Thyroid nodules are one of the most common findings in modern clinical endocrinology and radiology. The expansion of the use of ultrasound diagnostics and screening programs has led to a significant increase in their detection rate. According to epidemiological data, thyroid nodules can be detected by ultrasound examination in 60–70% of the adult population [1,2]. Although the majority of detected nodules are benign, a malignant process is detected in approximately 5–15% of cases, which requires accurate risk stratification and informed patient selection for invasive diagnostic procedures [3,4].

Grayscale ultrasound, Thyroid nodules, Ultrasound features

Frates MC, Benson CB, Charboneau JW, et al. Management of thyroid nodules detected at US. Radiology. 2005;237:794 –800.

Hegedüs L. The thyroid nodule. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:1764 –1771.

Brito JP, et al. The accuracy of thyroid nodule ultrasound to predict thyroid cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 2014;99:1253 –1263.

Haugen BR, et al. 2015 American Thyroid Association guidelines. Thyroid. 2016;26:1 –133.

Kim EK, et al. New sonographic stratification of thyroid nodules. Ann Surg Oncol. 2008;15:3522 –3530.

Moon HJ, et al. Diagnostic performance of gray-scale US. Radiology. 2012;262:1002 –1013.

Yoon JH, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound-guided FNAB. Thyroid. 2011;21:993 –1000.

Cappelli C, et al. Predictive value of ultrasound findings. Q.J.M. 2007;100:29 –35.

Tessler FN, et al. ACR TI-RADS White Paper. J Am Coll Radiol . 2017;14:587 –595.

Ma JJ, et al. Diagnostic performances of gray-scale and Doppler US. Thyroid. 2014;24:355 –363.

Sultan L.R., et al. Vascularity assessment of thyroid nodes. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2015;41:1287 –1293.

Lu R, et al. Superb Microvascular Imaging compared with conventional ultrasound. BMC Med Imaging. 2017;17:65 .

Rosario PW, et al. Is Doppler ultrasound of additional value? Arch Endocrinol Metab . 2015;59:79 –83.

Cibas ES, Ali SZ. The 2017 Bethesda System. Thyroid. 2017;27:1341 –1346.