A variety of dynamic microbial communities that live in different body anatomical sites make up the human microbiome. As a result of the microbiome and host coevolution, these communities now significantly contribute to the promotion of human health. Therefore, alterations in the human microbiome have the potential to induce or worsen a number of illnesses. Since its discovery, several studies have emphasized the importance of microbiota in health and illness. Microbiota can be divided into four categories based on the localized areas: gastrointestinal, mouth, respiratory, and skin. Together with the host, the microbial populations maintain homeostasis and control immunological response. On the other hand, dysbiosis of the microbiota can result in diseases such as cancer, respiratory disorders, CVDs and dysregulation of body systems. We go over what is currently known about the relationship between microbiota and pathogenesis or host health in this review. The study on microbiota in healthy conditions, including immune regulation, colonization resistance, and the gut-brain axis, is first summarized. Next, we discuss the pathophysiology of microbiota dysbiosis in the onset and progression of disease, which is mainly linked to the generation of chronic inflammation, host immune response modulation, and dysregulation of community composition. Lastly, we present clinical strategies that use microbiota to treat diseases, including fecal microbial transplantation and microbiota regulation. Despite advancements in traditional prevention and treatment techniques, CVD remains a major worldwide health burden with lingering risks. A growing body of research indicates that the gut microbiota plays a crucial but little-studied role in cardiovascular health through intricate interactions between immunological, metabolic, and inflammatory processes. The formation and progression of atherosclerosis, hypertension, heart failure, and arrhythmias are all directly impacted by key microbial metabolites such TMAO, SCFAs, BAs, and LPS, which have been identified as significant modulators of endothelial function, lipid metabolism, and systemic inflammation.

Blood, metabolite problems, cardiovascular diseases, microbes, erythrocytes, microbiome, nervous system

Aggarwal N, Kitano S, Puah GRY, Kittelmann S, Hwang IY, Chang MW. Microbiome and Human Health: Current Understanding, Engineering, and Enabling Technologies. Chem Rev. 2023 Jan 11;123(1):31-72. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00431.

Hou, K., Wu, ZX., Chen, XY. et al. Microbiota in health and diseases. Sig Transduct Target Ther 7, 135 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-022-00974-4

Aripov A.N., Aripov O.A., Akhundjanova L.L., Nabiev A.U., Nabieva D.A., & Khamroev T.T. (2022). Study the effect of yantacin on some indicators of cellular renewal and on the level of protein expression on rat hepatocytes in chronic heliotrine liver damage. International Journal of Medical Sciences And Clinical Research, 2(05), 06–13. https://doi.org/10.37547/ijmscr/Volume02Issue05-02.

Abdulrahim, A. O. , Doddapaneni N. S. P., Salman N., et al. 2025. “The Gut‐Heart Axis: A Review of Gut Microbiota, Dysbiosis, and Cardiovascular Disease Development.” Annals of Medicine and Surgery 87: 177–191.

Aripov A. N, Akhunzhanova L. L, Nabiev A. U, Aripov A. O, Khamroev T. T.. Antifibrotic Efficacy of a New Phytocomposition of Essential Phospholipids with Glycyrrhizic Acid, Ecdysterone, Lycopene and Proanthacyanidin in Experimental Severe Chronic Hepatitis Compared with Phosphogliv. Biomed Pharmacol J 2023;16(3).Pages : 1815-1825. DOI : https://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2761

Kondapalli N, Katari V, Dalal KK, Paruchuri S, Thodeti CK. Microbiota in Gut-Heart Axis: Metabolites and Mechanisms in Cardiovascular Disease. Compr Physiol. 2025 Jun;15(3):e70024. doi: 10.1002/cph4.70024.

Aripov A.N, Akhunjanova L.L, Khamroev T.T, Aripov Abdumalik Nigmatovich, Akhunjanova Lola Lazizovna, & Khamroev Tolmas Tolibovich. (2022). Differential Analysis of Chronic Toxic Hepatitis Caused by The Introduction of Heliotrin Solution in Various Ways. Texas Journal of Medical Science, 4, 58–62. Retrieved from https://zienjournals.com/index.php/tjms/article/view/670

Rashidov S.Z., Rakhimboev S.D., Sanoev Z.I., Abdinazarov I.T., Khamroev T.T., Ismailova D.S., & Elmuradov B.J.. (2022). Study of psychoactive activity potassium salt 5-(o-aminophenyl)-1,3,4- oxadiazole-2-thion (D-361). International Journal of Medical Sciences And Clinical Research, 2(09), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.37547/ijmscr/Volume02Issue09-01

Abrignani, V. , Salvo A., Pacinella G., and Tuttolomondo A.. 2024. “The Mediterranean Diet, Its Microbiome Connections, and Cardiovascular Health: A Narrative Review.” International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25: 4942.

Арипов А.Н., Арипов О.А., Ахунджанова Л.Л., Набиев А.Ў., Нишанбаев С.З., Набиева Д.А., Ҳамроев Т.Т. Тажриба шароитида сафорофлавонолозиднинг гепатотроп фаоллигини ўрганиш. Oriental Journal of Medicine and Pharmacology, 2(02), 55–64. https://doi.org/10.37547/supsci-ojmp-02-02-07

Zakhidova L.T., Saidkhodjaeva D.M., Sanoev Z.I., Tukhtasheva V.F., Rakhmanova H.A.., Hamroyev T.T. Toxicological Characteristics Of N-Deacetyllappaconitine Under Chronic Administration In White Rats. The American Journal of Applied Sciences, 3(03), 34-41. https://doi.org/10.37547/tajas/Volume03Issue03-06

Khamroev T.T., Sanoev Z.I., Rakhimboev S.D., Abdinazarov I.T., Rashidov S.Z. Effect of antiarrhythmic substance N – dezacetyllapoconitin on the central nervous system. ISJ Theoretical &Applied Science, 07 (99), 153-157. http://soi.org/1.1/TAS-07-99-31 Doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.15863

Sanoev Z.I., Abdinazarov I.T., Rakhimboev S.D., Rashidov S.Z., Hamroyev T.T. Study Of The General Pharmacological Properties Of A New Antiarrhythmic N-Deacetyllappaconitine With Oral Administration. The American Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Research, 3(03), 60-64. https://doi.org/10.37547/TAJMSPR/Volume03Issue03-08

Aron‐Wisnewsky, J. , Warmbrunn M. V., Nieuwdorp M., and Clement K.. 2021. “Metabolism and Metabolic Disorders and the Microbiome: The Intestinal Microbiota Associated With Obesity, Lipid Metabolism, and Metabolic Health‐Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Strategies.” Gastroenterology 160: 573–599.

Sanoev Z. I, Ismailova D. S, Rakhimboev S. D. O, Khamroev T, T, Elmuradov B. Z, Abdinazarov I. T, Rashidov S. Z. O. Synthesis and Research Anticonvulsant Activity of Annulated Triazolo-Thiadiazine Derivative in Laboratory Animals. Biomed Pharmacol J 2023;16(4). DOI : https://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2820

Sanoev, Z.I., Djaxangirov, F.N., Sadikov, A.Z., Sagdullaev, S.S. Hamroyev T.T. Antiarrhythmic activity of N-deacetyllappaconitine when administered orally. Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology,2021,25(2), 2339–2346. https://doi.org/10.37547/tajas/Volume03Issue03-06

Sokhib Rashidov Zamon oʻgʻli, Muslimakhon Kamolova Mirzokhidjon qizi, Ikhvoliddin Mirzaev Komiljon o‘g‘li, Nodira Pardaeva Botir qizi, Sevara Rakhmatullaeva Shukhrat qizi/. (2025). The importance of cardiotonic drugs in medical practice, the range of applications and the advantages of their use. International Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, 3(5), 95–100. Retrieved from https://medicaljournals.eu/index.php/IJCNP/article/view/1856

Sanoev Zafar Isomiddinovich, Rashidov Sokhib Zamon ugli, Raximboev Sukhrob Davlatyor ugli, Abdinazarov Ibrokhim Tuychievich, Khamroev Tolmas Tolibovich, Ismailova Dilnoza Safaralievna, & Elmuradov Burkhon Juraevich. (2022). Research of Anticonvulsant Activity of Compound 5- (P-Aminophenyl) - 1,3,4-Oxadiazole-2-Thion. Texas Journal of Medical Science, 13, 17–21. Retrieved from https://zienjournals.com/index.php/tjms/article/view/2434

Yu. R. Mirzaev, T. T. Khamroev, E. M. Ruzimov, B. N. Khandamov, & Sh. M. Adizov. (2022). Evaluation of the Effect on the Nervous System of Substances with an Alkaloid Structure Having Antitumor Activity. Journal Healthcare Treatment Development(JHTD) ISSN : 2799-1148, 2(06), 6–10. Retrieved from http://journal.hmjournals.com/index.php/JHTD/article/view/1577

Tousoulis D, Guzik T, Padro T et al. Mechanisms, therapeutic implications, and methodological challenges of gut microbiota and cardiovascular diseases: A position paper by the ESC working group on coronary pathophysiology and microcirculation. Cardiovasc Res . 2022;118:3171–82. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvac057.

Aripov A.N., Aripov O.A., Akhunjanova L.L., Nabiev A.O., Nabieva D.A., & Khamroev T.T. (2022). Study the antifibrous efficacy of plant proanthocyanidin in rats with chronic heliotrine liver damage. Frontline Medical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Journal, 2(05), 16–25. https://doi.org/10.37547/medical-fmspj-02-05-03.

Sokhib Rashidov Zamon oʻgʻli, Nilufar Ergasheva Agʼzamjon qizi, Elyor Zokirboyev Anvarjon o‘gli, Umidjon Akramov Abdusamad o‘g‘li, & Aziza Egamberdieva Farkhod qizi. (2025). Drugs That Increase the Tone of the Human Body and Pharmacological Characteristics of Immunodeficiency Agents. American Journal of Biomedicine and Pharmacy, 2(5), 300–306. Retrieved from https://biojournals.us/index.php/AJBP/article/view/1065

Sokhib Rashidov Zamon oʻgʻli, Murodjon Nabiev Mahammadkarim o‘g‘li, Mo'tabar Yoqubjonova Khusanboy qizi, Shakhzodakhon Bekmurodova Poʻlatjon qizi, & Jumanazar To‘ychiev Saidqul o‘g‘li. (2025). Comparative Analysis of Drugs Used for Anemia and Drugs Storing Iron. Research Journal of Trauma and Disability Studies, 4(5), 190–195. Retrieved from https://journals.academiczone.net/index.php/rjtds/article/view/5141

Sepich-Poore, G.D.; McDonald, D.; Kopylova, E.; Guccione, C.; Zhu, Q.; Austin, G.; Carpenter, C.; Fraraccio, S.; Wandro, S.; Kosciolek, T.; et al. Robustness of cancer microbiome signals over a broad range of methodological variation. Oncogene 2024, 43, 1127–1148.

Sokhib Rashidov Zamon oʻgʻli, Shakhzoda Abduraimova Abdusattor qizi, Nigora Yusufjonova Mirrakhim qizi, Diyora Turdibekova Erkinjon qizi, & Makhsuma Dovutkho’jayeva Maqsudjonovna. (2025). Classification, Indications for Use, Range of Applications and Disadvantages of Medicines against Nematodes and Leishmania. Research Journal of Trauma and Disability Studies, 4(5), 196–201. Retrieved from https://journals.academiczone.net/index.php/rjtds/article/view/5142

Zhang Y, Li X, Wang Y et al. The role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. Front Pharmacol . 2022;13:1042189. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1042189.

Sokhib Rashidov Zamon oʻgʻli, Nigora Yusufjonova Mirrakhim qizi, Diyora Turdibekova Erkinjon qizi, Makhsuma Dovutkho’jaeva Maqsudjonovna, Shakhzoda Abduraimova Abdusattor qizi, Analysis of the effect of medicines used in medical practice for various diseases on the fetus , european journal of modern medicine and practice: Vol. 5 No. 5 (2025) 342-347.

Velmurugan, G.; Dinakaran, V.; Rajendhran, J.; Swaminathan, K. Blood Microbiota and Circulating Microbial Metabolites in Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 2020, 31, 835–847.

Sokhib Rashidov Zamon oʻgʻli, Elyor Zokirboev Anvarjon ògli, Umidjon Akramov Abdusamad o‘g‘li, Aziza Egamberdiyeva Farkhod qizi, Munisa Qoʻshbekova Roʻzimbek qizi. (2025). Analysis of general and specific pharmacological properties of fat-soluble vitamins. International Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, 3(5), 101–106. Retrieved from https://medicaljournals.eu/index.php/IJCNP/article/view/1857

Dragomanova S, Kalfin R, Tancheva L, Mehan S, Stanciu D, Panaiotov S. Pathological Alterations in Human Blood Microbiome—An Updated Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025; 26(12):5807. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26125807

Edpuganti S, Subhash S, Subrahmaniyan SL, Latheef S, Albarari SS. Gut Microbiome and Cardiovascular Health: Mechanisms, Therapeutic Potential and Future Directions. Heart Int. 2025 Nov 24;19(2):12-20. doi: 10.17925/HI.2025.19.2.3.