Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by variable airflow obstruction and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Allergic mechanisms play a central role in the pathogenesis of atopic asthma, which represents a substantial proportion of asthma cases worldwide. Major allergens include house dust mites, pollen, animal dander, and food allergens. Immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated hypersensitivity reactions lead to airway inflammation driven by T helper 2 (Th2) lymphocytes, eosinophils, and mast cells. Environmental control strategies, allergen elimination, pharmacotherapy with antihistamines and inhaled glucocorticosteroids (ICS), and preventive interventions are key components of asthma management. This article reviews evidence-based data on allergic triggers in bronchial asthma and discusses contemporary management strategies supported by international clinical guidelines and peer-reviewed research.

Bronchial asthma; Atopic asthma; House dust mite; Pollen allergy; Food allergens; Allergen avoidance; Prevention; Antihistamines; Inhaled corticosteroids; IgE-mediated inflammation

World Health Organization. Asthma Fact Sheet. 2021. p. 2–5.

Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention. 2023. p. 15–50.

Pawankar R, et al. Allergic diseases and asthma: a global public health concern. WAO Journal. 2013;6(1):8–20. p. 8–19.

Bousquet J, et al. Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma (ARIA). Allergy. 2008;63(S86):8–160. p. 1122–1125.

Barnes PJ. Immunology of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2008;8:183–192. p. 304–309.

Holgate ST. Pathogenesis of asthma. Clin Exp Allergy. 2008;38(6):872–897. p. 921–933.

Wenzel SE. Asthma phenotypes: the evolution from clinical to molecular approaches. Nat Med. 2012;18:716–725. p. 1782–1785.

Calderón MA, et al. House dust mite respiratory allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;136(1):38–48. p. 12–21.

Platts-Mills TAE. The role of indoor allergens in asthma. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2010;10:567–573. p. 567–570.

Lambrecht BN, Hammad H. The immunology of asthma. Nat Immunol. 2015;16:45–56. p. 342–345.

D’Amato G, et al. Climate change, air pollution and allergic respiratory diseases. Allergy. 2015;70(2):220–229. p. 220–224.

Sicherer SH, Sampson HA. Food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;133(2):291–307. p. 405–412.