Varicocele is a common vascular disorder affecting the male reproductive system and is a leading cause of male infertility. Venous decompensation, characterized by impaired venous return and blood stasis within the pampiniform plexus, plays a critical role in disrupting testicular function. This pathological condition leads to hypoxia, oxidative stress, impaired spermatogenesis, and testicular atrophy. Early detection through physical examination and Doppler ultrasonography is essential for preventing long-term damage and preserving fertility. Therapeutic approaches, including microsurgical varicocelectomy and minimally invasive embolization, have demonstrated significant improvement in venous function, sperm parameters, and reproductive outcomes. This article provides a comprehensive review of the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and treatment strategies of venous decompensation in varicocele.

Varicocele; Venous Decompensation; Spermatic Vein; Testicular Atrophy; Male Infertility; Doppler Ultrasound; Microsurgical Varicocelectomy.

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