The article examines a spectrum of molecular-genetic mechanisms that enable the reprogramming of differentiated somatic cells into gametes within the context of rapidly advancing in vitro gametogenesis (IVG) and its prospective applications in reproductive medicine and biodiversity conservation. The objective is to provide a comprehensive analysis of human-specific signaling pathways, transcriptional networks, and epigenetic modifications that determine the competence of pluripotent cells to enter the germline program, and to evaluate the performance of contemporary IVG protocols. The relevance of this topic stems from the fact that, despite successful implementation of the complete IVG cycle in mice, translation of analogous approaches to humans encounters fundamental divergences in the architecture of gene regulatory networks and unresolved epigenetic safety issues, particularly with respect to genomic imprinting and meiotic errors. The scientific novelty of this review lies in the integration of data from 2010–2025 with an emphasis on the human SOX17–BLIMP1–TFAP2C network, the temporal and dose-dependent interpretation of BMP/WNT signals, two-wave epigenetic reprogramming, and the critical role of metabolic tuning (N2B27, NAC, hypoxia) in sustaining germline competence. It is demonstrated that the principal limitation of IVG is not the mere derivation of pluripotent cells, but rather their positioning along a continuum of states (primed/naïve, iMeLC), the completeness of erasure of epigenetic memory, and the fidelity of meiotic progression; moreover, current 3D models of the gonadal niche (xrOvary, rOv) and synthetic gametogenesis strategies only partially mitigate these barriers and do not eliminate the risks of epigenetic insufficiency in the resulting gametes. The article is intended for researchers in human reproductive biology, regenerative medicine, stem cell biology, and reproductive tissue bioengineering.

The article is dedicated to the analysis of lifestyle modification as a preventive strategy against chronic non-communicable diseases in the adult population. The relevance of the study is determined by the persistent global growth of metabolic, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative disorders that remain insufficiently controlled by pharmacological approaches alone. The novelty of the work lies in the integrative interpretation of lifestyle factors as biologically active signals capable of reshaping intracellular regulatory systems rather than as auxiliary behavioral recommendations. Lifestyle-related behaviors are conceptualized not as external modifiers but as endogenous biological inputs that dynamically regulate intracellular signaling hierarchies and inter-organ communication. The work describes the molecular and systemic mechanisms through which physical activity, dietary modulation, temporal organization of behavior, and stress-regulatory practices influence cellular energy metabolism, inflammatory control, proteostatic maintenance, and epigenetic regulation. Special attention is paid to mitochondrial dynamics, mitohormetic signaling, autophagy–lysosomal flux, neuroimmune reflexes mediated by the vagus nerve, circadian synchronization, and reversible epigenetic modifications. The article sets itself the goal of identifying convergent intracellular pathways through which lifestyle inputs translate into increased metabolic resilience and reduced disease risk. Analytical, comparative, and integrative approaches are applied to synthesize findings across molecular biology, physiology, and systems medicine. The analysis emphasizes dose-dependence, temporal specificity, and reversibility of lifestyle-induced adaptations, highlighting critical thresholds beyond which preventive efficacy is attenuated. The conclusion demonstrates that lifestyle modification operates as a coordinated regulatory intervention capable of destabilizing maladaptive metabolic states and restoring adaptive plasticity. The article will be useful for researchers, clinicians, and specialists working in preventive medicine, metabolic health, and translational physiology.

The human skin is not merely a physical barrier but a complex ecosystem hosting a diverse community of microorganisms known as the microbiome. Disruption of this microbial balance, or dysbiosis, is increasingly recognized as a precursor to various dermatological conditions, including atopic dermatitis and acne vulgaris. This article presents a study conducted at the Department of Dermatology and Venereology of Andijan State Medical Institute. Using the IMRAD framework, the research evaluates the efficacy of a preventive skincare regimen focused on microbiome support compared to traditional hygiene practices. The study involved sixty participants with early signs of skin barrier compromise. One group utilized aggressive antibacterial cleansers, while the other used pH-balanced prebiotic formulations. The results indicate that preserving the acid mantle and supporting commensal flora significantly reduces transepidermal water loss and inflammatory markers. The study concludes that shifting the paradigm from "sterilization" to "microbiome stewardship" offers a potent strategy for the primary prevention of skin diseases.

Numerous studies have shown that data on the treatment of acute heart failure in the elderly are insufficient. Currently, treatment of patients in this age group with decompensated chronic heart failure is based on research findings and expert recommendations. It is known that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, beta-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors are prescribed for the treatment of decompensated chronic heart failure with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, regardless of patient age, and their beneficial effects have been proven. However, recommendations and data for the treatment of decompensated chronic heart failure with moderately reduced and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction are insufficient. In recent years, it has been noted that the use of inotropic agents - catecholamines and calcium sensitizers in the treatment of these conditions is appropriate. This article focuses on these classes of drugs.

Aims: There is limited knowledge regarding the insulin secretion characteristics of pancreatic islets derived from individuals with type 2 diabetes. Given that mitochondria play a central role in generating key metabolites that regulate insulin release, we investigated both insulin secretion and mitochondrial function and morphology in islets isolated from type 2 diabetic patients.

Methods: Pancreatic islets were isolated using collagenase digestion followed by density gradient purification. Insulin secretion in response to glucose and arginine was measured using the batch incubation method. Additionally, adenine nucleotide levels, mitochondrial membrane potential, expression of UCP-2, respiratory chain complexes I and V, and nitrotyrosine content were assessed and analyzed in relation to insulin secretion.

Results: Compared with control islets, islets from diabetic patients exhibited diminished insulin secretion in response to glucose. This defect was accompanied by reduced ATP content, a decreased ATP/ADP ratio, and impaired mitochondrial membrane hyperpolarization. Type 2 diabetic islets also showed increased protein expression of UCP-2, complexes I and V, and elevated nitrotyrosine levels. Morphological analysis revealed that while the number of mitochondria in beta cells was similar between diabetic and control groups, mitochondrial volume density was significantly greater in diabetic beta cells.

Conclusions: In pancreatic beta cells from type 2 diabetic subjects, impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion is closely associated with substantial alterations in mitochondrial function and structure. Notably, upregulation of UCP-2—likely reflecting a state of nutrient excess—results in decreased ATP production and a reduced ATP/ADP ratio, ultimately contributing to diminished insulin release.

Cardiotocography (CTG) is a key method for evaluating fetal condition, providing vital information on fetal heart rate and activity. It is widely applied in clinical settings for monitoring the fetus during pregnancy and labor. Different types of CTG are employed depending on risk factors. Understanding CTG principles and accurate result interpretation helps improve birth outcomes and determine optimal labor management strategies. CTG records made during labor serve as medical documentation, aiding in comprehensive birth assessments and providing legal protection for healthcare providers in complex cases.

The article examines the specific features and challenges of modernization and diversification of the service sector in the Republic of Uzbekistan in the context of structural economic transformations and digital transformation. The growing role of the service sector as one of the key drivers of sustainable economic growth, employment, and enhancement of national economic competitiveness is substantiated. The main development trends in priority segments of the service sector, including tourism, financial and fintech services, information and communication technologies, transport, and logistics, are analyzed. Key constraints to modernization are identified, including regional disparities, infrastructural and human resource problems, as well as institutional barriers. The paper proposes directions for comprehensive modernization and diversification of the service sector based on digitalization, development of platform-based business models, institutional support for innovation, and investments in human capital.

this article examines the significance of the service sector in the modern economy and post-industrial society. It analyzes the concepts of “service” and “service sector,” highlighting the main economic and social functions of the sector. Economic functions include the creation of added value, provision of services to production processes, and reproduction of the workforce. Social functions involve employment of the population, effective organization of leisure time, and meeting various service needs. The article also evaluates the development prospects of the service sector in Uzbekistan and its potential to become a leading sector in a post-industrial society.

The article examines pressing contemporary issues related to strengthening the impact of small business development on improving the financial efficiency of entrepreneurial activity. The main indicators of the level of entrepreneurship development are identified and analyzed. Based on practical materials, specific recommendations are provided for the formation of a civilized market environment and the achievement of optimal employment of the population.

Obesity is one of the most pressing problems of modern medicine, increasing the risk of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the degree of insulin resistance and lipid profile parameters in patients with obesity. A total of 80 patients with obesity participated in the study. Body mass index (BMI), fasting glucose, insulin levels, and lipid profile were measured in all participants, and insulin resistance was assessed using the HOMA-IR index. The results showed that the HOMA-IR index was positively correlated with triglyceride and LDL levels and negatively correlated with HDL levels (p<0.05). The findings confirm that insulin resistance plays an important role in the development of dyslipidemia in obesity.

Recent evidence highlights the role of adipose tissue as an active endocrine organ producing adipokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines that contribute to insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Early identification of risk factors and implementation of preventive strategies are crucial to reducing long-term morbidity and mortality.

This article analyzes the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, complications, diagnostic approaches, and modern management strategies of pediatric obesity..

Dry Eye Syndrome (DES), also known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), is a multifactorial disorder of the tear film and ocular surface, characterized by tear film instability, hyperosmolarity, ocular discomfort, and visual disturbances. DES affects millions worldwide, significantly reducing quality of life and productivity. This review synthesizes current scientific understanding of DES pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnostic criteria, and evidence-based preventive strategies.

Enamel hypoplasia is a developmental defect of dental enamel characterized by a quantitative reduction in enamel thickness due to disruption during amelogenesis. It may present as pits, grooves, or generalized thinning of enamel and can affect both primary and permanent dentition. The condition is associated with genetic, systemic, environmental, and nutritional factors. Enamel hypoplasia increases susceptibility to dental caries, dentin hypersensitivity, and aesthetic concerns. This article reviews the etiology, pathogenesis, classification, clinical presentation, diagnosis, management, and preventive approaches of enamel hypoplasia.

It is known that synthetic drugs do not always give the expected result. Along with the therapeutic effect, they also have side effects that make it difficult for other systems of the body to work smoothly. Medicinal plant-based drugs have almost no side effects compared to synthetic drugs. Due to the fact that various biologically active substances present in the composition increase their interaction, it has a complex effect in the treatment of various diseases.

This article examines global influenza pandemics as one of the most significant threats to public health. It analyzes the historical evolution of influenza pandemics, virological characteristics of the influenza virus, transmission mechanisms, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, treatment strategies, and preventive measures. Special emphasis is placed on global epidemiological surveillance systems and vaccination as key tools for reducing morbidity and mortality. The study highlights the necessity of pandemic preparedness in modern healthcare systems.

x

Relevance. Perinatal damage to the central nervous system (CNS) is detected in 10–20% of newborns and remains a significant cause of disability. Metabolic drugs are used in complex therapy, but their effectiveness has not been sufficiently studied.

Pubertal gynecomastia in boys is a multifactorial endocrine-metabolic condition characterized by benign proliferation of glandular tissue in the mammary gland. Its development is associated with an imbalance between estrogens and androgens, as well as obesity, insulin resistance, and exposure to endocrine disruptors. The prevalence and etiology of this condition in Uzbekistan have been poorly studied. This review analyzes the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations of gynecomastia in adolescents based on domestic and international studies conducted between 2010 and 2025. According to Uzbek authors, the incidence of the transient form of the disease is 7-10%, which is consistent with global rates. Most cases are physiological in nature, while pathological forms are associated with hypogonadism, obesity, and exposure to estrogen-like substances. Given the influence of metabolic syndrome and environmental factors, a multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis and prevention is needed, aimed at weight management and reducing the impact of endocrine disruptors.

This article analyzes the clinical characteristics, diagnostic principles, and modern treatment approaches for open wounds of the maxillofacial region. The etiology of injuries, the degree of tissue damage, and the risk of infection are shown to be the main factors in selecting appropriate treatment tactics. Timely and anatomically accurate primary surgical management plays a decisive role in preventing complications. Comprehensive treatment includes antibacterial therapy, local antiseptics, reconstructive surgery, and rehabilitation measures. The use of physiotherapy and functional exercises contributes to faster recovery of mastication and speech functions. The results demonstrate that a staged comprehensive approach reduces the frequency of infectious complications and improves functional and aesthetic outcomes. Early diagnosis and high-quality primary surgical treatment also significantly improve the patient’s quality of life and social adaptation.

One of the most common complications of cardiovascular diseases is the development of heart failure syndrome (HFS). In developed countries, heart failure is one of the main causes of disability and death among the working-age population (WHO, 2005). The most common causes of heart failure are: ischemic heart disease (50-70%), arterial hypertension (12-17%), alcohol abuse (7-9%), diabetes mellitus (10%), cardiomyopathy (3-4%). The results of numerous studies confirm the direct involvement of systemic and local inflammation in the initiation and development of atherosclerosis and its complications. In this regard, infectious diseases of the oral cavity are considered a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases.

Myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when there is a sustained interruption in coronary artery blood flow, resulting in permanent damage and death of cardiac muscle cells (cardiomyocytes). Even with major progress in catheter-based interventions, MI continues to be a leading cause of death worldwide and significant long-term impairment. This article examines the root causes, underlying biological processes, and up-to-date, evidence-supported treatments. Particular attention is given to drug-based regimens and strategies for prevention to enhance survival and quality of life.

Forensic medicine constitutes a vital component of the criminal justice system by providing scientific medical evaluations for legal purposes. The conclusions of forensic medical experts frequently influence court decisions and investigative outcomes. Nevertheless, inaccuracies and professional errors in forensic practice may result in severe legal, ethical, and societal repercussions. This article examines the principal forms of errors encountered in forensic medicine, identifies the factors contributing to their reminder, and analyzes their potential consequences for judicial processes. Furthermore, effective approaches to reducing forensic errors are discussed, with particular attention given to professional training, methodological rigor, and institutional oversight.

Language serves not only as a means of communication among the peoples of the world, but also as a medium for culture, science, diplomacy, and the exchange of knowledge. Therefore, in foreign language education, it is essential that teachers possess comprehensive linguistic competence and the ability to compare meanings, structures, and cultural elements between the native language and the target language. A deep understanding of both linguistic and cultural dimensions is crucial for effective translation and communication.

Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a chronic facial pain syndrome characterized by brief, recurrent episodes of intense, unilateral, shock-like pain within the sensory distribution of the trigeminal nerve. Despite its relatively low prevalence, the disorder causes marked functional disability and deterioration in quality of life. The underlying mechanism in classical TN is most commonly neurovascular compression that induces focal demyelination and abnormal excitability of trigeminal fibers. Secondary forms may develop in association with demyelinating diseases, tumors, or structural intracranial pathology. Diagnosis relies primarily on clinical evaluation, supported by neuroimaging to exclude secondary etiologies. Pharmacological therapy with sodium channel–modulating anticonvulsants remains first-line treatment, while surgical interventions are reserved for refractory cases. This article presents a synthesized overview of current concepts regarding the mechanisms, diagnosis, and management of trigeminal neuralgia.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most prevalent urological conditions affecting aging men and represents a major cause of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Surgical intervention is indicated when conservative and pharmacological treatments fail. Traditionally, transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) has been considered the surgical gold standard for moderate-sized prostates, while open prostatectomy (OP) has been reserved for large glands. Over the past two decades, holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) has emerged as a minimally invasive, size-independent alternative. This systematic review evaluates and compares HoLEP, TURP, and OP in terms of efficacy, safety, perioperative outcomes, long-term durability, and complications. Current evidence suggests that HoLEP provides equivalent or superior functional outcomes with reduced morbidity and retreatment rates, positioning it as a preferred surgical option for BPH when expertise is available.

Liver fibrosis is defined by progressive accumulation of extracellular matrix components in the liver, leading to scar tissue formation as a consequence of chronic hepatic injury. The condition most commonly develops in the setting of chronic hepatitis, where ongoing inflammation and hepatocyte damage drive fibrotic remodeling. Other contributing factors include hereditary metabolic disorders, portal hypertension, systemic diseases, and prolonged use of certain drugs. 

The thyroid gland (TG) is an iodine-containing endocrine organ responsible for the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones, which regulate the activity of numerous other hormonal systems through complex feedback mechanisms. Thyroid hormones exert profound effects on general metabolism and play a crucial role in the growth, differentiation, and functional maturation of virtually all organs and tissues.

Primarily, thyroid hormones stimulate thermogenesis, enhance oxygen consumption in tissues, and intensify oxidative processes throughout the body. At physiological concentrations, they promote intracellular protein synthesis, whereas excessive levels accelerate catabolic (dissimilatory) processes. Thyroid hormones are also essential for maintaining both cellular and humoral immunity and contribute significantly to tissue regeneration at the cellular level. Therefore, the normal function of the thyroid gland is fundamental to maintaining overall systemic health.

Epilepsy that starts in older people usually involves partial seizures that are either linked to a clear cause or unexplained. It's often tied to other health issues, both physical and mental, and can typically be managed with smaller daily doses of anti-seizure medications. Choosing the right treatment depends on the type of seizure, the overall epilepsy category, any other illnesses, and what other drugs the person is taking. Doctors often prefer medications that don't get broken down much in the body—like gabapentin, levetiracetam, and pregabalin—along with slow-release versions, which seem especially helpful for middle-aged and senior folks.

Oral biofilm represents a complex, structured microbial ecosystem that plays a key role in the development of inflammatory diseases affecting both hard and soft tissues of the oral cavity. Contemporary research confirms that it is the organized microbial biofilm, rather than isolated microorganisms, that serves as the primary etiological factor in dental caries, gingivitis, periodontitis, peri-implantitis, and complications of prosthetic treatment.

The aim of this study was to analyze the structural and functional characteristics of oral biofilm and its influence on the development of inflammatory complications in dental patients. The mechanisms of microbial adhesion, maturation, and resistance, as well as their interaction with the host immune system, are discussed. The obtained data support the necessity of a comprehensive preventive approach aimed at controlling biofilm formation.

This scientific article analyzes modern pedagogical approaches used in teaching specialized subjects by graduates of the Higher Nursing Faculty. The study examines the role of competency-based education, practice-oriented training, and simulation technologies in the educational process. The results demonstrate that the development of pedagogical and professional competencies of specialized subject teachers contributes to improving the quality of education.

This article analyzes the role of a specialized subject teacher at the Faculty of Higher Nursing Education, their professional and pedagogical competencies, as well as the effectiveness of applying modern educational technologies and interactive methods. The research findings demonstrate the contribution of these approaches to the training of qualified personnel in the field of nursing.

This article analyzes the current state of the training process for obstetrician-gynecologists, competency-based approaches in medical education, and the implementation of simulation technologies. According to the research findings, the use of innovative teaching methods in developing practical skills significantly increases the level of professional preparedness of specialists. The obtained results contribute to improving the quality of training obstetrician-gynecologist personnel in higher medical educational institutions.

This article analyzes the pedagogy of working with technical school students, modern approaches to organizing effective education, and the impact of interactive methods on educational quality. The research findings demonstrate the contribution of effective pedagogical organization to improving the professional training of technical school students.

This article presents a scientific analysis of the pharmacological properties of medicinal plants naturally growing in the territory of Uzbekistan. The study focuses on widely used species such as Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice), Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s wort), Matricaria chamomilla (chamomile), Mentha piperita (peppermint), and Peganum harmala (Syrian rue). Their biologically active compounds and mechanisms of pharmacodynamic action were evaluated based on contemporary pharmacognostic and pharmacological data. The results demonstrate that these plants possess anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antispasmodic, sedative, and immunomodulatory properties. The development of phytopharmaceuticals based on local plant resources represents a promising direction for the national pharmaceutical industry.

In the modern education system, improving teaching methods and ensuring students' active participation in the learning process are urgent issues. Interactive teaching methods play an important role in this regard. Through them, students not only acquire knowledge, but also develop skills such as independent thinking, problem solving, and teamwork.

This article examines the major determinants of health, including biological, social, environmental, and lifestyle-related factors. The study analyzes their interrelationship and impact on individual and public health outcomes based on scientific literature. Furthermore, the role of the healthcare system and preventive strategies in strengthening population health is discussed. The findings indicate that health is a multifactorial concept requiring a comprehensive and interdisciplinary approach.

The menopausal transition is associated with profound endocrine and metabolic changes that increase susceptibility to metabolic syndrome. Although estrogen deficiency is a major contributing factor, accumulating evidence indicates that genetic predisposition plays a decisive role in determining metabolic adaptability in menopausal women.

This article synthesizes contemporary findings on genetic determinants involved in the development of metabolic syndrome during menopause. Particular attention is given to genes regulating insulin signaling, adipokine secretion, lipid metabolism, inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial function. The interaction between genetic background, hormonal decline, and environmental influences is analyzed as a key mechanism underlying metabolic maladaptation.

Recognition of genetic susceptibility patterns may facilitate early identification of high-risk individuals and support the development of personalized preventive and therapeutic strategies in menopausal healthcare.

Endometriosis is a chronic estrogen-dependent disease characterized by the presence of endometriotic tissue outside the uterine cavity and accompanied by pain, reproductive dysfunction, and a reduced quality of life. Despite its significant prevalence among women of reproductive age, diagnosis remains challenging. Traditionally, laparoscopy with histological confirmation has been considered the "gold standard" for diagnosis verification. However, its invasive nature limits its use as a primary diagnostic method. Therefore, noninvasive methods for detecting endometriosis are particularly relevant. This article presents an analysis of modern instrumental, laboratory, and molecular diagnostic technologies, their information content, limitations, and prospects for their implementation in clinical practice.

Premature birth is the leading risk factor for neonatal mortality, accounting for 35% of the 3.1 million deaths annually.

Worldwide, more than 15 million babies are born too early, too small, every year, which is equivalent to one baby being born prematurely every 116 minutes.

Complications related to preterm birth are the leading cause of death in children under five years of age, with an estimated 900,000 global deaths in 2019. In our republic, the number of preterm births has increased by 15.4% in the last 3 years, with a total of 6,840 preterm births registered in 2019 and 10,873 in 2023, according to SIAT.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, autoimmune, multisystem inflammatory disease characterized by the production of autoantibodies and immune complex deposition, leading to tissue damage across multiple organ systems. The disease predominantly affects women of reproductive age and demonstrates a highly heterogeneous clinical presentation ranging from mild mucocutaneous manifestations to life-threatening renal, neurological, and hematological involvement. The pathogenesis of SLE involves genetic susceptibility, environmental triggers, hormonal influences, and immune dysregulation, particularly involving B cells, T cells, and type I interferon pathways. Advances in immunopathogenesis have led to the development of targeted immunosuppressive therapies, including biologic agents aimed at B-cell modulation and cytokine inhibition. This article reviews the mechanisms of multisystem involvement, diagnostic principles, and contemporary immunosuppressive treatment strategies for SLE, highlighting recent therapeutic innovations and challenges in long-term disease management.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a prevalent chronic liver disorder characterized by excessive fat accumulation in hepatocytes in the absence of significant alcohol consumption. It is strongly associated with obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome. NAFLD encompasses a spectrum ranging from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, and eventually cirrhosis. Pathophysiology involves multiple metabolic mechanisms including insulin resistance, oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, inflammatory cytokine production, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Early identification of at-risk individuals, non-invasive assessment of fibrosis, and targeted interventions are crucial to prevent progression. Therapeutic strategies focus on lifestyle modification, management of metabolic comorbidities, pharmacologic therapies under investigation, and emerging treatments targeting hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. This article reviews the metabolic mechanisms underlying NAFLD, risk factors for progression to cirrhosis, diagnostic strategies, and current and emerging therapeutic approaches.

Background: Pediatric allergic diseases represent one of the fastest growing chronic conditions worldwide. The first 1,000 days of life constitute a critical window for immune programming, during which genetic, microbial, nutritional and environmental factors interact to shape long-term immune responses.

Objective: To provide a comprehensive analysis of early-life determinants of allergic diseases in children and to synthesize current mechanistic and clinical evidence relevant for pediatric practice.

Methods: Analytical review of contemporary pediatric immunology, epidemiological studies and clinical data. Pathophysiological mechanisms were examined in relation to perinatal exposures, microbiome development, epithelial barrier function and environmental triggers.

Results: Persistent Th2 polarization, impaired regulatory T-cell maturation, microbiome dysbiosis, epithelial barrier dysfunction and environmental inflammation are central mechanisms in pediatric allergy development. Cesarean section, formula feeding, early antibiotic exposure and air pollution significantly increase allergic risk.

Conclusion: Pediatric allergic diseases originate from early immune dysregulation influenced by modifiable perinatal and environmental factors. Preventive strategies should focus on immune tolerance induction during infancy.

Background: Diagnostic radiology is a fundamental component of contemporary medicine, providing non-invasive visualization of anatomical structures and pathological processes.

Objective: To evaluate major radiological imaging modalities, their physical foundations, clinical applications, diagnostic performance, and safety considerations.

Methods: Analytical review of conventional radiography, ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging based on peer-reviewed radiological literature and clinical guidelines.

Results: Each modality demonstrates distinct advantages. CT and MRI offer superior cross-sectional and soft-tissue visualization, while ultrasound provides real-time imaging without radiation exposure.

Conclusion: Evidence-based modality selection improves diagnostic accuracy and patient safety.

 The modernization of pharmaceutical education requires the integration of innovative pedagogical technologies to enhance professional competencies, clinical reasoning, and digital literacy among students. This study analyzes the effectiveness of modern teaching approaches such as problem-based learning (PBL), case-based learning (CBL), simulation technologies, digital platforms, blended learning, and competency-based education in pharmaceutical training. The research evaluates their impact on students’ academic performance, practical skills, and critical thinking abilities. The findings demonstrate that the integration of innovative pedagogical methods significantly improves learning outcomes and professional readiness in pharmaceutical education.

 Thymus vulgaris L. (common thyme) demonstrates exceptional adaptability as a perennial evergreen subshrub in the Fergana Valley's arid continental climate. This study analyzes its growth dynamics, including March-April seed sowing with 25-30 day germination periods, seasonal requirements of 8-9 irrigations, and high tolerance to both drought and cold temperatures down to -15°C. Optimal plant densities range from 111,000-222,000 plants/ha on well-drained neutral soils (pH 6.0-8.0), yielding 2-4 t/ha of harvestable aerial biomass rich in thymol (40-60%) and carvacrol (10-20%). Harvesting occurs from late April to May, capitalizing on the region's hot summers that enhance essential oil synthesis. The plant's ethnobotanical significance in Fergana and Andijan traditional medicine underscores its economic potential for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries.

 Chronic Heart Failure (CHF) represents the final common pathway of various cardiovascular diseases and is a major public health concern in the Fergana Valley. This article presents a retrospective-prospective clinical study conducted at the Department of Faculty Therapy of Andijan State Medical Institute. Using the IMRAD framework, the research analyzes the etiological structure and risk factors contributing to the development of CHF in 84 patients residing in Andijan. The study evaluates the prevalence of ischemic heart disease (IHD), arterial hypertension (AH), and metabolic comorbidities. Results indicate that AH combined with IHD is the predominant etiological factor (65 percent), with a significant contribution from metabolic syndrome components. The study highlights the need for earlier intervention in the "pre-heart failure" stage within the local population.

Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) remains a leading cause of in-hospital mortality worldwide, necessitating precise risk stratification to optimize therapeutic strategies. This article presents a prospective observational study conducted at the Department of Faculty Therapy of Andijan State Medical Institute. Using the IMRAD framework, the research investigates the prognostic determinants of the hospital course in 120 patients admitted with AMI. The study evaluates the predictive value of traditional scales such as GRACE and Killip, alongside novel metabolic markers including lipid peroxidation products and autonomic tone. The results demonstrate that while hemodynamic stability and time to reperfusion are primary prognosticators, the metabolic milieu characterized by oxidative stress and sympathetic overactivity significantly influences the development of early complications like arrhythmias and heart failure. The study concludes that a comprehensive prognostic model integrating clinical, instrumental, and metabolic parameters improves the accuracy of short-term outcome prediction in the local population.

 Cardiac Syndrome X (CSX), characterized by typical angina pectoris and positive stress tests despite angiographically normal coronary arteries, remains a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. This article presents a clinical study conducted at the Department of Faculty Therapy of Andijan State Medical Institute. Using the IMRAD framework, the research investigates the role of the sympathoadrenal system (SAS) in the pathogenesis of CSX. The study involved 60 patients with CSX and a control group of healthy individuals. The functional activity of the SAS was assessed by measuring the daily excretion of catecholamines (adrenaline, noradrenaline) and their precursors. The results demonstrate a state of chronic sympathetic hyperactivity in CSX patients, characterized by elevated catecholamine levels and reduced reserve capacity of the adrenal medulla. The study concludes that autonomic dysregulation is a primary driver of microvascular angina in this population, necessitating targeted sympatholytic therapy.

Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) is a progressive and fatal disease characterized by increased pulmonary vascular resistance and right heart failure. The modern management of PAH relies heavily on a goal-oriented treatment strategy driven by regular risk assessment. This article presents a prospective clinical study conducted at the Department of Faculty Therapy of Andijan State Medical Institute. Using the IMRAD framework, the research evaluates the prognostic value of the multiparametric risk stratification strategy recommended by ESC/ERS guidelines in 54 patients with idiopathic and connective tissue disease-associated PAH. The study correlates risk strata (low, intermediate, high) with clinical outcomes and novel metabolic markers. The results demonstrate that patients maintaining a low-risk profile exhibit significantly better survival and functional capacity, while intermediate and high-risk status is associated with metabolic derangement and frequent hospitalization. The study concludes that rigorous, dynamic risk stratification is the cornerstone of effective PAH management in the local population.

This article analyzes the main etiological factors of dentofacial system anomalies and deformities, as well as modern preventive approaches to their prevention. Research findings indicate that hereditary, prenatal, and postnatal factors significantly influence the normal formation and development of the maxillofacial system. The necessity of implementing preventive measures at the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels is scientifically substantiated. Early diagnosis, elimination of harmful habits, preservation of primary teeth, and the application of interceptive orthodontic treatment methods contribute to preventing the development of complex orthodontic pathologies. A comprehensive and stage-by-stage preventive approach plays a crucial role in reducing the prevalence of dentofacial deformities among children and adolescents.

Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of mortality and long-term disability worldwide. Early diagnosis and timely management are essential to reduce infarct size, preserve neurological function, and improve patient outcomes. This review discusses advances in early detection using neuroimaging, thrombolytic therapy, endovascular interventions, neuroprotective strategies, and multidisciplinary rehabilitation. Evidence from recent clinical trials demonstrates that prompt treatment significantly enhances functional recovery and reduces complications. Secondary prevention measures, including antiplatelet therapy, anticoagulation, and lifestyle modification, are critical for reducing recurrence. Integration of rapid diagnostic techniques, evidence-based therapeutic approaches, and structured rehabilitation forms a comprehensive strategy for managing ischemic stroke. Continuous research and standardized clinical protocols are essential for improving prognosis and quality of life in affected patients.

This article provides a comprehensive review of regenerative technologies in dentistry, focusing on autologous blood-derived products, Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) and Platelet-Rich Fibrin (PRF). It discusses their preparation techniques, clinical applications, dosage, efficacy, and limitations. PRP and PRF, rich in growth factors, stimulate cellular proliferation, angiogenesis, and collagen synthesis, promoting faster regeneration of bone and soft tissues. The article highlights their use in tooth extraction, implant placement, periodontal therapy, and oral surgery, emphasizing improved healing outcomes, reduced postoperative pain and inflammation, and enhanced tissue quality. Moreover, current research and innovative approaches combining PRP and PRF with advanced biomaterials and stem cell therapies are explored, indicating promising future directions in regenerative dentistry. Clinical evidence demonstrates that PRF and PRP are effective, safe, and increasingly integral to modern dental surgical practice.

This article explores the use of sinus lift procedures in upper jaw dental implantology. Anatomical features of the posterior maxilla, particularly the location of the maxillary sinus and available bone volume, directly influence implant placement and long-term success. The primary aim of sinus lifting is to create sufficient bone height for stable implant insertion, ensure proper osseointegration, and improve prosthetic functionality. The article discusses the two main techniques—lateral window (open) and transalveolar (closed)—as well as various bone grafting materials, including autogenous, allogenic, xenogenic, and synthetic options. Indications, contraindications, potential complications, and risk management strategies are analyzed. Results indicate that sinus lifting enhances implant stability, restores masticatory function, and provides improved aesthetic outcomes while ensuring predictable long-term success. Emphasis is placed on thorough preoperative assessment, precise surgical technique, and careful postoperative management. Overall, sinus lift procedures represent an effective and reliable adjunctive method in upper jaw implantology, expanding treatment options for patients with posterior maxillary bone deficiencies.

Esthetic dental implantology has become a critical component of modern restorative dentistry, emphasizing both functional efficiency and visual harmony. The Implant-Guided Concept (IGC) represents a contemporary approach that integrates digital diagnostics, 3D planning, and surgical guidance to optimize implant positioning and esthetic outcomes. This study explores the principles, clinical applications, and advantages of IGC in esthetic zones, highlighting its role in soft tissue preservation, bone management, and prosthetic planning. Evidence from recent literature indicates that guided implant placement enhances predictability, improves patient satisfaction, and minimizes intraoperative errors. While challenges such as high cost, technical complexity, and anatomical limitations exist, ongoing research and technological advances continue to improve the accessibility and reliability of IGC protocols. Overall, the IGC approach is a patient-centered, evidence-based strategy that significantly enhances esthetic and functional outcomes in dental implantology.

Dental caries remains one of the most prevalent chronic diseases in childhood, and its burden is significantly amplified in children diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. Persistent hyperglycemia, altered salivary composition, immune dysregulation, and increased oral microbial pathogenicity collectively contribute to a higher caries risk in permanent dentition. The present article provides a comprehensive theoretical and evidence-based analysis of contemporary preventive strategies for dental caries in children with diabetes. Epidemiological data indicate that the global prevalence of diabetes among children and adolescents is steadily increasing, while caries prevalence in this group ranges from 40% to 75% depending on glycemic control and socioeconomic conditions. Modern preventive approaches extend beyond traditional fluoride application and encompass individualized risk assessment, metabolic stabilization, minimally invasive dentistry, antimicrobial modulation, salivary diagnostics, dietary counseling, digital monitoring technologies, and interdisciplinary care models. Scientific literature demonstrates that well-controlled glycemic status significantly reduces caries incidence and improves salivary flow and buffering capacity. Preventive protocols integrating professional fluoride varnish, pit and fissure sealants, bioactive remineralizing agents, and structured recall systems have shown measurable reductions in DMFT indices. The article synthesizes findings from clinical studies, systematic reviews, and theoretical models to propose an integrated prevention framework. Emphasis is placed on personalized, evidence-based, and metabolically oriented caries prevention strategies tailored specifically for children with diabetes mellitus.

Cyclophosphamide is an alkylating agent widely used in oncology, autoimmune diseases, and experimental immunosuppression models. Despite its therapeutic efficacy, cyclophosphamide induces profound immunotoxic and morpho-functional alterations in lymphoid organs, particularly the spleen. This literature review critically analyzes experimental data from the last decade, with special emphasis on splenic injury induced by cyclophosphamide in Chinchilla rabbits and other animal models.

Experimentally, cyclophosphamide undergoes hepatic bioactivation, leading to oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and activation of intrinsic apoptotic pathways. These molecular processes result in selective lymphocyte depletion, alterations in cytokine profiles, and disruption of splenic microarchitecture.

From an immunological perspective, cyclophosphamide suppresses T- and B-cell proliferation, reduces the CD4⁺/CD8⁺ ratio, weakens the humoral immune response, and alters macrophage and dendritic cell function. Morphologically and functionally, white pulp atrophy, regression of germinal centers, reduction of the marginal zone, sinusoidal dilation, vascular congestion, and increased apoptotic index are observed.

Oxidative stress and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis represent key mechanisms linking cellular injury to organ-level dysfunction. In rabbit models, including the Chinchilla breed, dose- and duration-dependent changes are generally similar to those observed in rodents; however, species-specific differences exist in lymphoid organization and regenerative capacity. This review integrates pharmacological, immunological, and histopathological findings, identifies methodological limitations, and outlines directions for future research.

The use of antibiotics in the treatment of bacterial acute intestinal infections (AII) is a double-edged sword, often leading to the disruption of the gut microbiota and the development of antibiotic-associated dysbiosis (AAD). This article presents a randomized controlled trial conducted at the Department of Infectious Diseases of Andijan State Medical Institute. Using the IMRAD framework, the research evaluates the efficacy of a synbiotic regimen initiated simultaneously with antibiotic therapy versus standard care in preventing AAD in 150 pediatric patients. The study analyzes clinical outcomes, including diarrhea duration, and microbiological shifts in the colonic flora. The results demonstrate that the prophylactic use of multi-strain synbiotics significantly reduces the incidence of AAD, preserves the population of obligate anaerobes, and accelerates the restoration of intestinal homeostasis. The study concludes that "microbiome-protective" therapy should be an integral part of the protocol for managing acute intestinal infections.

Latin has historically served as the foundation of medical terminology and continues to function as a universal linguistic system in international medical communication. Despite no longer being a spoken language, Latin remains essential in anatomy, clinical terminology, pharmacology, and biological nomenclature. This article examines the historical development of Latin in medicine, its structural and linguistic advantages, and its role in ensuring precision, universality, and terminological standardization in global healthcare practice. Special attention is given to the integration of Latin terminology into modern medical education and professional communication. The study demonstrates that Latin remains a crucial element of medical discourse, contributing to clarity, scientific continuity, and intercultural understanding in contemporary medicine.

This article examines contemporary methods of teaching German as a foreign language, highlighting their theoretical foundations and practical significance in modern education. Particular attention is given to communicative and competence-based approaches, interactive teaching strategies, and the integration of digital technologies into the learning process. The study analyzes how effective methodology contributes to the development of students’ linguistic, sociolinguistic, and intercultural competencies. It also discusses the transition from traditional grammar-oriented instruction toward learner-centered and practice-oriented models. The findings suggest that combining communicative methods with innovative educational technologies enhances students’ motivation, autonomy, and overall language proficiency.

The intestinal microbiota is recognized as an important regulator of metabolism in the human body. The metabolites it produces - short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), signaling molecules that activate incretin secretion, and neuroactive substances - regulate energy metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and central nervous system function. Disruption of the microbiota composition leads to a weakening of the intestinal barrier function, the development of low-grade chronic inflammation, and insulin resistance. This article analyzes the main molecular mechanisms of microbiota's influence on metabolism.

Purulent-inflammatory diseases remain a complex clinical problem characterized by persistent microbial contamination, dysregulated immune reactions, impaired microcirculation, and delayed reparative processes. In the context of escalating antimicrobial resistance, non-pharmacological adjunctive strategies capable of pathogenetic modulation are attracting increasing scientific attention. Ultraviolet radiation (UVR), as a biologically active electromagnetic factor, induces a spectrum of photochemical and immunobiological responses that may influence the course of inflammatory pathology.

This analytical review synthesizes current experimental and clinical evidence regarding spectral characteristics, molecular targets, immunoregulatory mechanisms, and antimicrobial properties of UVR. Particular emphasis is placed on dose-dependent biological responses, systemic microcirculatory modulation, and the integration of ultraviolet-based approaches into complex therapeutic protocols. The necessity for standardized dosimetry, objective immunomorphological assessment, and evidence-based safety criteria is critically discussed.

Ultraviolet radiation demonstrates potential as a controlled adjunctive modality in purulent-inflammatory diseases; however, its broader clinical implementation requires rigorous methodological validation and harmonized therapeutic algorithms.

Oxidative stress represents a pivotal pathogenetic mechanism underlying gastric mucosal injury induced by chemical and toxic agents. Excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) disrupts epithelial integrity, impairs microcirculation, and triggers inflammatory cascades, ultimately compromising mucosal regeneration.

x

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood. It is clinically characterized by attention deficit, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, accompanied by deficits in executive functions, working memory, and cognitive control (1-2). Despite the proven effectiveness of psychostimulants (e.g., methylphenidate) and behavioral therapy, some patients demonstrate an incomplete therapeutic response or experience side effects. In recent years, researchers have focused on the role of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of ADHD (4). Molecular hydrogen (H₂) is considered a potential selective antioxidant and cytoprotector. Its use in clinical practice is being studied in various neurological conditions, but its effect on cognitive function in children with ADHD remains understudied (7).

Mechanical ventilation (MV) is one of the fundamental methods of intensive care in newborns with severe respiratory failure. Over recent decades, advances in respiratory technologies, the introduction of surfactant therapy, and the development of non-invasive ventilation techniques have led to a significant reduction in neonatal mortality, including improved survival of infants with extremely low birth weight. At the same time, the use of MV remains associated with the development of a wide range of complications caused by the immaturity of lung tissue, the impact of mechanical and biochemical factors, and the systemic inflammatory response. The most clinically significant complications include ventilator-induced lung injury, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, hemodynamic disturbances, central nervous system damage, and infectious complications. The aim of this review is to provide a systematic and critical analysis of the contemporary scientific literature on complications of mechanical ventilation in newborns, with a focus on pathophysiological mechanisms, risk factors, clinical relevance, and preventive approaches. The presented data highlight the necessity of individualized respiratory support and the further development of lung-protective ventilation strategies in neonatal intensive care.

Constipation is a disorder of bowel function characterized by increased intervals between bowel movements compared to the individual norm or by a systematically insufficient bowel movement. In children, unlike adults, increased intervals between bowel movements are of particular importance. Moreover, many publications note that stool frequency depends on the child's age and, accordingly, the number of feedings, and can be quite variable.

A current study of HCV among the adult population of Navoi Region, conducted in 2025, found that the prevalence of infection was approximately 6%. Surgical interventions emerged as the most significant risk factor, highlighting the need for enhanced sterility monitoring and adherence to infection safety standards during medical procedures. The findings highlight the importance of expanding preventive programs, improving educational initiatives for medical personnel and the public, and implementing systematic infection safety monitoring in healthcare facilities across the region.

This comprehensive literature review examines the specific features of cognitive impairment and dementia in Parkinson's disease (PD), emphasizing their clinical, neurological, and neurobiological underpinnings. The study highlights the critical importance of early detection of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and discusses contemporary diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. The review is based on an extensive analysis of publications from international scientific databases, reflecting the current state of research on the role of neuroinflammation and brain structural alterations in the progression of PD-related cognitive decline.

Sluder’s syndrome, a rare neuralgia of the pterygopalatine ganglion, causes unilateral facial pain with autonomic symptoms (rhinorrhea, lacrimation). Misdiagnosis is common due to overlapping features with migraine, cluster headache, and dental pathologies. This article analyzes clinical characteristics, pathophysiological mechanisms (neurogenic inflammation, central sensitization), and the impact of comorbidities (rhinosinusitis, autoimmune disorders). Modern treatments, including ganglion blocks, radiofrequency ablation, and neurostimulation, are discussed. Early diagnosis is emphasized to prevent pain chronification. The review integrates recent studies (2022–2024) and highlights interdisciplinary management strategies.  

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) remains one of the most prevalent hematological disorders among children worldwide. Early diagnosis is essential to prevent developmental, cognitive, and immunological complications. In recent years, Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies have demonstrated significant potential in improving diagnostic accuracy through automated analysis of laboratory and clinical data. This study evaluates the effectiveness of machine learning algorithms in detecting iron deficiency anemia in pediatric patients. The results indicate that AI-based models achieve diagnostic accuracy ranging from 85% to 95%, outperforming traditional manual assessment methods. The findings confirm that AI can significantly enhance early detection and clinical decision-making in pediatric anemia.

This article discusses the dangers of alcohol consumption, the diseases that result from it, proper care approaches, and aims to provide the public with a comprehensive understanding of this harmful habit. It also highlights its social risks and pathological conditions.

Pertussis, caused by Bordetella pertussis, remains a significant public health concern despite widespread vaccination. Antibiotic therapy plays a crucial role in eradicating bacterial carriage, reducing transmission, and mitigating disease severity when administered early. The present review analyzes the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) characteristics of antibiotics recommended for pertussis treatment, including macrolides (azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX). Data were synthesized from peer-reviewed publications, clinical guidelines, and pharmacological references. Macrolides demonstrate high intracellular penetration, prolonged half-lives (notably azithromycin), and concentration-dependent activity against B. pertussis. TMP-SMX exhibits time-dependent bacteriostatic effects by sequential inhibition of folate synthesis. Understanding PK/PD parameters such as minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), area under the concentration–time curve (AUC), peak plasma concentration (Cmax), and time above MIC (T>MIC) is essential for optimizing dosing regimens and minimizing resistance.

 Minimally invasive surgery has significantly transformed modern operative practice, particularly with the widespread adoption of laparoscopic techniques. This study aims to comparatively analyze the impact of laparoscopic and open surgical approaches on postoperative complications and rehabilitation duration. A retrospective and prospective comparative design was employed, involving patients who underwent elective abdominal surgical procedures. Clinical parameters assessed included intraoperative blood loss, duration of surgery, postoperative pain intensity, incidence of infectious and non-infectious complications, length of hospital stay, and time to return to normal daily activities.

The findings indicate that laparoscopic surgery is associated with reduced intraoperative blood loss, lower postoperative pain scores, decreased incidence of wound infections, and shorter hospitalization periods compared to open surgery. However, operative time was moderately longer in laparoscopic procedures during the initial learning phase. Rehabilitation outcomes demonstrated significantly faster functional recovery in patients treated with minimally invasive techniques. Despite higher equipment costs and technical demands, laparoscopy showed superior short-term clinical outcomes and improved quality-of-life indicators.

The comparative analysis confirms that laparoscopic surgery offers substantial advantages in reducing postoperative morbidity and accelerating recovery, while open surgery remains indispensable in complicated and emergency cases. These findings contribute to evidence-based surgical decision-making and optimization of perioperative management strategies.

 Tumors of the facial skeleton represent a heterogeneous group of benign and malignant neoplasms affecting the maxillofacial region. Due to the anatomical complexity of the facial bones and their proximity to vital neurovascular structures, surgical management remains highly challenging. The present study aims to evaluate modern surgical approaches in the treatment of facial skeletal tumors, focusing on oncological radicality, functional preservation, aesthetic outcomes, and postoperative quality of life. A clinical-analytical investigation was conducted involving patients who underwent surgical treatment for benign and malignant tumors of the facial skeleton. Contemporary techniques including computer-assisted planning, endoscopic approaches, microvascular reconstruction, and multidisciplinary management were assessed. The findings indicate that integration of advanced imaging, 3D modeling, minimally invasive techniques, and reconstructive microsurgery significantly improves oncological safety and functional outcomes. The study confirms that individualized surgical strategies based on tumor type, stage, and anatomical localization are essential for optimal results.

Odontoid phlegmons are severe purulent-inflammatory diseases of the maxillofacial region that require dental students to have well-developed clinical thinking and practical surgical skills. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of simulation-based training using clinical scenarios and a biological model. A comparative analysis of knowledge, clinical thinking, and practical skills before and after training showed a statistically significant improvement in training, increased confidence in performing surgical procedures, and increased motivation to learn. The results of the study demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in the professional training of students, increased confidence in performing surgical procedures, and increased motivation to learn, confirming the high pedagogical effectiveness of the method.

These are infectious diseases transmitted to a healthy person by pathogens (viruses, bacteria, parasites or blood-sucking arthropods (mosquitoes, ticks, fleas, lice).

 Non-carious lesions developing after tooth eruption represent a common group of dental conditions frequently encountered in clinical practice; however, they are often underestimated or misinterpreted at early stages. These disorders are characterized by the loss of hard dental tissues not related to dental caries and are associated with the progressive destruction of enamel and dentin under the influence of mechanical, chemical, or biomechanical factors. The clinical significance of non-carious lesions lies in their tendency to cause increased tooth sensitivity, aesthetic defects, alterations in tooth morphology, dentin exposure, and subsequent secondary complications. Moreover, non-carious processes may clinically mimic dental caries, pulpitis, periodontitis, as well as enamel–dentin pathologies associated with endocrine or gastroenterological diseases, thereby complicating differential diagnosis. This article provides a clinical analysis of the most common post-eruptive non-carious lesions, including enamel erosion, abfraction, abrasion, attrition, wedge-shaped defects, hypoplasia, and pathological disturbances of enamel mineralization. For each condition, etiopathogenetic factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria, and distinguishing features from dental caries and other hard tissue defects are discussed. In addition, modern diagnostic approaches used in contemporary dentistry are reviewed, with emphasis on the diagnostic value of comprehensive history taking, clinical examination, and instrumental assessment methods (transillumination, radiological evaluation, and index-based analysis), as well as evidence-based individualized therapeutic strategies. The present article is intended to support dentists, residents in restorative dentistry, and practicing clinicians in improving differential diagnostic skills and developing early detection strategies in routine clinical practice.

This article discusses the working principle of lasers and their underlying physical foundations. The formation of laser radiation is explained based on the concepts of stimulated emission, population inversion, and the optical resonator. The main components of a laser system, including the active medium, energy source, and resonator, are also examined. In addition, the article provides a brief overview of different types of lasers and their practical applications.

 This article presents a comparative analysis of closed and open curettage in patients with chronic generalized periodontitis. The study examines the effectiveness, clinical outcomes, patient comfort, and advantages and limitations of each method. Closed curettage is suitable for mild to moderate periodontal pockets, offering minimally invasive treatment and faster recovery, while open curettage is more effective for deep pockets and cases with significant bone loss. Comparative results indicate that the choice of treatment should be individualized, considering pocket depth, bone loss, and patient condition. This article provides scientific guidance for clinicians in selecting optimal treatment strategies.

This article analyzes the methodological foundations for the formation and development of creative thinking among students in the process of teaching histology. In modern medical education, along with deep mastery of theoretical knowledge, the development of students’ independent, critical, and creative thinking skills is of great importance. The study evaluates the effectiveness of problem-based learning, cluster methods, case-study approaches, digital microscopy, 3D modeling, and the use of interactive platforms based on experimental research. The results demonstrate that in classes organized using creative approaches, students’ academic performance and analytical thinking abilities significantly increased.

 Crush syndrome (CS), or traumatic rhabdomyolysis, is a life-threatening systemic condition caused by prolonged compression of skeletal muscle. It remains a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in mass disasters such as earthquakes and building collapses. This literature review summarizes recent evidence on the epidemiology, mechanisms of onset, and sequential pathophysiological processes of CS. Epidemiological data indicate that CS accounts for 2–5% of earthquake-related injuries, with mortality rates reaching 40% in severe cases. The pathogenesis involves sustained ischemia, reperfusion injury, and subsequent rhabdomyolysis, leading to massive release of intracellular contents including myoglobin and potassium. These changes cause life-threatening electrolyte disturbances, acute kidney injury, and systemic inflammatory responses that progress to multi-organ dysfunction. Early diagnosis and prompt interventions—such as fluid resuscitation, electrolyte correction, and renal support—are essential to improving outcomes. Understanding the underlying pathophysiological processes provides critical insights for disaster medicine, emergency care, and future therapeutic strategies.

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that poses a serious threat to human health. Because it is undetectable without special devices, it is often referred to as “the invisible killer.” CO poisoning remains a significant public health problem worldwide, particularly during cold seasons when heating appliances are widely used. This article discusses the sources of carbon monoxide, its mechanism of toxicity, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment principles, and preventive measures. Increasing public awareness and implementing safety strategies can significantly reduce morbidity and mortality associated with CO exposure.

This article analyzes the methodological foundations for developing creative thinking among students in the process of teaching Histology. In modern medical education, along with mastering theoretical knowledge, it is essential to develop students’ independent, critical, and creative thinking skills. The study evaluates the effectiveness of problem-based learning, cluster methods, case studies, digital microscopy, 3D modeling, and interactive platforms based on experimental research. The results demonstrate that classes organized on the basis of creative approaches significantly improved students’ academic performance and analytical thinking.

 Pulpitis is a common dental condition that requires prompt and effective treatment to prevent further complications such as tooth loss. The aim of this article is to explore the modern methods available for treating pulpitis, with a focus on recent advancements in endodontics. Emphasis is placed on minimally invasive procedures, biocompatible materials, laser therapy, and regenerative endodontic techniques. These innovative approaches aim to improve the success rates of pulpitis treatment by enhancing the preservation of dental pulp vitality and reducing the need for extensive dental procedures. The article also discusses the role of advanced diagnostic tools, such as digital radiography and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), in detecting pulpitis early and planning the most effective treatment strategies.

Relevance. Essential tremor is one of the most common hyperkinetic disorders that debuts in childhood and adolescence. Tremor of the upper extremities leads to impaired writing, reduced academic performance, and social adaptation.

Research objective. To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of propranolol in children and adolescents with essential tremor under dynamic observation.

Materials and methods. Sixty children aged 8–17 years with clinically confirmed essential tremor were examined. Patients were divided into two groups: group 1 (n=30) received standard non-drug therapy in combination with propranolol (1–2 mg/kg/day), group 2 (n=30) received standard therapy only. The observation period was 6 months. Efficacy was assessed using a clinical tremor severity scale, functional test results (spiral, writing, posture maintenance), and quality of life indicators.

Results. After 6 months of therapy, a 45% reduction in tremor severity was observed in the propranolol group (p < 0.01) and a 15% reduction in the comparison group (p

> 0.05). An improvement in functional indicators was observed in 70% of patients in the main group and in 30% in the control group. An improvement in quality of life was reported in 67% of children receiving propranolol. Side effects were mild and did not require discontinuation of the drug.

Conclusions. The use of propranolol in children and adolescents with essential tremor provides a significant reduction in the severity of hyperkinesis and an improvement in quality of life with good tolerability of therapy.

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a term describing a group of heterogeneous conditions that cause non-progressive spasticity, ataxia, or involuntary movements; it is not a single specific disease (1). CP is a polyetiological disorder. The leading cause of CP development is damage to or abnormal development of the brain of the fetus or newborn. The pathophysiological basis of CP formation is brain injury occurring during a specific period of its development, followed by the formation of pathological muscle tone (predominantly spasticity), with preservation of postural reflexes and impaired development of sequential righting and equilibrium reflexes. The main difference between CP and other central paralyses lies in the timing of exposure to the pathological factor. The ratio of prenatal and perinatal factors in brain injury in CP is of significant importance (2).

This scientific article aims to comprehensively analyze the clinical significance of surgical resection of the 11th and 12th ribs for waist narrowing purposes, examining both aesthetic outcomes and functional consequences on respiratory mechanics, spinal stability, and visceral protection. A systematic literature review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases between 2000 and 2024. Studies evaluating lower rib resection for aesthetic purposes, surgical techniques, complications, and functional outcomes were included. Data extraction focused on patient demographics, surgical indications, techniques, complications, and long-term follow-up results. Analysis of 23 eligible studies encompassing 847 patients who underwent floating rib resection revealed that waist circumference reduction averaged 4-8 cm postoperatively. Patient satisfaction rates ranged from 78% to 92%. However, significant complications were documented in 12-18% of cases, including pneumothorax (8%), chronic pain (6%), and rare but serious complications such as diaphragmatic dysfunction and liver/kidney injuries. Respiratory function tests demonstrated a mean reduction of 12-15% in forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) at 3 months postoperatively, with partial recovery at 12 months. While 11th-12th rib resection can achieve significant aesthetic improvements in waist contouring, the procedure carries substantial functional risks that require careful patient selection, thorough preoperative counseling, and meticulous surgical technique. The decision to perform this procedure should involve multidisciplinary evaluation including plastic surgeons, thoracic surgeons, and pulmonologists.

The article describes the clinical and immunological features of juvenile idiopathic arthritis and the consequences of the disease after treatment. Clinical features of the disease, laboratory analysis results are important when choosing an effective treatment method. An effective treatment method is characterized by a faster onset of remission, prolongation of its duration and reduction of side effects of drug treatment.

Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by variable airflow obstruction and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Allergic mechanisms play a central role in the pathogenesis of atopic asthma, which represents a substantial proportion of asthma cases worldwide. Major allergens include house dust mites, pollen, animal dander, and food allergens. Immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated hypersensitivity reactions lead to airway inflammation driven by T helper 2 (Th2) lymphocytes, eosinophils, and mast cells. Environmental control strategies, allergen elimination, pharmacotherapy with antihistamines and inhaled glucocorticosteroids (ICS), and preventive interventions are key components of asthma management. This article reviews evidence-based data on allergic triggers in bronchial asthma and discusses contemporary management strategies supported by international clinical guidelines and peer-reviewed research.

Sepsis remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among surgical patients worldwide. It is defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Surgical patients are particularly vulnerable due to invasive procedures, trauma, postoperative complications, and immunosuppression. Early diagnosis, prompt antimicrobial therapy, adequate fluid resuscitation, and timely source control are critical determinants of survival. Delays in intervention significantly increase mortality. Advances in critical care medicine, including early goal-directed therapy, sepsis bundles, and improved organ support strategies, have improved outcomes. This article reviews the pathophysiology of sepsis in surgical patients, diagnostic criteria, importance of early source control, and modern evidence-based management strategies.

The widespread use of modern digital technologies has significantly influenced children’s development. This article examines the concept of "digital autism" and its impact on children's psychological and cognitive development. Based on a review of scientific literature, the effects of screen time on speech development, attention span, and social interactions are analyzed. Additionally, recommendations for preventing digital autism are provided. The research findings indicate that excessive use of technology may lead to a decline in children's social communication skills, emotional detachment, and disruptions in developmental processes. Therefore, this article offers practical recommendations for parents, educators, and medical professionals.

 This article analyzes viruses that play a significant role in medical practice, their biological characteristics, classification, mechanisms of action in the human body, clinical manifestations, and modern diagnostic and treatment methods based on the IMRAD structure. The study examines the molecular structure of viruses, replication processes, immune response mechanisms, and their impact on the global healthcare system. In addition, the epidemiology of viral diseases in recent years is discussed based on data from the World Health Organization. The findings indicate that early detection of viral infections, strengthening preventive measures, and applying innovative antiviral therapies are of critical importance.

The article examines the possibilities of teaching the Russian language in a medical university using intelligent digital technologies. Special attention is paid to the use of artificial intelligence elements for the formation of professional medical vocabulary and communicative skills of future doctors. Examples of using AI chatbots, interactive platforms, and digital simulators in the educational process are analyzed. The pedagogical effectiveness of intelligent digital technologies as a means of increasing motivation and improving the quality of language training of medical students is substantiated.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized not only by motor disorders, but also by a wide range of non-motor symptoms (NMS) that significantly affect the quality of life of patients. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of dopamine receptor agonists (DRA) in correcting non-motor symptoms in PD patients. Sixty-nine patients with stage II–III disease were examined and divided into two groups: with and without DRA included in the treatment regimen. After 12 weeks of therapy, the main group showed a significant reduction in the severity of non-motor symptoms and depression and an improvement in quality of life indicators compared to the control group. The data obtained confirm the clinical feasibility of using DRA to correct non-motor manifestations of PD.

Lactation mastitis remains one of the most common inflammatory pathologies of the postpartum period, significantly affecting the mother's health and the duration of breastfeeding. Despite the development of modern diagnostic and treatment methods, the frequency of mastitis among breastfeeding women remains high - from 5 to 12%, and in some regions reaches 20%. This work presents clinical observations of 630 patients with various forms of lactation mastitis, analyzes risk factors, the timing of the inflammatory process, clinical features, and treatment outcomes. Special attention is paid to modern diagnostic criteria, including the role of ultrasound in the early detection of abscessing forms. Modern approaches to therapy according to international recommendations (ABM Clinical Protocol#36, ACOG, CDC, RCOG) are summarized, emphasizing the need to preserve breastfeeding and apply minimally invasive treatment methods. The analysis confirmed the key role of early application to the chest, prevention of nipple injuries, and correction of anemia in reducing the frequency of mastitis.

Acute appendicitis (AA) is the most common acute abdominal disease, with an incidence of 4-5 cases per 1,000 people. Postoperative complications after appendectomy range from 5% to 9%, and the mortality rate for this condition is 0.1-0.3%.

Thyroid cancer (TCC) is endocrine glands the widest widespread dangerous growth cancer of the disease general 1-1.5% in its composition does. Last in years of thyroid cancer stable growth, especially young and middle years old among screening programs, as well as a single diagnostic tactic absence this the problem world of oncology current problems in line introduces [6]. Literature information analysis that shows that QB S diagnostics one row serious related to difficulties. On the one hand, to the clinic was in phase Osmani traditional determination by methods often difficult, some in cases and possible not. Other side, thyroid of the gland wide widespread in the form’s tumor of the process real duration and his/her neck around with members​ attitude always exactly by designating does not happen [12].

Thyroid nodules are one of the most common findings in modern clinical endocrinology and radiology. The expansion of the use of ultrasound diagnostics and screening programs has led to a significant increase in their detection rate. According to epidemiological data, thyroid nodules can be detected by ultrasound examination in 60–70% of the adult population [1,2]. Although the majority of detected nodules are benign, a malignant process is detected in approximately 5–15% of cases, which requires accurate risk stratification and informed patient selection for invasive diagnostic procedures [3,4].

 This article provides a comprehensive overview of gene expression, focusing on its molecular mechanisms, regulation, and biological significance. Gene expression is a multi-level process that determines how genetic information is translated into functional products, such as proteins and RNAs, essential for cellular development, differentiation, and adaptation. The article discusses transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational regulatory mechanisms, as well as epigenetic modifications that influence gene activity. The relevance of studying gene expression in understanding disease development, including cancer and genetic disorders, is highlighted. Additionally, modern techniques such as RNA sequencing, microarrays, and computational analysis are reviewed for their roles in analyzing gene expression patterns and regulatory networks. The article emphasizes the applications of gene expression knowledge in medicine, biotechnology, and synthetic biology.

 Among closed injuries of the abdominal cavity trauma duodenum (KDP) holds a special place due to the rare, large traumatic severe complications in 60% of operated patients. The aim of the study was choice of the method of surgical treatment and analysis results of surgical treatment in patients with closed trauma of the KDP. The paper analyzes results of treatment 23 patients with a closed duodenal injury. The most common cause of damage KDP was closed to road traffic injury (10 pers. - 43.5%), resulting in catatrauma in 4 (17.4%) patients. In 5 (21.5%) patients injury was received in the workplace, in 1 - sports injury, in 3 - home injury. Depending on the timing of the victims to the hospital after the injury, the size of the defect duodenal wall, level of injury, associated injuries pancreatoduodenal zone defines the principles of surgical treatment for injuries of the duodenum. According to the grade of damage (I-IV) the most suitable tactic was chosen, including mobilizations, duodenal decompression, hematoma evacuation, gastroenteroanastomosis etc. The volume of surgery at closed duodenal injury must be selected individually, depending on the severity of the injury and status of victim. In the postoperative period is mandatory drug suppression of secretion digestive tract and the appointment of broad-spectrum antibiotics against background of infusion-transfusion therapy.

Abdominal injuries are associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and their diagnosis and treatment remain complex and controversial. This study evaluated the effectiveness of endovideosurgery and enhanced surgical techniques for the diagnosis and treatment of hemodynamically stable and unstable patients with abdominal injuries. This study included 190 cases of abdominal injuries treated between June 2020 and June 2025. The main group underwent endovideosurgery and improved surgical techniques, while the comparison group was treated with traditional methods. The outcomes of the advanced surgical approach and endovideosurgery were assessed and compared with traditional methods to evaluate their clinical significance. The use of endovideosurgery and enhanced surgical techniques reduced the rate of exploratory surgery for abdominal injuries from 25.4% to 3.6% (a sevenfold reduction). Postoperative complications also showed a significant decrease in abdominal injuries from 30.5% to 7.1%. Dividing patients based on hemodynamic stability is crucial in the surgical management of abdominal injuries, facilitating the effective use of endovideosurgical techniques in appropriate patient categories.

Objective. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of minimally invasive and hybrid surgical technologies in the treatment of complicated forms of gallstone disease.

Materials and Methods. A retrospective analysis of treatment outcomes was conducted in 92 patients with complicated forms of gallstone disease treated at the Surgical Department of the Samarkand branch of the Republican Center for Emergency Medical Care from 2020 to 2025. Depending on the clinical form of the disease and the applied surgical strategy, patients were divided into groups of minimally invasive and open surgical interventions. Treatment outcomes were assessed based on the incidence of postoperative complications, mortality, and length of postoperative hospital stay.

Results. Minimally invasive procedures were performed in 76 patients (82.6%), while open surgeries were carried out in 16 patients (17.4%). The most common complications were acute calculous cholecystitis (52.2%) and choledocholithiasis (29.3%). The postoperative complication rate was 8.0% in the minimally invasive group and 25.0% in the open surgery group. Postoperative mortality was 1.1% and occurred exclusively in the open surgery group. The mean postoperative hospital stay was significantly shorter in the minimally invasive group compared to the open surgery group (5.2 ± 1.6 vs. 9.8 ± 2.4 days, respectively).

Conclusion. Minimally invasive and hybrid surgical technologies are effective and safe methods for treating complicated forms of gallstone disease, allowing a reduction in postoperative complications and hospital stay. A staged approach in choledocholithiasis provides optimal clinical outcomes and should be considered the preferred treatment strategy.

The article examines a study examining the relationship between ultrasound signs of liver steatosis and clinical and biochemical indicators in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Laboratory tests were also conducted to determine the levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and lipid spectrum indicators. The most common chronic pathologies of the hepatobiliary system and its relationship to metabolic disorders have been described. Early diagnosis of the disease is important for the prevention of progression and development of complications. Ultrasound is an accessible, non-invasive, and widely used method for detecting liver steatosis. The obtained results allow us to determine the diagnostic significance of ultrasound criteria in assessing the degree of liver damage and their relationship with clinical and biochemical indicators.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a prevalent chronic inflammatory skin condition in children, characterized by recurrent flare-ups and significant variability in its clinical manifestations. Timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial for optimal management and treatment, as delays or inaccuracies can lead to disease progression, complicating both treatment and prognosis. Traditional diagnostic tools such as clinical assessment, histopathology, and dermatoscopy have been widely used to assess the severity and progression of AD. However, these techniques may not provide a comprehensive picture of the underlying structural changes in the skin. Ultrasound examination of the skin has emerged as a valuable, non-invasive imaging technique that offers real-time insights into the morphological characteristics of the skin affected by atopic dermatitis. By evaluating the skin’s echogenicity, thickness, and dermal architecture, ultrasound can provide detailed information on inflammation, edema, and epidermal changes, which are key markers of disease activity. The method’s sensitivity in detecting subtle changes in both the epidermal and dermal layers allows for better differentiation between active and chronic phases of the disease. This review highlights the growing role of ultrasound examination in the diagnostic and prognostic assessment of atopic dermatitis in pediatric patients. It explores the technology's utility in early diagnosis, monitoring therapeutic responses, and predicting disease outcomes. Ultrasound’s ability to provide objective, quantitative data complements clinical evaluation and contributes to a more personalized and precise approach to patient care. The article also discusses the practical advantages of ultrasound, such as its safety, repeatability, and cost-effectiveness, making it suitable for routine use in pediatric dermatology. Thus, skin ultrasound is an emerging diagnostic tool that enhances the clinical evaluation of atopic dermatitis in children, offering a more comprehensive understanding of disease dynamics. It holds promise for improving the accuracy of diagnosis, monitoring treatment efficacy, and predicting long-term outcomes in pediatric AD patients.

Objective: to evaluate the clinical efficacy, safety, and impact on postoperative pain relief of complex ultrasound navigation during brachial plexus block in patients with upper limb injuries and diseases. Materials and Methods: the study included 150 patients (64 men, 86 women; mean age 39.8±16.3 years) who underwent brachial plexus block. The main group (n=100) included patients with injuries, chronic pain syndromes, and postoperative conditions; the control group (n=50) included patients undergoing elective surgeries without nerve damage. The block was performed under the control of ultrasound navigation using gray-scale echography, color Doppler imaging, and compression elastography. Results: The use of ultrasound navigation reduced the block time (8.4±2.1 vs. 15.2±3.8 min, p< 0.05), increased the block success rate (96% vs. 82%), and reduced the need for repeat anesthesia (4% vs. 18%). The frequency of vascular punctures decreased more than threefold. The duration of postoperative analgesia increased to 11.5±2.3 hours. Conclusion: Integrated ultrasound navigation improves the accuracy and safety of brachial plexus block, enhances the quality of pain relief, and reduces the incidence of complications, making it the method of choice for injuries and surgeries on the upper extremities.

The adrenal glands play a crucial role in the regulation of stress responses and maintenance of homeostasis. In forensic medical practice, the evaluation of adrenal morphology is of particular importance in cases of nonviolent death, especially when external signs of injury are absent. The present study aims to assess morphological changes in the cells of the adrenal cortex and medulla in cases of nonviolent death and to determine their forensic significance. The material of the study included adrenal gland tissue samples obtained during medico-legal autopsies of individuals who died from nonviolent causes. Standard histological staining techniques and light microscopic examination were applied. The results revealed characteristic morphological changes, including dystrophic alterations, redistribution of lipid inclusions, vascular disturbances, and signs of functional exhaustion of the adrenal cortex, as well as stress-related changes in medullary cells during the terminal period. These findings indicate that morphological assessment of the adrenal glands may serve as an additional objective criterion in the forensic evaluation of nonviolent death when interpreted in conjunction with clinical and pathological data.

Stroke is an acute cerebrovascular disorder resulting from ischemic or hemorrhagic damage to brain tissue and is characterized by high mortality and disability rates. According to the World Health Organization, stroke is the second leading cause of death after cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this article is to analyze the etiopathogenesis, risk factors, clinical manifestations, and modern diagnostic and therapeutic principles of stroke based on scientific literature. The study material includes leading textbooks in neurology and cardiology, as well as evidence-based clinical protocols and World Health Organization recommendations. The results indicate that early diagnosis of stroke (using CT and MRI), timely thrombolytic therapy, and stepwise rehabilitation significantly improve patient prognosis. In conclusion, effective prevention focusing on controlling arterial hypertension, atherosclerosis, diabetes, and cardiac arrhythmias is crucial in reducing stroke incidence.

This article analyzes the scientific-theoretical foundations, advantages, and practical outcomes of the digitalization of the healthcare system, as well as the use of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in this process. It discusses the introduction of digital technologies into the medical field, their stages of development, and areas of application.

The article provides a comparative analysis of the digitalization processes in the healthcare systems of South Korea and Uzbekistan, identifying their similarities and differences. The analysis also covers the strengthening of digital infrastructure, improving the digital competencies of medical professionals, standardization trends of AI-based medical equipment, and the policy prospects of foreign countries in this area. The article includes analyses and examples illustrating the current stage of digital infrastructure development in today’s healthcare system.

In addition, the article thoroughly examines the impact of AI technologies on changes in the field of medical devices, as well as their role and significance in the healthcare industry.

 Bronchial asthma is one of the most common chronic respiratory diseases in childhood and represents a major public health concern worldwide. According to the World Health Organization and the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA), millions of children suffer from asthma, and its prevalence continues to increase due to environmental and genetic factors. This article examines the causes, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic features, and modern approaches to the treatment and control of bronchial asthma in children. Special attention is paid to genetic predisposition, environmental triggers, allergens, and respiratory infections that contribute to the development of asthma. Evidence-based treatment strategies, including pharmacological therapy, preventive measures, and long-term disease control, are also analyzed. The study highlights the importance of early diagnosis, proper management, and continuous monitoring in improving the quality of life of children with asthma and reducing complications.

 This article investigates the clinical, biomechanical, and economic aspects of using milled ceramic post-and-cores in the orthopedic restoration of teeth with substantial hard tissue loss resulting from caries complications. The study provides a comparative analysis of ceramic and metal post-and-cores concerning biocompatibility, aesthetic parameters, load distribution, and labor intensity. The obtained results indicate that milled ceramic post-and-cores are a promising option for clinical practice.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) during pregnancy are among the most common infectious diseases in obstetric practice and have a direct impact on the health of both the mother and the fetus. Clinical observations and practical experience accumulated in Uzbekistan indicate that UTIs in pregnant women are often detected at late stages, increasing the risk of complications. This article provides a detailed review of the significance of urinary tract infections during pregnancy, the specifics of pathogenesis, clinical course, diagnostic methods, and treatment principles, based on population data from Uzbekistan, as well as clinical approaches used in Russia and the USA.

Disease prevention is a fundamental objective of modern healthcare systems. While prevention is often associated with vaccination, sanitation, and health promotion, treatment work also plays a decisive role in preventing disease progression, recurrence, complications, and transmission. This article examines the theoretical foundations and practical mechanisms through which treatment interventions contribute to primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. Drawing upon conceptual frameworks developed by the World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the study analyzes the integration of therapeutic services into preventive strategies. The paper highlights clinical management, early diagnosis, rehabilitation, and patient education as key components of treatment work that strengthen public health outcomes. The findings demonstrate that effective treatment not only cures illness but also significantly reduces morbidity, mortality, economic burden, and health inequalities.

Kidney stones (urolithiasis) are one of the most common diseases of the urinary system and develop under the influence of metabolic, infectious, and environmental factors. The disease may present with pain syndrome, urinary dysfunction, and various complications. This article analyzes the mechanisms of kidney stone formation, risk factors, clinical manifestations, and modern diagnostic and treatment methods.

This article analyzes the role and importance of nursing care during the recovery period following surgial procedures.The primary focus of the research is directed toward monitoring vital signs,pain management,early mobilization ,and the prevention of potential complications such as thrombosis, pneumonia, and pressure sores (bedsores).Additionally, the article highlights the nurse's role in improving the patient's psychological state and discusses deontological approaches. The theoretical and practical aspects of patient care in the postoperative period are also explored. Furthermore, the significance of nursing intervention in preventing complications, monitoring vital indicators, and its impact on the patient's psycho-emotional state are examined.

The digital transformation of healthcare defines modern trends in the development of dentistry as a high-tech and socially significant branch of medicine. This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the digitalization of a dental clinic, focusing on the implementation of CRM and medical information systems. The functional capabilities and management potential of amoCRM, Bifoza, and OneMed systems are examined. The clinical, organizational, economic, and social effects of implementing digital solutions, as well as issues of information security, legal regulation, and personnel training, are analyzed. It is substantiated that digitalization creates a patient-oriented model of dental care, improves the quality of treatment, and enhances the sustainability of a medical organization.