intervention Group showed a significantly higher uptake of modern contraceptives (62% vs. 45%, p<0.01) and improved screening rates for anemia (95% vs. 70%). Patient satisfaction with nursing care was 92% in the Intervention Group compared to 68% in the Control Group. Nurses in the enhanced model identified high-risk pregnancies earlier (8 weeks gestation vs. 14 weeks). Conclusion: Expanding the role and competency of nurses in outpatient settings significantly improves reproductive health outcomes. A proactive, nurse-led model is cost-effective and essential for strengthening the primary care system.

Purulent-inflammatory diseases are common in clinical practice and are associated with a high risk of complications, prolonged disease course and increasing antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, the search for effective adjunctive therapeutic approaches remains highly relevant. This article analyzes the clinical efficacy and pathogenetic significance of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation in the treatment of purulent-inflammatory diseases. The study is based on a systematic review of contemporary domestic and international scientific literature, as well as the synthesis of available clinical and experimental data. The findings indicate that local UV therapy contributes to a reduction in microbial load, faster wound decontamination, early formation of granulation tissue and acceleration of epithelialization processes. In addition, systemic UV applications have been shown to modulate immune responses and improve the overall clinical condition of patients. It was determined that individualized dosing regimens, strict adherence to safety measures and the combined use of UV irradiation with antibiotic therapy are key factors enhancing treatment efficacy. The results support the use of ultraviolet irradiation as an effective adjunctive modality in the comprehensive management of purulent-inflammatory diseases.

With urbanization and changing eating behaviors, fast food consumption among school-age children has increased, significantly impacting the health of the younger generation. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of fast food consumption frequency on the nutritional status of schoolchildren. The study analyzed eating habits, fast food frequency, and their relationship with key nutritional indicators, including body mass index, daily dietary intake, and macro- and micronutrient status. Regular fast food consumption was found to be associated with excess fat, table salt, and simple carbohydrate intake, along with a deficiency of vitamins, dietary fiber, and minerals. Schoolchildren with a high frequency of fast food consumption were more likely to exhibit signs of unbalanced diets and nutritional status deviations. These results support the need to develop and implement comprehensive preventive measures aimed at promoting healthy eating habits and reducing fast food consumption in schools.

This article analyzes the physiological, hormonal, and metabolic factors associated with increased body mass in women, based on authoritative scientific literature. Traditional and modern approaches to body mass reduction are comprehensively discussed, including balanced nutrition, increased physical activity, psychological strategies, and medically supervised therapeutic interventions. Special attention is given to female-specific characteristics related to age, reproductive status, and hormonal changes. The article emphasizes the importance of an individualized approach to achieving sustainable and safe body mass reduction outcomes. All presented information is derived from well-established clinical experience and reliable medical textbooks.

This article analyzes the scientific-theoretical foundations, advantages, and practical outcomes of the digitalization of the healthcare system, as well as the use of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in this process. It discusses the introduction of digital technologies into the medical field, their stages of development, and areas of application.

The article provides a comparative analysis of the digitalization processes in the healthcare systems of South Korea and Uzbekistan, identifying their similarities and differences. The analysis also covers the strengthening of digital infrastructure, improving the digital competencies of medical professionals, standardization trends of AI-based medical equipment, and the policy prospects of foreign countries in this area. The article includes analyses and examples illustrating the current stage of digital infrastructure development in today’s healthcare system.

In addition, the article thoroughly examines the impact of AI technologies on changes in the field of medical devices, as well as their role and significance in the healthcare industry.

This study aims to evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of thyroid parenchymal disease in adolescents with type 1 diabetes using the ACR TI-RADS (American College of Radiology Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System) classification. A total of XX adolescents (aged 12–18 years) with type 1 diabetes were examined via high-resolution thyroid ultrasonography. Nodules were classified according to the ACR TI-RADS scoring system, and correlations with clinical parameters, glycemic control, and autoantibody status were analyzed. Results showed that X% of participants had thyroid nodules, with TI-RADS 3 being the most common category. A positive correlation was found between disease duration and the presence of nodules. The findings underscore the importance of routine thyroid screening in this population.

Stress is one of the most significant factors affecting the cognitive functions of students in modern educational environments [3, 5]. High academic workload, emotional pressure, and social challenges can negatively influence attention, memory, thinking, and learning efficiency [2, 4, 8]. This study aims to assess the impact of stress on cognitive functions in students using psychological questionnaires and cognitive assessment methods [1, 9]. The methodology includes evaluating stress levels and analyzing their relationship with key cognitive indicators [3, 4, 10]. The results of this research can contribute to the development of effective stress management strategies and the improvement of students' academic performance and mental well-being [9].

Stress is one of the most significant factors affecting the cognitive functions of students in modern educational environments [3, 5]. High academic workload, emotional pressure, and social challenges can negatively influence attention, memory, thinking, and learning efficiency [2, 4, 8]. This study aims to assess the impact of stress on cognitive functions in students using psychological questionnaires and cognitive assessment methods [1, 9]. The methodology includes evaluating stress levels and analyzing their relationship with key cognitive indicators [3, 4, 10]. The results of this research can contribute to the development of effective stress management strategies and the improvement of students' academic performance and mental well-being [9].

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This article analyzes the theoretical and practical foundations of nanocomposite material synthesis by sol–gel technology and examines the prospects for using such materials in modern medicine. The concepts of nanotechnology and nanocomposite materials, in particular nano-scale biomaterials (nanobiomaterials), and their roles in drug delivery systems, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine and medical imaging are discussed in detail. The stages of the sol–gel process, mechanisms of stable incorporation of metal-oxide nanoparticles into oxide matrices, and the key parameters that allow control of particle size and morphology (pH, temperature, water-to-precursor ratio R, type of catalyst) are explained from a methodological point of view. Based on the analysis, it is substantiated that nanocomposites obtained via sol–gel processing has high scientific and practical potential as drug-carrier platforms, bioactive coatings, bone implants and diagnostic probes. The work provides a comparative review of research conducted by CIS and international scientific schools and presents a systematic discussion of the scientific and technological approaches required for introducing sol–gel nanocomposites into medical practice.

Alcoholic liver diseases (ALDs) represent one of the most pressing public health challenges worldwide, including in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Chronic and excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages leads to progressive liver damage, ranging from fatty liver to alcoholic hepatitis and ultimately liver cirrhosis. The liver, as the primary organ responsible for alcohol metabolism, is particularly vulnerable to the toxic effects of ethanol and its metabolites. This scientific article examines the prevalence, pathogenesis, clinical forms, socio-economic consequences, and preventive strategies of alcoholic liver diseases. The study is based on an analytical review of Uzbek medical literature, official health statistics, and preventive healthcare guidelines. The findings highlight the crucial role of primary prevention, reduction of alcohol consumption, early diagnosis, and public health education in mitigating the burden of alcoholic liver diseases. The article emphasizes the importance of integrated medical and social approaches to prevent ALDs and improve population health outcomes.

Enuresis in children is one of the most relevant interdisciplinary problems in modern pediatric neurology, urology, and psychoneurology. Despite significant progress in understanding the pathogenesis of this disorder, the effectiveness of traditional pharmacological and behavioral treatment approaches remains limited, which necessitates the search for and implementation of new non-pharmacological technologies. In recent years, particular interest has been focused on the use of neurostimulation methods, including photobiomodulation, aimed at correcting the functional state of the central and peripheral nervous systems. This review article systematizes current data on the neurophysiological mechanisms of enuresis, the possibilities of neurostimulation and photobiomodulation, and discusses the prospects for optimizing these methods in pediatric neurological practice.

This review article analyzes current scientific data on the impact of nutrition on human health during shift and night work. It examines the characteristics of circadian rhythms and their role in regulating metabolic processes, as well as the impact of sleep-wake cycle disruptions on eating behavior and metabolism. It summarizes the results of epidemiological and clinical studies demonstrating an increased risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and gastrointestinal disorders in shift and night workers. Particular attention is paid to the timing of meals, the quality of the diet, and the distribution of calories throughout the day as key factors in the prevention of nutrition-related disorders. Modern dietary approaches and preventive recommendations aimed at reducing the negative impact of shift work on health are discussed. It is shown that nutritional optimization is an important element of medical prevention for workers in night and shift jobs.

Advanced materials and nanotechnology have significantly transformed modern engineering by enabling the development of high-performance, lightweight, and multifunctional systems. Materials engineered at the micro- and nanoscale exhibit enhanced mechanical, electrical, thermal, and chemical properties. This article explores the role of advanced materials and nanotechnology in engineering applications, highlighting key material classes, fabrication techniques, practical implementations, challenges, and future prospects.

Post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) is a chronic complication that develops after deep vein thrombosis and is characterized by pain, edema, skin changes, and trophic disorders of the lower extremities. This article presents a comparative analysis of conventional (conservative and pharmacological) and modern (endovascular and minimally invasive) treatment methods for PTS. Current evidence from recent clinical studies and systematic reviews was analyzed to evaluate treatment effectiveness. The findings indicate that while conservative therapy can reduce symptoms in mild to moderate cases, modern endovascular interventions demonstrate superior clinical outcomes in patients with severe post-thrombotic disease.

Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that affects individuals of all ages and represents a significant global health burden. The disease is characterized by variable airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and persistent airway inflammation. This review aims to analyze the main pathogenetic mechanisms of bronchial asthma and to describe its key clinical manifestations.

The article is based on a narrative review of current scientific literature focusing on immunological pathways, inflammatory mediators, and structural airway changes involved in asthma development. The findings indicate that Th2-mediated immune responses, eosinophilic inflammation, IgE production, and mast cell activation play a central role in disease pathogenesis. Chronic inflammation contributes to airway remodeling, which may lead to disease progression and reduced lung function.

Clinically, bronchial asthma presents with recurrent episodes of wheezing, dyspnea, chest tightness, and cough, often triggered by allergens, respiratory infections, physical activity, or environmental factors. The variability and reversibility of symptoms reflect the dynamic nature of underlying inflammatory processes. A comprehensive understanding of the relationship between pathogenesis and clinical presentation is essential for accurate diagnosis, effective management, and improved patient outcomes.

A healthy lifestyle is a key determinant of female reproductive health and plays an essential role in maintaining fertility and preventing reproductive disorders. Lifestyle-related factors such as nutrition, physical activity, psychological well-being, and avoidance of harmful habits have been shown to significantly influence hormonal balance, menstrual regularity, and pregnancy outcomes. This review aims to analyze the impact of healthy lifestyle behaviors on female reproductive health based on current scientific evidence.

The article is based on a narrative review of scientific literature focusing on the relationship between lifestyle factors and reproductive health in women. The findings indicate that balanced nutrition and maintaining a healthy body weight support normal endocrine function and ovulation. Regular moderate physical activity improves metabolic and hormonal regulation, while effective stress management contributes to the stability of the hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian axis. In contrast, smoking and alcohol consumption negatively affect ovarian function and fertility.

Overall, the evidence suggests that adopting a healthy lifestyle is a modifiable and effective strategy for improving female reproductive health. Integrating lifestyle-based interventions into preventive healthcare and reproductive health programs may lead to improved fertility outcomes, reduced pregnancy complications, and enhanced overall well-being in women.

The presence of autoimmune diseases in women of late reproductive age (35–45 years) significantly affects the course and outcomes of pregnancy. This article highlights the main principles of managing pregnancy in women of late reproductive age with autoimmune diseases. The mechanisms of the impact of autoimmune diseases on pregnancy, pregnancy planning, a multidisciplinary approach, individual risk assessment, cautious use of medications, and monitoring of maternal and fetal conditions are analyzed. In addition, principles for preventing possible complications during pregnancy and managing the postpartum period are presented. The results of the study are of great importance in ensuring safe pregnancy management and improving perinatal outcomes in this group of women.

 Hemorrhoids are one of the most common diseases of the anal canal and rectum, affecting 10-15% of the adult population, according to epidemiological studies. The aim of the study is to improve the methods of prevention and treatment of cicatricial narrowing of the anal canal after radical hemorrhoidectomy. The clinical part of the study included 297 patients with stage II-IV chronic combined hemorrhoids who underwent radical hemorrhoidectomy operations from 2010 to 2025 at the Khorezm Regional Multidisciplinary Medical Center, as well as 35 patients with cicatricial narrowing of the anal canal after hemorrhoidectomies performed in other institutions. In the main group, the average intraoperative blood loss was 27.6±17.2 ml, which was significantly lower (t=6.65; P<0.001) than in the comparison group (82.3±15.8 ml and 96.2±15.8 ml). The improved Milligan Morgan hemorrhoectomy technique with preservation of the mucocutaneous bridge and without suturing wounds in the transition zone helps to reduce pain reception, reduce hospital stay from 7.4±1.2 to 2.3±0.4 (P<0.05), reduce rehabilitation time from 28.4±2.9 to 17.5±2.6 days, and reduce the frequency of scarring anal canal stenosis from 7-12 to 0.9% (P<0.05).

This article explores the scientific and pedagogical foundations of teaching English to primary school children. The focus is on how primary education systems can integrate English language learning to develop foundational language skills in young learners. Through a detailed examination of various teaching methodologies, strategies, and their application in the classroom, this article aims to highlight the importance of early language acquisition. It emphasizes the cognitive, social, and psychological development of children as essential components in creating an effective English teaching environment. The article also discusses the role of modern teaching aids, digital tools, and interactive methods in fostering a positive learning atmosphere for young learners.

This article provides a detailed analysis of the causes of prolactin hormone level changes in women and their effects on the body. It discusses the role of the pituitary gland, hormonal imbalances, stress, medications, and other factors influencing prolactin levels. Additionally, the reproductive, metabolic, and psychological disorders resulting from increased or decreased prolactin are highlighted. The findings are significant for clinical practice in maintaining female reproductive health and preventing hormonal imbalances.

This article provides a detailed analysis of the epidemiology of endemic goiter, its distribution mechanisms, and preventive measures. Endemic goiter is a chronic thyroid disorder leading to hypothyroidism, often associated with environmental and nutritional factors in various regions. The study examines the territorial distribution of the disease, age and gender differences, and its link with socio-economic conditions. Public health prevention strategies, including iodine supplementation and nutritional improvement, are discussed. The research offers scientific and practical recommendations for reducing the prevalence of endemic goiter and enhancing thyroid health in populations.

The gut microbiota in children plays a crucial role in health and endocrine system function. The composition, diversity, and activity of gut microbiota are closely linked to hormone production, metabolic processes, and immune system regulation. This thesis analyzes the impact of gut microbiota on the endocrine system in children, diseases associated with microbiota imbalance, and preventive measures. Results indicate that regulating the interaction between gut flora and hormones can support healthy growth and development in children.

This article provides a detailed analysis of the histological structure and functional significance of endocrine glands in children. The role of the endocrine system in growth and development, regulation of metabolism, maintenance of fluid-electrolyte balance, and immune response is highlighted. The article also briefly discusses the pathogenesis of disorders such as diabetes mellitus, thyroid diseases, and hormone deficiencies.

Endemic goiter is a chronic hypothyroid disorder primarily caused by iodine deficiency, resulting in thyroid gland enlargement and functional impairments. Its pathogenesis involves reduced thyroid hormone synthesis due to iodine deficiency, compensatory glandular responses, and goiter formation. Treatment includes levothyroxine supplementation, iodine fortification, dietary management, and public health monitoring. Studies indicate that effective control of endemic goiter requires preventive iodine supplementation, regular monitoring, and public awareness programs.

This review article examines the phenomenon of nutraceuticals from the perspective of medical prevention and evidence-based medicine. It analyzes current scientific data on the biological efficacy, safety, and preventive potential of nutraceuticals for various nutrition-dependent and chronic non-communicable diseases. Particular attention is paid to distinguishing between the concepts of "nutraceuticals," "dietary supplements," and "functional foods," as well as the problem of insufficient regulation and standardization of these products. The results of clinical and epidemiological studies demonstrating both the potential preventive effects of individual nutraceuticals and the lack of evidence for many widely advertised products are discussed. It is shown that aggressive marketing often outpaces scientific evidence of effectiveness, creating inflated expectations among the public. The study concludes that a critical, scientifically based approach to the use of nutraceuticals in preventive health care is necessary.

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is one of the most common endocrine diseases and is often asymptomatic, making its timely diagnosis difficult. Despite its subtle clinical manifestations, PHPT is associated with increased bone remodeling, decreased bone mineral density, and an increased risk of fractures, primarily of the vertebrae and proximal femur. This article examines current understanding of the etiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of primary, secondary, and tertiary hyperparathyroidism, as well as their impact on the skeletal system. Particular attention is paid to the role of vitamin D deficiency as a disease-modifying factor affecting the severity of skeletal complications. Current treatment approaches, including parathyroidectomy and drug therapy, and their impact on bone parameters and fracture risk are analyzed.

 In this study, the content of water-soluble B-group vitamins (B₁, B₂, B₆, B₉, B₁₂) and ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in the aqueous extract of Arslonquyruq (Limonium gmelinii) was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and their practical significance in the fields of medicine and pharmacology was comprehensively evaluated. It is well known that water-soluble vitamins play a crucial role in essential metabolic and physiological processes in the human body, including regulation of nervous system function, strengthening of the immune system, hematopoiesis, and enhancement of antioxidant defense mechanisms. Therefore, the investigation of the vitamin composition of medicinal plant extracts using modern analytical techniques is of particular relevance and importance in contemporary scientific research. During the study, the precise concentrations of vitamins in the extract were determined using a Shimadzu LC-40 Nexera Lite HPLC system in combination with internationally recognized standard vitamin solutions. The results revealed that the Arslonquyruq extract contained high levels of vitamin C and B-group vitamins, substantiating the potential of this plant for extensive application in the pharmaceutical and dietary product industries as a natural source of antioxidants and bioactive compounds. In particular, the vitamin C content was recognized for its essential role in collagen synthesis, suppression of inflammatory processes, and activation of the immune system, while B-group vitamins were found to play a critical role in nervous system function and hematopoiesis. Overall, the findings indicate that Limonium gmelinii is a promising bioactive medicinal plant with significant potential for use in healthcare, pharmaceutical sciences, nutrition, and phytotherapy. In addition, the feasibility of developing natural antioxidant preparations with high biological activity, as well as vitamin-enriched beverages and nutraceutical products based on Arslonquyruq extract, was scientifically substantiated. This study contributes to an in-depth investigation of medicinal plants native to the republic and expands the possibilities for their utilization in the domestic pharmaceutical and food industries.

Ectodermal dysplasias are a group of more than 150 syndromes characterized by abnormalities in the development and function of tissues derived from the ectoderm, primarily affecting hair, nails, teeth, and sweat glands. Dental manifestations may include complete anodontia of primary or permanent teeth, often with a conical shape.

This clinical case presents the typical dental anomalies associated with ectodermal dysplasia in an 11-year-old patient, as well as the challenges of restoring aesthetics and function using removable prostheses.

This article examines the theoretical, legal, and socio-economic foundations for the introduction of Mandatory Health Insurance (MHI) in the Republic of Uzbekistan. The study analyzes the current health care financing system and identifies its key limitations related to budget constraints, increasing health care costs, and high out-of-pocket expenditures. Based on international experience, the article evaluates effective models of mandatory health insurance and assesses their applicability to Uzbekistan’s socio-economic conditions. The research substantiates that the implementation of MHI can enhance financial sustainability of the health care system, expand access to quality medical services, reduce financial risks for households, and strengthen social equity. The findings provide scientifically grounded policy recommendations for the phased introduction of mandatory health insurance in Uzbekistan, emphasizing the importance of legal reforms, institutional capacity building, and effective financial management mechanisms.

Motor disorders are the most frequent and severe consequences of cerebral circulation disorders. Transcranial micropolarization is a highly effective additional treatment method for patients with ischemic stroke, which is reflected, in particular, in a significant acceleration of the regression of motor disorders.

The urgency of the problem is determined by its high prevalence. Untimely diagnosis in the early stages of the disease leads to a late start of rehabilitation measures and often to severe disability. Among the many factors associated with the health of the child, one of the leading places belongs to the peculiarities of the intrauterine period of ontogenesis.

This article examines the current state of guided bone regeneration (GBR) in dental implantology, focusing on the management of alveolar bone atrophy. The study reviews the biological principles of bone healing, the historical development of the field from Brånemark to modern CAD/CAM technologies, and specific surgical protocols such as the Khoury and Urban techniques. Special attention is given to the evolution of individual 3D-printed titanium meshes, their optimization parameters, and the clinical significance of pseudo-periosteum formation. The article concludes that customized titanium structures represent the peak of bone reconstruction evolution, allowing for predictable 3D augmentation in complex clinical scenarios.

This in the article turnip and carrot of plants leaves in the content in the water solvent vitamins amount chemical analysis Analysis​​ to the result according to carrot and turnip The leaf is also a root vegetable. such as useful and healer that Their​​ Vitamin and mineral content of carrots and turnip from the leaves in the future people in medicine usable healer food addition to take for enough that showed .

This article examines the anatomical and physiological features of the respiratory system and nursing care principles for patients with respiratory disorders. The study analyzes current scientific literature on respiratory tract structure, functional mechanisms, and evidence-based nursing interventions.

This article addresses early diagnosis of cognitive impairment in middle-aged individuals using questionnaires, electroencephalography (EEG), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as well as effective therapeutic approaches.

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide, affecting millions of people annually. While it is traditionally considered to be more common in older adults, an alarming increase in the incidence among younger patients has been observed in recent decades. In young adults, CHD can present atypically, complicating timely diagnosis and treatment [1]. This circumstance highlights the need for a more in-depth study of CHD diagnostic methods in young patients. The sympathetic-adrenal system mediates its adaptive effects through specific chemical messengers, catecholamines, the ratio and level of which in the myocardium is an important physiological constant and is of wide scientific interest.

Odontogenic phlegmon represents a severe purulent-inflammatory condition of maxillofacial soft tissues arising from dental and periodontal infections. In adolescents, this pathology demonstrates particular clinical importance due to anatomical, physiological, and behavioral characteristics that predispose this age group to rapid disease progression and complications. The present article aims to analyze the etiological factors, pathogenetic mechanisms, age-related characteristics, and medical-social determinants of odontogenic phlegmon development among adolescents in the Fergana region based on a synthesis of clinical data, scientific literature, and theoretical evidence. Special attention is given to the classification of phlegmon, its origin, and the distinctive patterns of formation across different age groups. The article further explores why odontogenic phlegmon occurs frequently in children and adolescents, emphasizing the role of untreated dental caries, poor oral hygiene, delayed access to dental care, socioeconomic barriers, and insufficient preventive programs. Available statistical trends from regional and international studies are incorporated to demonstrate prevalence patterns and risk distribution. The findings highlight that odontogenic phlegmon in adolescents is not only a clinical problem but also a public health issue requiring integrated preventive strategies. Strengthening school-based oral health education, improving accessibility of dental services, and implementing early diagnostic protocols are essential for reducing disease burden. The article concludes with evidence-based recommendations aimed at enhancing preventive and therapeutic approaches within pediatric and adolescent dentistry.

 Accurate diagnosis is a cornerstone of successful endodontic treatment, directly influencing therapeutic decision-making and long-term clinical outcomes. Over the past two decades, endodontic diagnostics have undergone significant transformation with the introduction of advanced imaging technologies, digital tools, and biologically oriented testing methods. These innovations have improved clinicians’ ability to detect pulpal and periapical pathologies at earlier stages, differentiate between reversible and irreversible conditions, and evaluate complex root canal anatomy with greater precision. This article provides a comprehensive theoretical and evidence-based analysis of the clinical effectiveness of modern endodontic diagnostic methods. The study synthesizes data derived from peer-reviewed scientific articles, systematic reviews, and doctoral dissertations indexed in major biomedical databases. Emphasis is placed on comparing traditional diagnostic approaches with contemporary techniques such as cone-beam computed tomography, digital radiography, electronic pulp testing, laser Doppler flowmetry, and thermal vitality tests. Statistical findings reported in the literature demonstrate that modern diagnostic modalities significantly increase diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity, thereby reducing the incidence of misdiagnosis and unnecessary treatment. Furthermore, these methods enhance clinician confidence, improve treatment planning, and contribute to higher success rates in endodontic therapy. The article concludes that the integration of advanced diagnostic technologies into routine clinical practice represents a fundamental shift toward precision-based endodontics and establishes a new standard of care.

The article presents the results of a comprehensive study of the clinical and immunological characteristics of allergic conjunctivitis in children and an assessment of the effectiveness of the treatment, taking into account the impact of therapy on the patients’ quality of life. A total of 150 children aged 6 to 17 years were examined and observed at the Bukhara branch of the Republican Specialized Scientific and Practical Medical Center of Allergology and the Republican Specialized Center of Eye Microsurgery.