Pubertal gynecomastia in boys is a multifactorial endocrine-metabolic condition characterized by benign proliferation of glandular tissue in the mammary gland. Its development is associated with an imbalance between estrogens and androgens, as well as obesity, insulin resistance, and exposure to endocrine disruptors. The prevalence and etiology of this condition in Uzbekistan have been poorly studied. This review analyzes the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations of gynecomastia in adolescents based on domestic and international studies conducted between 2010 and 2025. According to Uzbek authors, the incidence of the transient form of the disease is 7-10%, which is consistent with global rates. Most cases are physiological in nature, while pathological forms are associated with hypogonadism, obesity, and exposure to estrogen-like substances. Given the influence of metabolic syndrome and environmental factors, a multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis and prevention is needed, aimed at weight management and reducing the impact of endocrine disruptors.

adolescents; gynecomastia; hormonal imbalance; estrogen-androgen ratio; endocrine disruptors; obesity; puberty; psychosocial effects.

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