Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that affects individuals of all ages and represents a significant global health burden. The disease is characterized by variable airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and persistent airway inflammation. This review aims to analyze the main pathogenetic mechanisms of bronchial asthma and to describe its key clinical manifestations.

The article is based on a narrative review of current scientific literature focusing on immunological pathways, inflammatory mediators, and structural airway changes involved in asthma development. The findings indicate that Th2-mediated immune responses, eosinophilic inflammation, IgE production, and mast cell activation play a central role in disease pathogenesis. Chronic inflammation contributes to airway remodeling, which may lead to disease progression and reduced lung function.

Clinically, bronchial asthma presents with recurrent episodes of wheezing, dyspnea, chest tightness, and cough, often triggered by allergens, respiratory infections, physical activity, or environmental factors. The variability and reversibility of symptoms reflect the dynamic nature of underlying inflammatory processes. A comprehensive understanding of the relationship between pathogenesis and clinical presentation is essential for accurate diagnosis, effective management, and improved patient outcomes.

Bronchial asthma; Pathogenesis; Airway inflammation; Clinical manifestations; Immunological mechanisms; Th2 response; Airway remodeling

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