This article analyzes the biological essence of heredity, the mechanisms of transmission of genetic information from generation to generation, and its significance in the development of living organisms. During the study, the laws of heredity, the preservation and transmission of genetic information were examined based on scientific literature in genetics and molecular biology. In addition, the roles of genes, chromosomes, and DNA molecules in the formation of hereditary traits as well as the influence of environmental factors were analyzed. The results show that heredity plays a crucial role in preserving biological characteristics of living organisms, regulating developmental processes, and ensuring biological diversity. A deeper understanding of heredity contributes significantly to the advancement of biology, medicine, and genetics.

Female infertility is a multifactorial condition affecting millions of women worldwide, with significant medical, psychological, and social implications. The primary causes include ovulatory disorders, anatomical abnormalities, endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, hormonal imbalances, and genetic factors. Lifestyle factors, such as obesity, smoking, poor nutrition, and stress, further impact reproductive health. Early and accurate diagnosis using modern techniques ultrasonography, hormonal profiling, laparoscopy, hysteroscopy, and genetic testing is essential for effective management. Treatment strategies are highly individualized and may involve lifestyle modifications, pharmacological therapy, surgical interventions, and assisted reproductive technologies (ART) such as intrauterine insemination (IUI) and in vitro fertilization (IVF). Preventive measures, patient counseling, and psychological support play a critical role in improving outcomes. This article provides a comprehensive overview of contemporary diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to female infertility, highlighting the importance of an integrated, patient-centered strategy to enhance reproductive outcomes and overall well-being.

Background: Essential hypertension is a complex, multifactorial clinical syndrome fundamentally characterized by the persistent hyperactivation of the sympathoadrenal system. This profound autonomic dysregulation contributes not only to the chronic elevation of systemic arterial blood pressure but also plays a central pathogenic role in the progression of hypertensive vasculopathy, insidious target organ damage, and long-term cardiovascular morbidity. β-adrenergic receptor antagonists, universally recognized as β-blockers, have been extensively utilized for several decades to mitigate these deleterious neurohumoral effects. However, the exact pharmacological modulation of the sympathoadrenal system varies significantly and is profoundly dependent upon the specific generation and receptor selectivity of the applied β-blocker. Objective: This comprehensive narrative review aims to meticulously analyze the specific features of sympathoadrenal functional activity in patients with essential hypertension undergoing various regimens of β-blocker therapy, elucidating the intricate neurohumoral, hemodynamic, and metabolic crosstalk that ultimately defines long-term clinical outcomes. Methods: An exhaustive, detailed synthesis of current biomedical literature was conducted, focusing sharply on the differential, generation-specific impacts of first-, second-, and third-generation β-blockers on systemic and regional sympathetic nerve activity, heart rate variability, baroreflex sensitivity, catecholamine spillover kinetics, and critical metabolic parameters. Results: The synthesized evidence demonstrates that while traditional, strictly β₁-selective agents successfully lower systemic blood pressure and blunt chronotropic responses, they frequently fail to reverse the underlying sympathetic central overdrive, leading to a documented phenomenon known as residual sympathetic activation. Conversely, third-generation agents, which possess adjunctive vasodilatory properties mediated through nitric oxide release (e.g., nebivolol) or concurrent -adrenergic blockade (e.g., carvedilol), demonstrate a vastly superior physiological ability to restore sympathovagal balance. These modern pleiotropic agents actively decrease regional norepinephrine spillover, enhance parasympathetic vagal rebound, and significantly improve endothelial function and myocardial energy metabolism. Conclusion: The pharmacological modulation of the sympathoadrenal system extends far beyond the simple, mechanical reduction of heart rate and cardiac output. Selecting the optimal β-blocker in the clinical management of essential hypertension necessitates a highly nuanced, individualized understanding of the drug's specific interactions with central sympathetic outflow, peripheral efferent nerve traffic, and cellular metabolic pathways in order to effectively minimize the persistent burden of residual cardiovascular risk.

Background. Arterial hypertension remains one of the leading preventable causes of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite the availability of effective antihypertensive medications, achieving target blood pressure control is consistently hindered by poor patient adherence to prescribed therapeutic regimens. The objective of this study was to evaluate the baseline level of medical adherence among patients suffering from arterial hypertension and to determine the effectiveness of targeted educational interventions in improving their compliance. Methods. A comprehensive prospective study was conducted at the clinical base of the Faculty Therapy Department of the Andijan State Medical Institute. The study enrolled a total of 71 patients diagnosed with essential arterial hypertension. Baseline adherence was evaluated using the standardized Morisky-Green questionnaire. Following the initial assessment, all participants underwent a structured educational program focused on disease awareness, lifestyle modification, and the critical importance of uninterrupted medication intake. Patients were followed up for six months to evaluate changes in their adherence levels and corresponding clinical outcomes. Results. The initial evaluation revealed that a significant portion of the participants exhibited low adherence to antihypertensive therapy. Specifically, prior to the educational intervention, high adherence was observed in only a minor fraction of the study population. After the implementation of continuous medical counseling and structured educational sessions over the six-month period, a substantial shift was noted. The proportion of patients demonstrating high and medium adherence significantly increased, which was concurrently associated with a statistically significant reduction in both mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings across the cohort. Conclusion. Low adherence to antihypertensive therapy is a prevalent issue that directly contributes to suboptimal blood pressure control. The implementation of personalized, continuous educational interventions and active physician-patient communication within the clinical setting significantly improves therapeutic adherence, leading to better clinical outcomes in patients with arterial hypertension.

 Pathogenic microflora occupies a leading place in the etiology of inflammatory diseases of the maxillofacial region; in most cases it is predominantly found on the oral mucosa, in carious cavities, and in periodontal pockets. Therefore, many studies are aimed precisely at isolating and investigating this flora. The results of current research provide evidence for the etiological significance of microorganisms such as Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus spp. in purulent-inflammatory diseases of the maxillofacial region. In addition, there is a substantial body of data on opportunistic microflora and its role in the development of acute odontogenic purulent-inflammatory diseases of the maxillofacial area.

Hemodialysis in children with acute renal failure (ARF) is often accompanied by pronounced psycho‑emotional stress, motor agitation, and decreased patient compliance. This may lead to complications during the procedure, displacement of vascular access, and reduced dialysis efficiency. Therefore, safe and controlled sedation is of great importance. In modern intensive care medicine, dexmedetomidine is one of the most widely used drugs with sedative and analgesic effects without significant respiratory depression. However, the features of its action when administered through different lines of the dialysis circuit remain insufficiently studied.

Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and long-term disability worldwide. Recent research has revealed that the gut microbiota, the diverse community of microorganisms inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract, plays a critical role in stroke pathophysiology and recovery. The gut-brain axis, a bidirectional communication system connecting the gut and the central nervous system (CNS), regulates immune responses, systemic inflammation, neuronal plasticity, and metabolic homeostasis. Dysbiosis, or an imbalance of gut microbiota, is associated with increased infarct size, exacerbated neuroinflammation, and impaired functional recovery. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current evidence linking gut microbiota to ischemic stroke, detailing mechanisms of action, clinical and experimental studies, and potential microbiota-targeted interventions. Understanding these relationships may inform novel therapeutic strategies to improve recovery outcomes in stroke patients.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic progressive disorder characterized by the degeneration of nigrostriatal neurons and dysfunction of the central nervous system and basal ganglia. The disease was first described in 1817 by J. Parkinson as “shaking palsy.” Its prevalence worldwide is approximately 1%, with the average onset age being 60–65 years. In 5–10% of cases, the disease begins before the age of 40. Men are affected 1.5 times more often than women. The etiology of PD remains unclear, but age-related, genetic, and environmental factors are thought to contribute to its development. PD is primarily sporadic; however, the risk of developing the disease doubles if close relatives are affected. Genetic factors play only a minor role, accounting for approximately 10% of cases. Genetic predisposition may increase susceptibility to damaging factors affecting the nigrostriatal system and age-related processes. Environmental influences implicated in PD pathogenesis include infections, toxic exposures, metals, pesticides, well water consumption, and rural living conditions.

This article scientifically analyzes the interrelationship between the morphological structure and physiological functions of the heart. The anatomical layers, chambers, valvular apparatus, and conduction system of the heart are thoroughly studied, and their roles in the circulatory system are highlighted. In addition, the main indicators of cardiac activity, its regulatory mechanisms, and its significance in maintaining vital functions of the human body are discussed.

This article examines the evaluation of key spirometric parameters in patients with nonspecific interstitial pneumonia. It has been established that these patients predominantly exhibit restrictive pulmonary ventilation impairments, characterized by decreased forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in the first second, with a relatively preserved Tiffeneau index. The findings confirm the diagnostic value of spirometry in assessing lung function in patients with interstitial lung diseases.

This article evaluates the functional activity of peripheral blood neutrophils in patients with nonspecific interstitial pneumonia. Neutrophil phagocytic activity, phagocytic index, phagocytic number, and oxygen-dependent cellular metabolism were assessed using the NBT test. Increased spontaneous neutrophil activity and a decreased functional reserve were observed during stimulation. These findings demonstrate the important role of neutrophils in the development of inflammatory processes in interstitial lung diseases.

In the modern education system, updating the content and methodological framework of traditional education and radically transforming the organization of the educational process have become essential requirements of the time. One of the most effective ways to achieve this goal is the integration of distance learning technologies into the educational system. The implementation of innovative pedagogical technologies and information and communication technologies (ICT) significantly enhances the efficiency and accessibility of education. This study analyzes the importance of innovative teaching methods, interactive pedagogical approaches, and digital learning tools in the organization of distance education. The findings indicate that the application of modern pedagogical technologies improves students’ independent learning skills, critical thinking abilities, and overall academic performance.

This article analyzes the biophysical model of cardiac activity and its significance in medicine. The pumping function of the heart, bioelectrical processes, and hemodynamic parameters were studied from a biophysical perspective. The research is presented according to the IMRAD structure, and the main parameters used in modeling cardiac activity are presented in tabular form. The results demonstrate that cardiac function can be deeply analyzed using biophysical models.

This review article examines the hygienic aspects of information technology use by children and adolescents in the context of the digitalization of modern society. It analyzes current scientific data on the impact of prolonged use of electronic devices on the health of the younger generation, including the visual system, musculoskeletal system, nervous system, and psychoemotional system. Particular attention is paid to risk factors associated with screen time, lighting conditions, workplace ergonomics, and disruption of work-rest schedules. Research results reflecting the impact of the digital environment on sleep quality, cognitive functions, and behavioral characteristics of children and adolescents are summarized. The importance of adhering to hygiene standards and developing preventative recommendations aimed at reducing the negative impact of information technology and preserving the health of children is emphasized.

The establishment of a healthy eating culture during childhood is the most effective intervention for preventing the onset of chronic metabolic and cardiovascular diseases in adulthood. This article presents a cross-sectional observational study conducted at the Department of Hygiene and Ecology of Andijan State Medical Institute. Utilizing the IMRAD framework, the research investigates the distinct and combined influences of parental dietary literacy and teacher-led nutritional interventions on the eating behaviors and body mass indices of 150 primary school children in the Fergana Valley. The findings demonstrate that while the home environment establishes baseline dietary preferences, the active reinforcement of nutritional hygiene by teachers significantly curtails the consumption of ultra-processed foods during school hours. The study concludes that an integrated pedagogical and medical approach, effectively uniting parents and educators, is essential to halt the progression of early metabolic dysregulation and protect the long-term physiological health of the younger generation.

The dual burden of malnutrition, characterized by the paradoxical coexistence of childhood obesity and iron-deficiency anemia, poses a severe threat to public health. This article presents a cross-sectional study conducted at the Department of Hygiene and Ecology of Andijan State Medical Institute. Using the IMRAD framework, the research investigates the impact of nutritional hygiene and dietary habits on the anthropometric and hematological profiles of 150 school-age children in the Fergana Valley. The study reveals a significant correlation between the consumption of highly processed, energy-dense but nutrient-poor foods and the simultaneous development of excessive body weight and anemia. Children with poor nutritional hygiene scores exhibited a threefold higher risk of developing this dual burden. The authors conclude that educational interventions focusing on the hygiene of nutrition, promoting whole foods, and regulating school meals are imperative to prevent early metabolic and cardiovascular derangements.

Gеnеtic scrееning plays a crucial rolе in thе еarly dеtеction, prеvеntion, and managеmеnt of hеrеditary disеasеs. With rapid advancеmеnts in molеcular biology and gеnomic tеchnologiеs, it has bеcomе possiblе to idеntify gеnеtic mutations associatеd with a widе rangе of inhеritеd disordеrs bеforе clinical symptoms appеar. This papеr еxplorеs thе principlеs, mеthods, and applications of gеnеtic scrееning in both prеnatal and postnatal sеttings. Particular attеntion is givеn to carriеr scrееning, nеwborn scrееning programs, prеdictivе gеnеtic tеsting, and population-basеd scrееning stratеgiеs. Thе study also еxaminеs еthical, lеgal, and social implications rеlatеd to gеnеtic data confidеntiality, informеd consеnt, and еquitablе accеss to scrееning sеrvicеs. Prеvеntivе stratеgiеs, including gеnеtic counsеling, lifеstylе modification, еarly mеdical intеrvеntion, and rеproductivе planning, arе discussеd as kеy componеnts in rеducing thе burdеn of hеrеditary disеasеs. Thе papеr concludеs that intеgrating gеnеtic scrееning into public hеalth systеms significantly еnhancеs disеasе prеvеntion, improvеs patiеnt outcomеs, and supports pеrsonalizеd mеdicinе approachеs.

The rapid development of digital technologies has significantly influenced modern education, particularly in medical universities. One of the complex topics in medical chemistry and biophysics is dispersed systems and colloidal solutions, which play an essential role in biological processes. Traditional teaching methods often limit students’ understanding of microscopic interactions occurring in colloidal systems. Therefore, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and interactive teaching methods has become an effective approach for improving learning outcomes. This study investigates the effectiveness of applying AI-based tools and interactive methodologies when teaching the topic “Dispersed systems. Colloidal solutions in biological processes and their coagulation” in medical universities. The research analyzes current literature, pedagogical approaches, and practical experiences in implementing digital learning technologies. The findings demonstrate that AI technologies combined with interactive teaching strategies increase students’ engagement, enhance conceptual understanding, and improve academic performance. The study concludes that integrating AI and interactive methods into chemistry education significantly contributes to develop

The rapid integration of digital and biomedical technologies into modern dentistry is reshaping diagnostic precision, treatment effectiveness, and patient-centered care worldwide. In this study, we critically analyze contemporary scientific literature and international clinical practices to evaluate the role of advanced technologies such as digital imaging, artificial intelligence, CAD/CAM systems, 3D printing, and laser dentistry in improving oral health outcomes. By synthesizing global evidence and contextualizing it within developing healthcare systems, particularly Uzbekistan, we highlight practical solutions aimed at bridging technological disparities, improving clinical competencies, and fostering a more equitable dental care environment.

The article discusses current concepts of the organization and functioning of civil protection (CP) in modern conditions, international treaties regulating issues of prevention, preparedness, response and liquidation, fundamental laws, by-laws of the direction of development and priority tasks in the conditions of strengthening of global threats. Special attention is paid to modern approaches to risk management, issues of training of the population and interaction of forces and means of civil protection at various levels, the sustainability of functioning of economic facilities, application of digital technologies and integration of CP in the system of national and international security.

This article provides a scientific analysis of the essence of missionary activity, its impact on the spiritual life of society, and the potential threats it poses to national values. The study examines the intensification of missionary activities in the context of globalization, their influence on the minds of young people, and factors affecting spiritual security. Furthermore, ways to preserve national values and ensure spiritual stability are discussed.

This article analyzes the essence of the culture of tolerance, its role in societal development, and the specific features of its advancement in Uzbekistan. The study examines the mechanisms for forming tolerance based on historical, social, and cultural factors and highlights its importance in the context of modern global processes. Furthermore, the reforms aimed at ensuring interethnic harmony and religious tolerance in Uzbekistan are analyzed.

 Background: Sudden cardiac death (SCD) represents a significant health concern among young athletes and military personnel. This study aimed to identify key risk factors and develop effective prevention strategies for SCD in these populations.

Methods: We conducted a comparative analysis of 156 athletes and 100 military personnel aged 13-35 years, with 50 healthy individuals as controls. All participants underwent comprehensive electrocardiographic (ECG) and echocardiographic (ECHO) evaluation.

Results: Significant differences were observed in left ventricular mass (175.6±4.62g vs 121.4±5.89g, p<0.0001), QRS complex duration (0.116±0.01 sec), and repolarization abnormalities (T-wave inversion in 7% of athletes). ECG abnormalities were prevalent in 53% of athletes and 45% of military personnel.

Conclusion: Regular cardiac screening with ECG and ECHO demonstrates high sensitivity (92%) for early detection of SCD risk factors. Implementation of personalized training regimens and continuous monitoring is recommended for high-risk individuals.

Background: Sudden cardiac death (SCD) represents a significant health concern among young athletes and military personnel. This study aimed to identify key risk factors and develop effective prevention strategies for SCD in these populations.

Methods: We conducted a comparative analysis of 156 athletes and 100 military personnel aged 13-35 years, with 50 healthy individuals as controls. All participants underwent comprehensive electrocardiographic (ECG) and echocardiographic (ECHO) evaluation.

Results: Significant differences were observed in left ventricular mass (175.6±4.62g vs 121.4±5.89g, p<0.0001), QRS complex duration (0.116±0.01 sec), and repolarization abnormalities (T-wave inversion in 7% of athletes). ECG abnormalities were prevalent in 53% of athletes and 45% of military personnel.

Conclusion: Regular cardiac screening with ECG and ECHO demonstrates high sensitivity (92%) for early detection of SCD risk factors. Implementation of personalized training regimens and continuous monitoring is recommended for high-risk individuals.

This study analyzes the economic efficiency of chemoprophylaxis measures against bovine tuberculosis using the «ETIS-2» complex preparation. The study was conducted on 137 cattle, with calculations based on 2022 prices and approved methodologies. The results indicated that while the cost of chemoprophylaxis per head was 72,000 UZS, the coefficient of prevented economic loss remained high. It was proved that for every 1 UZS spent, an economic effect of 12.7 UZS was obtained.

The endocrine system is a complex of endocrine glands that regulate the body's metabolic processes through hormones. The aim of this study was to investigate the physiological basis of endocrine gland function and their impact on metabolism using data from patients with various endocrine disorders. The study involved 120 participants: 40 healthy individuals, 40 with thyroid dysfunction, and 40 with type 2 diabetes. The results showed that patients with endocrine dysfunction exhibit significant deviations in glucose, insulin, thyroid hormone, and cortisol levels compared to the control group, reflecting the direct influence of hormonal regulation on metabolism.

This article provides a comprehensive overview of the formation and development stages of methods for determining the species-specific characteristics of blood proteins, their theoretical foundations, and practical significance in forensic medical examination. A comparative analysis of the specific features of immunological and non-immunological methods is conducted, and in particular, the diagnostic capabilities, sensitivity, and specificity of the precipitation reaction, immunodiffusion in agar gel, and radial immunodiffusion methods are assessed. Furthermore, the application of modern optical and laser technologies, their advantages, and prospects for practical implementation are analyzed. The research results indicate the need to improve methods for identifying blood traces in forensic practice.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a multifactorial disorder characterized by insulin resistance, central obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, significantly increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. This study analyzes recent advances in the pharmacological correction of MetS, focusing on modern therapeutic strategies and their clinical effectiveness. Particular attention is given to novel drug classes, including sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, which demonstrate pleiotropic effects beyond glycemic control. The findings indicate that combination therapy provides superior outcomes compared to monotherapy by targeting multiple metabolic pathways simultaneously. Despite promising results, challenges such as safety, cost, and patient variability remain. The study highlights the importance of integrated and personalized approaches for improving long-term clinical outcomes in metabolic syndrome management.

This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the effectiveness of robotic-mechanical therapy in patients with diabetic polyneuropathy. The study highlights the growing relevance of innovative rehabilitation technologies in the management of neurological complications of diabetes mellitus. Special attention is given to the mechanisms of action of robotic systems, including their role in improving neuromuscular coordination, restoring motor function, and enhancing microcirculation. The findings indicate that robotic-assisted therapy significantly improves functional outcomes, reduces neuropathic symptoms, and increases patients’ quality of life. The integration of such technologies into clinical practice is justified as a promising direction in modern rehabilitation medicine.

Maternal mortality remains a critical public health challenge in low- and middle-income countries, including Uzbekistan. Despite significant progress in recent decades, further reduction requires systematic approaches to identify and address gaps in obstetric care. The near-miss audit, which analyzes women who survive life-threatening obstetric complications, has emerged as a powerful tool for improving maternal health services. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of near-miss audits in reducing maternal mortality and improving the quality of obstetric care in Uzbekistan. A theoretical and analytical review of scientific literature, international guidelines, and national health reports was conducted. The results indicate that near-miss audits enable identification of delays in care (delays in seeking, reaching, and receiving care), substandard clinical practices, and health system deficiencies. Implementation of audit findings through structured interventions has been associated with improved case management, enhanced clinical protocols, and reduced maternal mortality ratios in various settings. For Uzbekistan, integrating near-miss audits into the national maternal health strategy offers a promising pathway to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.1. Understanding the principles and implementation of near-miss audits is essential for healthcare professionals, hospital administrators, and policymakers committed to improving maternal outcomes.

 Background: Missed miscarriage remains a highly prevalent form of early reproductive loss, representing a significant medical and social challenge. In the environmentally degraded Aral Sea region, specifically Karakalpakstan, this issue is exacerbated by severe ecological factors, endemic anemia, endocrine disruptions, and widespread micronutrient deficiencies. Standardized protocols for preconception care frequently fail to address the complex, multifactorial somatic and reproductive profiles of women residing in such regions. Objective: This study aims to develop, scientifically substantiate, and evaluate a personalized algorithm for pregravid preparation among women with a history of missed miscarriage in the Aral Sea region. Methods: A comprehensive clinical, laboratory, and anamnestic evaluation was conducted on 120 reproductive-aged women with a history of missed miscarriage. The cohort was divided into a control group receiving standard care and an intervention group receiving a region-specific, personalized pregravid preparation algorithm. Assessments included hormonal profiling, hemostasiograms, micronutrient status, and pelvic ultrasonography. Results: The regional patient profile revealed a profound incidence of extragenital pathologies, notably iron deficiency anemia, subclinical hypothyroidism, and sub-optimal vitamin D levels. The implementation of the personalized pregravid preparation algorithm led to a statistically significant improvement in somatic and reproductive health markers. Pregnancy outcomes in the intervention group demonstrated a substantial reduction in the recurrence of missed miscarriages and early pregnancy losses compared to the standard care group. Conclusion: Tailoring pregravid preparation to the specific environmental, somatic, and hemostasiological characteristics of women in ecologically unfavorable regions significantly optimizes reproductive outcomes and reduces the burden of recurrent pregnancy loss.

Pneumonia is an acute inflammatory disease of the lung parenchyma caused by infectious agents. It remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly among children under five, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the etiology, classification, pathogenesis, risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, treatment principles, and preventive strategies of pneumonia. A theoretical and analytical review of modern scientific literature, clinical guidelines, and epidemiological data was conducted. The results indicate that pneumonia can be caused by a wide range of pathogens, including bacteria (e.g., Streptococcus pneumoniae), viruses (e.g., influenza, SARSCoV2), fungi, and atypical microorganisms. Classification is based on the setting of acquisition (communityacquired, hospitalacquired, ventilatorassociated, aspiration pneumonia) and anatomical distribution. Key preventive measures include vaccination (pneumococcal, influenza, COVID19), smoking cessation, hand hygiene, oral care, and management of underlying chronic diseases. Understanding the multifaceted aspects of pneumonia is essential for effective prevention, timely diagnosis, and appropriate treatment.

Cervical phlegmons are associated with a high risk of developing descending mediastinitis, which determines an unfavorable prognosis of the disease. The aim of the study was to compare the effectiveness of traditional surgical tactics with a modified treatment and diagnostic algorithm aimed at preventing mediastinitis. The study included 92 patients divided into a control group (n=35) and a main group (n=29). In the main group, a risk stratification system was applied based on clinical, laboratory, and imaging data, followed by personalized selection of the extent of surgical intervention and antibacterial therapy. The results demonstrated a significant reduction in the incidence of mediastinitis (3.4% vs. 28.6%; p<0.01), a decrease in the number of reoperations, reduced mortality, and shorter hospitalization duration in the main group. The dynamics of inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, lactate) indicated a faster resolution of systemic inflammation. The implementation of the modified algorithm improved the clinical effectiveness of treatment and reduced the risk of severe complications in patients with neck phlegmons.

This review article outlines the etiological factors of primary mediastinitis. As early as the 19th century, surgeons described two principal pathways of infection spread into the mediastinum: through esophageal perforation and via the fascial and cellular spaces of the neck. This concept forms the basis for classifying mediastinitis into primary and secondary types.Primary purulent mediastinitis is defined as a condition arising as a direct purulent complication of diseases or injuries affecting the mediastinal organs. In contrast, secondary purulent mediastinitis develops due to either direct extension or hematogenous dissemination of infection from an existing purulent focus located outside the mediastinum.From a clinical perspective, it is also reasonable to distinguish postoperative mediastinitis as a separate category.In conclusion, primary mediastinitis remains a clinically significant condition, and continued research and expertise in this area of surgery are still highly relevant.

The literature analysis of abdominoplasty is presented: the proposed numerous modifications of abdominoplasty can be summarized in the main types of surgical interventions: classical, vertical, combined and mini-abdominoplasty.

This article extensively discusses the pathogenesis, clinical course, diagnostics, and modern treatment approaches of intracranial hypertension syndrome, which develops in connection with brain tumors. The increased intracranial pressure is scientifically analyzed as a result of compression of brain tissue, impaired cerebrospinal fluid circulation, and impaired cerebral blood circulation. The article describes in detail the main symptoms identified in the patient based on clinical observation - headache, vomiting, visual impairment, and neurological deficits. It also discusses modern instrumental diagnostic methods, in particular, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to determine the localization, size, and effect of tumors on surrounding tissues. The effectiveness of conservative therapy (diuretics, corticosteroids) and neurosurgical interventions used in the treatment process is demonstrated on the basis of a clinical example. The results of the study confirm that early detection of intracranial hypertension syndrome, differential diagnosis, and the use of complex treatment methods are important in improving the quality of life and prognosis of patients. This article is of great clinical importance for practicing physicians and medical students, and serves to provide a deeper understanding of neurological conditions associated with brain tumors.

This article analyzes the development of new drugs and pharmacological innovations in modern medicine. The process of drug discovery, preclinical and clinical studies, and the role of advanced technologies such as biotechnology, artificial intelligence (AI), and nanotechnology are examined. The integration of these innovations accelerates drug development, enhances therapeutic efficacy, and reduces adverse effects. The results show that pharmacological innovations are essential for improving healthcare and implementing personalized medicine.

This article examines the histological structure of the blood and immune system, their main components, and their functional significance in the human body. Blood cells, immune system organs, and their interrelationships are analyzed. The results show that the blood and immune system play a crucial role in protection, transport, and maintenance of homeostasis.

This article examines the histological structure of the endocrine system, its main glands, and their functional significance in the human body. The microscopic structure of endocrine glands, hormone synthesis, and their role in regulating physiological processes are analyzed. The results indicate that the endocrine system plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis.

 The aim of the study was to identify specific features of hormonal regulation in patients during the post‑COVID period, with a focus on adrenal function, thyroid activity, and metabolism. The study included 62 patients (34 women and 28 men) aged 22 to 64 years, who underwent treatment and rehabilitation for 3–6 months after COVID‑19. Patients were divided into two groups: without steroid therapy (n=32) and with steroid therapy (n=30). Hormonal profile parameters (cortisol, TSH, free T4, HbA1c, HOMA‑IR), carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, as well as instrumental findings were assessed. In patients without steroid therapy, subclinical hypothyroidism, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and reduced cortisol levels were more frequently observed. In patients receiving steroid therapy, a more pronounced recovery of the hormonal profile and stabilization of metabolism were noted; however, the risk of secondary adrenal insufficiency persisted. Post‑COVID syndrome is accompanied by significant endocrine disorders, requiring comprehensive monitoring and individualized rehabilitation programs.

 This article examines the formation of children's food culture in the context of the digitalization of all spheres of life. The relevance of the study is driven by the contradiction between the widespread integration of digital technologies into educational processes and the lack of a systematic approach to their use for fostering healthy eating habits. The aim of this work is to provide a theoretical justification and empirical study of the influence of digital tools (mobile applications, educational platforms, digital marketing) on the eating behavior of preschool and primary school children. The methodological framework comprises a systemic approach, Bandura's social cognitive theory, and generational theory. The research employed methods such as parent questionnaires (n=450), pedagogical observation, and content analysis of digital content. The results indicate that the digital environment acts as a dual factor: on one hand, it facilitates the dissemination of unhealthy eating information through targeted advertising; on the other, it offers effective tools for developing nutritional competencies through gamification and interactive learning. Based on the obtained data, a structural-functional model for forming children's food culture in the digital environment was developed, encompassing cognitive, emotional-volitional, and behavioral components. The practical significance of this work lies in the creation of methodological recommendations for educators and parents on the safe and productive use of digital technologies to cultivate a healthy lifestyle in children.

This article presents a theoretical and methodological substantiation of the concept of "hygienic competence" as a key component of the professional training of future doctors in the context of modernizing medical education. The relevance of the study is driven by the need to transition from a knowledge-based paradigm to a competency-based approach, which requires a clear definition of the structure, content, and factors of hygienic competence formation among medical students. The aim of this work is a theoretical analysis and systematization of approaches to defining the essence of hygienic competence, identifying its structural components and formation factors within an innovative educational environment. The methodological framework is based on the competency-based approach, contextual learning theory, as well as integrative and systemic approaches to professional education. The research employed methods of theoretical analysis of scientific literature, pedagogical modeling, and synthesis of advanced pedagogical experience. The results of the study clarified the content of the concept "hygienic competence of a future doctor," defined its structure, which includes motivational-value, cognitive, activity-practical, and reflexive-evaluative components. The main factors of hygienic competence formation were identified and systematized: organizational-pedagogical, psychological-didactic, information-technological, and personal factors. Based on theoretical analysis, a structural-functional model for the formation of hygienic competence in the process of studying hygiene disciplines was developed. The practical significance of this work lies in the possibility of using the obtained results to improve the content and teaching methods of hygiene disciplines in medical universities.

 This article addresses the problem of developing medicalecological competence among medical university students during the study of the discipline “Hygiene and Medical Ecology”. The relevance of the research is driven by the increasing role of environmental factors in the occurrence of diseases and the need to train physicians capable of effectively addressing the challenges of prevention, diagnosis, and population health management under conditions of environmental adversity. The aim of the study is the theoretical substantiation, development, and description of an integrative didactic model for the formation of medicalecological competence in future doctors. The methodological framework comprises systemic, competencybased, and integrative approaches, as well as the theory of contextual learning. Based on theoretical analysis, the structural components of medicalecological competence are identified: motivationalvalue, cognitive, activitypractical, and reflexiveevaluative. The developed model includes target, content, procedural, and outcomeassessment blocks, united by integrative connections. The procedural block proposes active and interactive teaching methods (problembased learning, case method, project activities, “Quartetblock” technology, collaborative learning), as well as the possibilities of the digital educational environment. The model was tested in the educational process and demonstrated its effectiveness in increasing the level of medicalecological competence formation. The practical significance of the work lies in the possibility of using the developed model to improve the teaching of hygiene and environmental disciplines in medical universities.

This article analyzes the issues of moral, educational, and cultural revival of the Turkic peoples within the philosophical views of the Turkestan Jadid movement in the early 20th century. The research highlights the ideas of national identity through “enlightened morality” and the “Usul-i Jadid” system advocated by thinkers such as Mahmudkhoja Behbudi, Abdurauf Fitrat, and Abdulla Avloni. The article philosophically substantiates the Jadids’ efforts to integrate Turkic peoples into global progress by developing family education, secular schooling, and the national press.

This article investigates the surgical methods for treating morbid obesity, including types of operations and their specific features.

High-strength polymer composites are widely used in the aerospace, automotive, and marine industries due to their high strength and low weight. However, exposure to aggressive environments such as salt fog, acidic solutions, and high humidity can lead to corrosion of the matrix and fiber-matrix interface. This study analyzes the effect of fiber surface treatment on the corrosion resistance of composites. Tests were conducted using silane and phosphate treatments, as well as corrosion resistance assessment using immersion testing and potentiodynamic polarization. The results demonstrate that fiber surface treatment significantly reduces corrosion damage and improves matrix adhesion, thereby extending the service life of the composites.

This article analyzes the development of creative thinking skills in students during the teaching of histology. The possibilities of fostering creativity through modern educational technologies, interactive methods, and innovative approaches are highlighted. The results of the study show that a creative approach in teaching histology is an important factor in improving students’ knowledge and practical skills.

This article comprehensively examines the processes of cell regeneration and tissue repair from histological, biological, and clinical perspectives. Regeneration is an essential adaptive property of the organism, ensuring the functional integrity of tissues through the restoration of damaged or lost cells. The study analyzes the main types of regeneration—physiological, reparative, and pathological—and compares the regenerative capacities of different tissues.

Cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis are explored as key mechanisms of regeneration. The role of stem cells in regeneration, their types, and their applications in modern medicine are extensively analyzed. Additionally, pathological conditions associated with impaired regeneration are discussed.

The results show that the regenerative capacity of tissues depends on their histological structure: epithelial tissue has a high regenerative ability, whereas nervous tissue has a low capacity. In-depth study of regenerative processes is considered one of the key directions of future medicine.

Stroke remains one of the leading causes of mortality and long-term disability worldwide, with significant variations in clinical presentation, management, and outcomes across different regions. In Uzbekistan, systematic data on acute stroke care have been limited. The implementation of the Registry of Stroke Care Quality (RES-Q) provides a valuable opportunity to evaluate real-world clinical characteristics and outcomes of stroke patients.

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the genetic mechanisms underlying non-allelic gene interactions during di-hybrid and poly-hybrid crossing. While classical Mendelian genetics focuses on independent assortment, this study examines how genes from different loci interact to shape complex phenotypes. The research details the biochemical basis of complementarity, epistasis, and polymerism, highlighting their role in biological diversity and inheritance patterns. The findings demonstrate that understanding these interactions is vital for modern medical genetics and evolutionary biology.

Submandibular phlegmon is a severe purulent-inflammatory condition affecting the submandibular space and adjacent fascial compartments, often originating from odontogenic infections. The rapid spread of infection and risk of life-threatening complications such as airway obstruction and sepsis necessitate timely diagnosis and comprehensive treatment. This article analyzes modern surgical and conservative approaches in the management of submandibular phlegmon, focusing on antibiotic therapy, drainage techniques, and operative interventions. Evidence-based data from contemporary clinical studies are reviewed to evaluate treatment outcomes and optimize management strategies.

The human reproductive system is regulated by a complex network of hormones that ensure gamete maturation, ovulation, spermatogenesis, and preparation for pregnancy. This article examines the physiological mechanisms of hormonal regulation in men and women and presents observational data from patients with reproductive disorders. Particular attention is paid to the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary system, the gonads, and the interaction of the central nervous system with peripheral hormones.

This article examines the main factors contributing to functional disorders of the digestive system in pediatric patients, criteria for their early detection, modern diagnostic methods, as well as comprehensive treatment and rehabilitation approaches. In addition, the necessity of developing preventive mechanisms based on the physiological and psychological characteristics specific to children is substantiated.

Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, accounting for a significant proportion of premature deaths and disability in both developed and developing countries. In recent decades, the role of nutrition in the development and progression of cardiovascular disorders has become one of the central topics in preventive medicine and clinical cardiology. Modern scientific evidence demonstrates that dietary habits significantly influence lipid metabolism, vascular integrity, inflammatory processes, oxidative stress, and metabolic regulation, all of which are key factors in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. The nutritional approach allows the identification of modifiable risk factors associated with excessive intake of saturated fats, trans fats, refined carbohydrates, and sodium, as well as insufficient consumption of dietary fiber, antioxidants, and essential fatty acids. The purpose of this article is to analyze the theoretical and clinical foundations of the nutritional approach in the etiology of cardiovascular diseases based on modern scientific concepts, epidemiological studies, and theoretical models of metabolic and vascular disorders. Special attention is given to the mechanisms through which improper nutrition contributes to atherosclerosis, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and metabolic syndrome. The study also examines the role of preventive nutrition, functional foods, and balanced dietary patterns in reducing cardiovascular risk. The results of theoretical analysis show that rational nutrition plays a decisive role not only in the prevention but also in the progression and clinical outcome of cardiovascular diseases. The nutritional approach should therefore be considered an essential component of modern cardiology, public health, and preventive medicine strategies aimed at reducing the global burden of cardiovascular pathology.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a clonal plasma cell neoplasm frequently accompanied by destructive bone disease, which constitutes a major source of morbidity through pain, pathologic fractures, hypercalcemia, and spinal cord compression. Bone involvement results from uncoupled remodeling characterized by heightened osteoclast activity and suppressed osteoblast function, producing purely osteolytic lesions without sclerotic reaction. This cross-sectional study assessed the spectrum of radiologic bone changes in 68 patients with newly diagnosed or suspected MM at a tertiary medical center in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. Conventional skeletal survey identified bone abnormalities in 72.1% of cases, with classic “punched-out” lytic lesions most prevalent in the skull (55.9%), vertebrae (50.0%), and pelvis (41.2%). Whole-body low-dose CT (WBLDCT), performed in a subset of 42 patients, detected additional osteolytic lesions in 21.4% of those with negative or equivocal skeletal surveys. MRI demonstrated focal or diffuse marrow infiltration patterns in 80% and 40% of examined cases, respectively, often before overt cortical destruction. A significant positive correlation was observed between the number of lytic lesions and Durie-Salmon stage (r = 0.54, p < 0.01), as well as negative correlations with hemoglobin levels (r = −0.58, p < 0.01) and positive correlations with β2-microglobulin (r = 0.51, p < 0.01). These results emphasize the limitations of traditional skeletal survey and the superior sensitivity of modern whole-body imaging techniques (WBLDCT and MRI) for accurate detection and staging of bone disease in MM. Early radiologic diagnosis using advanced modalities is critical for risk stratification, prevention of skeletal-related events, and optimization of therapeutic strategies, particularly in resource-variable settings.

 Patients with acute leukemia (AL), including acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), exhibit a dual hemostatic imbalance characterized by both bleeding and thrombotic tendencies. Limb thrombosis, encompassing venous (deep vein thrombosis, DVT) and arterial events, represents a challenging complication due to concurrent thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy, central venous catheter (CVC) use, and intensive chemotherapy. This prospective observational study analyzed 62 consecutive adult patients with AL who developed limb thrombosis at a tertiary hematology-oncology center in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, between January 2025 and December 2025. Diagnosis integrated clinical evaluation, D-dimer testing, duplex ultrasound for venous thrombosis, and CT angiography for arterial involvement or suspected pulmonary embolism (PE). Complications arose in 64.5% of cases, including PE in 25.8%, recurrent thrombosis in 19.4%, acute limb ischemia (ALI) in 12.9%, and post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) in 14.5%. Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) served as the primary anticoagulant in 83.9% of patients, frequently supported by platelet transfusions to maintain counts ≥30–50 × 10⁹/L during therapy. Treatment achieved thrombus resolution or stabilization in 72.6% of cases; however, major bleeding (ISTH criteria) occurred in 16.1%, and limb amputation was required in 6.5% of ALI cases. These results demonstrate that individualized, multidisciplinary management balancing thrombotic and hemorrhagic risks can yield acceptable outcomes. Early diagnostic imaging and platelet-supported LMWH therapy are central to minimizing morbidity in this high-risk group.

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) remains a global health concern, frequently resulting from chronic occult gastrointestinal blood loss. Lower esophageal sphincter (LES) incompetence, commonly manifested as hiatal hernia, can contribute to mucosal injury (e.g., Cameron lesions) and gastroesophageal reflux, leading to iron depletion. This cross-sectional study investigated radiological signs of LES incompetence using barium-contrast upper gastrointestinal series in 52 adult patients with confirmed IDA. Hiatal hernia, indicating LES incompetence, was identified in 28 patients (53.8%), with sliding (Type I) hernia being the most prevalent (46.2%). Gastroesophageal reflux was observed in 60.7% of hernia-positive cases, and linear mucosal irregularities suggestive of Cameron erosions appeared in 19.2% of the cohort. A significant negative correlation was found between the presence of hiatal hernia and both hemoglobin levels (r = −0.62, p < 0.01) and serum ferritin (r = −0.59, p < 0.01). These results underscore the value of conventional barium esophagography as a non-invasive, cost-effective tool for detecting LES incompetence in patients with unexplained or refractory IDA, particularly in settings where advanced endoscopy is limited. Early radiological identification may guide targeted therapy, including hernia repair, and improve hematologic outcomes.

Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic, progressive inflammatory bowel disease that frequently becomes refractory to conventional and biologic therapies, resulting in significant morbidity, repeated surgeries, and impaired quality of life. Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) offers a potential immune reset through immunoablation followed by hematopoietic reconstitution. This prospective observational study assessed the safety, feasibility, clinical remission, endoscopic response, and long-term outcomes of AHSCT in patients with severe, treatment-refractory CD. AHSCT is feasible and demonstrates promising rates of clinical and endoscopic remission in carefully selected patients with refractory CD, with an acceptable safety profile in an experienced center. These results align with recent international consortium data and support further evaluation of optimized regimens in larger multicenter trials.

This article comprehensively examines the processes of cell regeneration and tissue repair from histological, biological, and clinical perspectives. Regeneration is an essential adaptive property of the organism, ensuring the functional integrity of tissues through the restoration of damaged or lost cells. The study analyzes the main types of regeneration—physiological, reparative, and pathological—and compares the regenerative capacities of different tissues.

Cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis are explored as key mechanisms of regeneration. The role of stem cells in regeneration, their types, and their applications in modern medicine are extensively analyzed. Additionally, pathological conditions associated with impaired regeneration are discussed.

The results show that the regenerative capacity of tissues depends on their histological structure: epithelial tissue has a high regenerative ability, whereas nervous tissue has a low capacity. In-depth study of regenerative processes is considered one of the key directions of future medicine.

Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities that significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, which remains the leading cause of global mortality. This study aims to evaluate the impact of metabolic syndrome components on cardiovascular risk among patients attending Namangan City Family Polyclinic No. 5. A retrospective observational study was conducted involving 120 patients aged 30–65 years. Clinical parameters including body mass index, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, and lipid profile were analyzed. The results revealed a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome components, with obesity and hypertension being the most common. A strong correlation was found between the number of metabolic abnormalities and increased cardiovascular risk. The findings highlight the importance of early detection and integrated management strategies at the primary healthcare level.

Fungal skin infections are one of the most common dermatological problems, impacting patients' quality of life. This study examined the efficacy of modern antifungal medications in 30 patients treated at the Namangan branch of the Republican Center for Dermatovenereology and Cosmetology. Microscopy, culture diagnostics, and clinical assessment of symptoms were used. The results demonstrate the high efficacy of combination therapy and the need for an individualized approach to drug selection depending on the pathogen.

This article presents a descriptive review of the literature on the role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto's goiter). The mechanisms of extrarenal calcitriol synthesis by immune cells and its effect on T-lymphocyte differentiation are discussed. The results of epidemiological and interventional clinical studies demonstrating an inverse relationship between serum 25(OH)D levels and antithyroid autoantibody titers are analyzed. The clinical significance of monitoring vitamin D status and its targeted supplementation as a pathogenetic adjuvant therapy for this disease is substantiated.

 This review explores the role of zinc in endocrine-immune regulation with a particular focus on thyroid dysfunction. Zinc is an essential trace element involved in numerous biological processes, including hormone synthesis, immune response modulation, and antioxidant defense. In thyroid physiology, zinc contributes to the regulation of thyroid hormone production and receptor function. Deficiency of zinc has been associated with impaired immune responses, increased oxidative stress, and altered thyroid hormone metabolism, potentially contributing to conditions such as hypothyroidism and autoimmune thyroid diseases. Furthermore, zinc plays a critical role in maintaining the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Understanding the interaction between zinc status and thyroid function may provide new perspectives for prevention and supportive treatment strategies in endocrine disorders.

Early detection is a critical strategy for preventing kidney disease, its progression, and related problems, yet multiple studies have found that public knowledge of renal illness is poor. Thus, expanding information and adopting long-term solutions for early diagnosis of kidney illness are public health priority. Economic and epidemiological data highlight why kidney illness should be prioritized on the global public health agenda: kidney disease prevalence is rising internationally, and it is now the seventh highest risk factor for mortality. Furthermore, demographic trends, the obesity epidemic, and the consequences of climate change are all expected to increase kidney disease prevalence even more, with major implications for survival, quality of life, and health-care spending around the world[1]. Importantly, the burden of kidney disease is largest in historically disadvantaged people, who frequently lack access to appropriate renal disease medications, contributing significantly to present socioeconomic gaps in health outcomes.

This study provides a retrospective epidemiological assessment of hepatitis B cases registered in Tashkent city. The main objective of the research was to examine long-term patterns of morbidity, evaluate incidence trends, and analyze territorial as well as gender-related characteristics of the disease distribution. The results of the study may serve as an important scientific basis for improving preventive strategies, strengthening epidemiological surveillance, and enhancing public health interventions aimed at controlling hepatitis B infection.

Diabetic retinopathy is one of the most dangerous and common complications of diabetes in the eye, and it is recognized as the leading cause of blindness worldwide. Most patients with diabetes develop this complication over time, and while previously high glucose levels, vascular changes, hypoxia, or oxidative stress were considered the main factors, today scientific studies have confirmed that genetic factors, along with inflammatory markers, play a leading role in the pathogenesis of this disease.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, accounting for approximately 17.9 million deaths annually. Prevention of these diseases is a critical public health priority and involves a combination of lifestyle modifications, early detection of risk factors, and appropriate pharmacological interventions. This study aimed to analyze the methods of prevention of cardiovascular diseases and to evaluate their effectiveness in reducing the burden of CVD.The research was conducted using a theoretical and analytical approach based on a comprehensive review of modern scientific literature in cardiology, preventive medicine, and public health. Particular attention was given to modifiable risk factors, including arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, smoking, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, and obesity.The results indicate that effective prevention of cardiovascular diseases depends on a combination of population-based strategies and individual high-risk approaches. Lifestyle interventions—such as regular physical activity, adherence to a balanced diet (e.g., Mediterranean diet), smoking cessation, and weight management—significantly reduce cardiovascular risk. Additionally, early detection and optimal management of hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia through pharmacological therapy play a crucial role in both primary and secondary prevention.Understanding and implementing evidence-based prevention strategies is essential for reducing the incidence of cardiovascular diseases, improving population health outcomes, and decreasing healthcare costs associated with CVD complications

This article analyzes the biochemical mechanisms of oncogenesis in chronic kidney disease. It was shown that inflammation, oxidative stress, and impaired cellular metabolism in kidney tissue in patients with chronic kidney disease can create conditions for oncogenesis. Modern science seeks not only to identify and explain developmental phenomena, but also to control biological processes using regulatory mechanisms. Therefore, the morphology of the study of tissue and organ relationships is an urgent and promising direction. In chronic renal failure, the level of vascular endothelial growth factor is dangerous due to a decrease in glomerular filtration rate and the appearance of vascular stiffness. Therefore, chronic renal failure not only leads to impaired functioning of all organs and systems of the body, but also causes morphological changes in the spleen, which allows it to be classified as a disease of medical and social importance.

This scientific article analyzes "Virtopsy" (virtual autopsy), an innovative direction emerging in modern forensic medical practice. The study provides a comparative analysis of the limitations inherent in traditional pathological autopsy methods and the advantages offered by digital visualization technologies (MSCT, MRI, 3D surface scanning). Furthermore, it substantiates the relevance of implementing virtual autopsy within the framework of the national-religious values and the medico-legal system of Uzbekistan, emphasizing its evidentiary value in judicial proceedings.

This article examines the morphological structure of nervous tissue, the main characteristics of neurons, and the functional role of neuroglia. During the study, the interaction between the main components of the nervous system—neurons and glial cells—was analyzed along with their physiological significance. The results demonstrate the complex organization of nervous tissue and highlight the essential protective and trophic roles of neuroglia.

Congenital heart defects (CHD) are structural defects of the heart and (or) great vessels that are present in the patient from birth. Most defects disrupt blood flow within the heart or within the large and small blood circulation. Heart defects are the most common congenital defects and are the main cause of death in children due to developmental defects. Congenital heart defects are a significant problem in pediatrics due to the fact that they cause serious health problems and disability in children, their prevalence and the need for early surgical correction. Pathophysiologically, the main problem in CHD is the presence of pathological connections (shunts), narrowings or incorrect connections between the chambers of the heart and ventricles or in the system of great vessels. For example, blood flows from left to right or vice versa through interventricular or interventricular foramina, which reduces the degree of oxygen saturation of the blood and overloads the heart.

This article studies the role of ultrasound diagnostics (UTT) in optimizing the rehabilitation process in injuries of the internal structures of the knee joint. The study was conducted in a clinical-functional direction and was based on prospective observation and dynamic assessment methods. Patients were monitored stepwise (T0–T3) by ultrasound examination, and indicators such as synovitis, bursitis, hemarthrosis, meniscal changes, ligamentous stability, and muscle condition were assessed.

The results showed that individual adaptation of the rehabilitation program based on UTT led to clinical and functional improvement in 70–75% of patients, the diagnosis was clarified in 80–85% of cases, and treatment tactics were changed in 60% of patients in a timely manner. Dynamic ultrasound monitoring allowed for precise management of the rehabilitation process, early detection of complications, and reduction of recovery time.

The cost-effectiveness of ultrasound diagnostics has also been proven: a decrease in diagnostic costs, a reduction in treatment time, and a decrease in days of disability were observed. The results of the study confirm that the individual rehabilitation model based on ultrasound control is an effective and innovative approach to knee joint injuries.

This article analyzes the communicative features of the Uzbek language in the process of interaction between doctors and patients. Important factors such as speech culture, ethical norms, correct use of terminology, and psychological approach in medical communication are examined. The results of the study show that effective communication not only improves diagnostic accuracy but also strengthens patient trust.

 Chronic cerebral ischemia (CCI) is one of the most common forms of cerebrovascular disease and is often accompanied by headache, as well as emotional and insomnia disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of emotional and sleep disturbances in patients with headache associated with CCI. The study included 110 patients. It was found that most patients experienced anxiety-depressive disorders and various forms of insomnia, which exacerbate headache severity and impair quality of life. The findings highlight the need for a comprehensive approach to diagnosis and treatment in this patient population.

Post-COVID syndrome (long COVID) is a complex of symptoms that persist after COVID-19 infection and significantly impact patients' quality of life. The aim of this study was to investigate the causes, risk factors, pathogenetic mechanisms, and clinical manifestations of post-COVID syndrome in 130 patients. Results revealed that the most common symptoms are chronic fatigue, shortness of breath, and cognitive impairment. A relationship was established between the severity of acute infection and the severity of post-COVID manifestations. The findings confirm the multifactorial nature of the disease and the need for a comprehensive approach to treatment.

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Therapeutic stomatology represents a central field of modern dentistry focused on the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases affecting dental hard tissues, pulp, and periodontal structures. Contemporary scientific literature emphasizes that despite significant technological progress, dental caries, pulpitis, and periodontal diseases remain among the most prevalent chronic conditions worldwide, affecting more than 3.5 billion people according to global epidemiological assessments. This article analyzes modern scientific approaches in therapeutic stomatology, integrating evidence from international dental research, clinical guidelines, and epidemiological data. Particular attention is directed toward the unresolved challenges of early diagnosis, minimally invasive treatment strategies, and preventive protocols aimed at reducing disease burden.

Efficient management of patient flow remains one of the most critical organizational challenges in modern stomatology. Increasing demand for dental services, limited clinical resources, and insufficient information about waiting queues often lead to longer waiting times, reduced treatment efficiency, and financial losses for medical institutions. Through the analysis of contemporary international research in healthcare management, health economics, and dental service systems, the present study evaluates the importance and economic implications of queue information in stomatological practice. Particular attention is paid to the role of digital queue monitoring systems, information transparency for patients, and optimization of clinical scheduling. Statistical evidence from global healthcare reports indicates that inefficient queue management may increase operational costs of dental clinics by 15–30% while simultaneously reducing patient satisfaction levels. 

The effective management of client admission services in dental centers represents a critical component of modern healthcare administration, directly influencing patient satisfaction, treatment efficiency, and the overall quality of medical services. Contemporary scientific studies emphasize that poorly organized admission systems often lead to prolonged waiting times, inefficient resource allocation, communication failures between patients and medical staff, and reduced clinical productivity. Through the analytical review of international scientific literature and healthcare management models, this study examines the key requirements for organizing and managing patient admission processes in dental centers. Particular attention is given to digital registration systems, patient flow management, administrative coordination, ethical communication standards, and the integration of health information technologies. Statistical data from global healthcare management research indicate that optimized admission systems can reduce patient waiting time by up to 35–45% while increasing service efficiency and patient satisfaction levels by nearly 30%. The research highlights that many dental institutions, especially in developing healthcare systems, still experience structural and managerial deficiencies in admission services. 

 This article analyzes the clinical features of constipation in children of different ages, etiological factors, and modern treatment and prevention approaches. Constipation manifests itself differently in children from infancy to school age, and dietary habits, immaturity of intestinal motility, psychoemotional factors, and a sedentary lifestyle play an important role. If constipation in newborns is more functional in nature, then in preschool and school age, improper nutrition and the habit of holding in stool may be the main cause. The article covers clinical signs - infrequent bowel movements, hard stools, pain during defecation, flatulence and general discomfort. It also highlights the importance of taking anamnesis, physical examination and, if necessary, instrumental examinations in making a diagnosis. The treatment tactics are selected according to age, and the need for diet therapy, fluid regimen, probiotics, laxatives and explanatory work with parents is justified. Early prevention and an individual approach are important factors in preventing complications.

 Uterine fibroids and endometriosis are common gynecological conditions affecting women of reproductive age and may have a significant impact on fertility and pregnancy outcomes. These disorders are associated with hormonal imbalance, chronic inflammation, and structural changes in the reproductive organs, which can lead to complications such as miscarriage, preterm birth, abnormal fetal position, and impaired implantation. Early diagnosis and individualized pregnancy management are essential to reduce potential risks for both mother and fetus. Modern diagnostic methods, including ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging, as well as assisted reproductive technologies, allow clinicians to optimize treatment strategies and monitor pregnancy effectively. Proper prenatal care and multidisciplinary supervision improve maternal and fetal outcomes in women with these conditions. The study highlights the importance of comprehensive clinical evaluation, timely intervention, and preventive strategies for safe pregnancy in women with uterine fibroids and endometriosis.

Dental implants are widely used in modern dentistry as an effective method for replacing missing teeth. The long-term success of implant therapy largely depends on the condition of the peri-implant tissues and the level of oral hygiene maintained by the patient. Numerous clinical and epidemiological studies confirm that inadequate plaque control leads to inflammatory diseases around implants, including peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis. This article analyzes scientific evidence on the role of oral hygiene in maintaining the health of tissues surrounding dental implants. The paper examines risk factors associated with poor oral hygiene, preventive strategies, and evidence-based recommendations for maintaining peri-implant tissue health. The analysis is based on clinical research, systematic reviews, and international dental guidelines.

This article analyzes the anatomical structure of the organs of the human respiratory system and their role in the functioning of the body. The respiratory system is important in providing the body with oxygen and removing carbon dioxide gas formed during metabolism. The article discusses the anatomical structure of the nasal cavity, larynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs, which are the main parts of the respiratory system, and their interrelationships based on scientific sources. The anatomical foundations of the gas exchange process in the alveoli of the lungs are also considered. The study of the structure of the organs of the respiratory system and their functional properties is of great importance in medical practice and serves as the main scientific foundation in the diagnosis and treatment of various respiratory diseases.

Background: Microbial eczema represents a complex dermatological challenge, characterized by a chronic relapsing course and a multifactorial pathogenesis that involves profound immune dysregulation and neurogenic sensitization. Traditional therapies often struggle with patient compliance and side effects, necessitating the exploration of effective botanical alternatives. Objective: The primary goal of this research was to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of a novel complex herbal extract, Vitaderm, in treating different clinical forms of microbial eczema and to analyze its impact on the inflammatory and regenerative phases of the disease. Methods: A prospective clinical study was conducted involving seventy-nine patients diagnosed with various subtypes of microbial eczema. The treatment protocol integrated standard systemic therapy with the frequent topical application of the Vitaderm extract. Clinical parameters, including the cessation of exudation, reduction of pruritus, and epithelial regeneration rates, were meticulously monitored. Results: The findings demonstrated that the topical application of the herbal extract significantly accelerated the healing process. Exudative manifestations ceased within an average of 1.8 days, while acute inflammatory symptoms and subjective sensations of itching were substantially mitigated by the third and fourth days of therapy. Complete restoration of the epidermal barrier and detachment of crusts were achieved significantly faster than with conventional monotherapy. Conclusion: Vitaderm possesses potent bactericidal, fungicidal, and anti-inflammatory properties. Its ability to promote rapid regeneration without causing systemic toxicity or staining makes it a superior candidate for integration into modern dermatological practice for the treatment of microbial eczema.

The role of family and society in preventing obesity, and the role of fast food in studying the problem of obesity among young people.

Today, obesity has become one of the most serious social and medical problems in the world. It is observed that psycho-emotional factors, genetic factors, endocrine disorders in our lives are the causes of obesity. This problem is especially growing among young people. Modern lifestyle - fast food, sitting in front of the phone or computer for a long time, low physical activity - are directly the main causes of obesity. Or the automation of all household appliances is causing it.

 The respiratory system plays a vital role in providing the body with oxygen and removing carbon dioxide. The functional state of the respiratory system changes throughout life and depends on age, physical activity level, health, and environmental influences. During childhood, the respiratory system actively develops and matures, reaching its peak performance in adulthood, and gradually declining in functionality in old age. The aim of this study is to analyze the functional state of the respiratory system in individuals of different age groups. This paper examines physiological changes in the respiratory system, external respiration parameters, and the influence of age-related factors on vital capacity and other respiratory parameters. The results of the study demonstrate that age is a key factor determining respiratory system functionality. The data obtained can be used in medicine, physiology, and sports practice to assess health and prevent respiratory diseases.

The development of digital technologies and artificial intelligence methods significantly expands the possibilities for studying the physiological systems of the human body. A particularly promising area is the use of machine learning algorithms and simulation modeling to analyze respiratory system functions. These methods enable the processing of large data sets, modeling physiological processes, and predicting changes in lung function. This study examined key respiratory system parameters in 60 patients of different age groups using artificial intelligence algorithms and computer modeling. Vital capacity, respiratory rate, and minute respiratory volume were assessed. The results showed that the use of artificial intelligence enables highly accurate analysis of physiological parameters and the identification of abnormalities in respiratory system function. Simulation modeling also enables the prediction of possible changes in respiratory function under various physiological conditions.

The cardiovascular system plays a fundamental role in maintaining physiological homeostasis through continuous blood circulation and regulation of metabolic processes. Histological organization of the heart and blood vessels reflects their highly specialized functional roles. The present study analyzes the structural characteristics of the cardiovascular system with particular emphasis on the histological layers of the heart wall and vascular structures. Special attention is given to endothelial organization, myocardial architecture, and morphological changes associated with pathological conditions such as ischemia, thrombosis, and myocardial infarction. The study demonstrates that structural alterations in cardiovascular tissues significantly affect hemodynamic stability and may serve as early indicators of cardiovascular disease. Understanding the microscopic organization of these tissues provides valuable insight into mechanisms underlying cardiovascular pathology and contributes to the development of modern diagnostic and preventive strategies.

This study examines the anatomy and pathology of the respiratory system, focusing on pneumonia and other respiratory diseases. The research analyzes alveolar and bronchial structures, clinical manifestations, and disease progression mechanisms. Results demonstrate a strong correlation between respiratory anatomical features and the severity of clinical outcomes. Recommendations for early diagnosis and preventive strategies in both pediatric and adult practices are provided.

Today, one of the main issues facing us is to pay attention to the quality of education and training of secondary school students and the mechanisms for its implementation, to improve the physical development, physical fitness, and physical qualities of students.

The article provides information on the physical development, physical fitness, and physical qualities of students.

This review article examines current understanding of neurogenic bladder syndrome in elderly women, as well as its diagnosis and treatment. It analyzes data from clinical and epidemiological studies reflecting the prevalence of lower urinary tract disorders in the elderly and their relationship with age-related changes in the nervous system, comorbidities, and hormonal factors. Particular attention is paid to the pathogenetic mechanisms of neurogenic bladder dysfunction, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic methods, including urodynamic studies and instrumental diagnostics. It summarizes current treatment approaches, including drug therapy, physical therapy, behavioral interventions, and minimally invasive technologies. It emphasizes the need for early detection of urinary disorders in elderly women and a comprehensive, interdisciplinary approach to treatment to improve patients' quality of life.

Litotes—a figure of speech employing understatement through double negation or negated antonyms to affirm a positive meaning—has played a significant role in rhetorical and literary traditions across cultures and epochs. This article traces the historical development of litotes from its origins in ancient Greek rhetoric through its adoption in Latin literature, medieval scholasticism, and eventual flourishing in vernacular European literatures, particularly Old English and Russian. Drawing on classical rhetorical treatises, biblical translations, and poetic corpora, the study demonstrates how litotes evolved from a logical construct into a nuanced expressive tool for irony, modesty, emphasis, and cultural ethos. The analysis highlights key shifts in function and perception, especially its transition from a dialectical technique in Aristotle’s Rhetoric to a hallmark of Anglo-Saxon heroic understatement and later a vehicle for subtle critique in modern discourse. The article concludes that litotes persists not merely as a grammatical curiosity but as a culturally embedded strategy for managing face, conveying ambiguity, and reinforcing communal values through restrained expression. 

A variety of dynamic microbial communities that live in different body anatomical sites make up the human microbiome. As a result of the microbiome and host coevolution, these communities now significantly contribute to the promotion of human health. Therefore, alterations in the human microbiome have the potential to induce or worsen a number of illnesses. Since its discovery, several studies have emphasized the importance of microbiota in health and illness. Microbiota can be divided into four categories based on the localized areas: gastrointestinal, mouth, respiratory, and skin. Together with the host, the microbial populations maintain homeostasis and control immunological response. On the other hand, dysbiosis of the microbiota can result in diseases such as cancer, respiratory disorders, CVDs and dysregulation of body systems. We go over what is currently known about the relationship between microbiota and pathogenesis or host health in this review. The study on microbiota in healthy conditions, including immune regulation, colonization resistance, and the gut-brain axis, is first summarized. Next, we discuss the pathophysiology of microbiota dysbiosis in the onset and progression of disease, which is mainly linked to the generation of chronic inflammation, host immune response modulation, and dysregulation of community composition. Lastly, we present clinical strategies that use microbiota to treat diseases, including fecal microbial transplantation and microbiota regulation. Despite advancements in traditional prevention and treatment techniques, CVD remains a major worldwide health burden with lingering risks. A growing body of research indicates that the gut microbiota plays a crucial but little-studied role in cardiovascular health through intricate interactions between immunological, metabolic, and inflammatory processes. The formation and progression of atherosclerosis, hypertension, heart failure, and arrhythmias are all directly impacted by key microbial metabolites such TMAO, SCFAs, BAs, and LPS, which have been identified as significant modulators of endothelial function, lipid metabolism, and systemic inflammation.

Human health depends on the gut microbiota for a variety of reasons, including nutritional digestion, intestinal epithelial barrier formation, immune function regulation, vitamin and hormone production, and the production of metabolites that interact with the host. The occurrence, development, and management of CVDs are strongly correlated with the gut microbiota, according to mounting data. In patients with CVDs and corresponding risk factors, the composition and ratio of gut microbiota have significant differences compared with their healthy counterparts. Therefore, some of the mechanisms regarding the occurrence and development of CVDs may be explained by gut microbiota dysbiosis, metabolites produced by the gut microbiota, and the associated signaling pathway. Numerous studies have also shown that the gut microbiota, the metabolites it produces, and associated signaling pathways are linked to both traditional and modern medicinal treatments for CVDs. Given that information, we summarized the latest advances in the current research regarding the effect of gut microbiota on health, the main cardiovascular risk factors, and CVDs, highlighted the roles and mechanisms of several metabolites, and introduced corresponding promising treatments for CVDs regarding the gut microbiota. Therefore, this review mainly focuses on exploring the role of gut microbiota related metabolites and their therapeutic potential in CVDs, which may eventually provide better solutions in the development of therapeutic treatment as well as the prevention of CVDs.

Antibiotics, vaccines, and medications for a variety of illnesses are made from a variety of microorganisms; by keeping these microbes and viruses alive, the creation process can be expedited. We have examined new and developing technologies as well as both short-term and long-term microbial and viral preservation techniques. The goal of short-term microbe preservation techniques is to keep the organisms viable for a few days to a year. A major worldwide concern is infectious diseases, which are made worse by the rise of antibiotic resistance. As a result, scientists are looking at new antibacterial substances as possible remedies. The significance of the techniques used for screening and assessing antimicrobial activity—a crucial stage in the identification and characterization of antimicrobial agents—is highlighted by this work. Traditional methods including broth-dilution, disk-diffusion, and well-diffusion are frequently used in antimicrobial studies, although their speed and repeatability may be limited. Antimicrobial evaluations also frequently use a wide range of antimicrobial tests, such as cross-streaking, poisoned-food, co-culture, time-kill kinetics, resazurin assay, bioautography, etc. Advanced methods including bioluminescence, flow-cytometry, and impedance analysis may provide sensitive and quick results, giving more information about how antimicrobials affect cellular integrity. Nonetheless, there can be difficulties due to their greater expense and restricted availability in specific lab environments. This page gives a thorough rundown of assays used to describe antibiotic activity, explaining their fundamental ideas, procedures, benefits, and drawbacks. In our never-ending fight against infectious diseases, the main goal is to improve knowledge of the techniques created for assessing antimicrobial agents. Researchers can identify favorable conditions and expedite the identification of potent antimicrobial drugs by choosing the best antimicrobial testing technique.

In dentistry, topical anesthetic is frequently utilized. Its clinical efficacy is still debatable, though. In order to determine the most researched medications, research trends, top authors, geographic distribution, funding sources, and study characteristics, this study performed a bibliometric analysis of the most cited clinical dentistry articles on topical anesthesia. In recent years, articaine has gained popularity in clinics as a novel medication for local dental anesthetic. The invention of articaine, its mechanism of action, comparison of its effectiveness with other widely used local anesthetics in dental treatment, and an overview of its use in specific populations are all included in this article. Research will continue to look for new and efficient pain management methods even if local anesthetics remain the cornerstone of pain treatment in dentistry. Enhancing anesthetic drugs, delivery systems, and associated techniques is the main focus of research efforts. Recent technological advancements can help the dentist provide greater pain treatment with fewer uncomfortable injections and fewer side effects. The goal of the current literature study is to gather data that will persuade dentists to use contemporary local anesthetics in addition to other strategies and tactics to lessen patient discomfort during anesthesia administration. In conclusion, articaine is more anesthetically effective than lidocaine in clinical dental therapy, and there is no statistically significant difference between the two drugs' safety. Specifically, articaine can be used flexibly for clinical application and provides a number of benefits. In the foreseeable future, atecaine has enormous potential for widespread use in dental offices.

 The intricate relationship between gut microbiota and mental health is becoming more and more evident in recent research, which also highlights the involvement of the microbiota–gut–brain axis (MGBA) in the pathophysiology of mental and neurodevelopmental diseases. Disorders like depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's are linked to dysbiosis, or changes in the gut microbiota's composition. These microbial imbalances can affect brain function through a variety of mechanisms, including activation of the immune system, alteration of intestinal permeability, modulation of the digestive and central nervous systems, and changes in the production of neuroactive metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, serotonin, and tryptophan derivatives.An increasing amount of research indicates that a number of neurological illnesses are associated with notable alterations in the relative abundance and composition of the gut microbiota. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of the various microbiota that are changed in a variety of neurological conditions, including stroke, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). 52 trials totaling 5496 patients were included. The most commonly implicated bacteria at the genus level are Prevotella, Faecalibacterium and Akkermansia. With eight genera (Akkermansia, Butyricicoccus, Bifidobacterium, Coprococcus, Dorea, Faecalibacterium, Parabacteroides and Prevotella) shared by MS and PD and six genera (Enterococcus, Faecalibacterium, Lactobacillus, Parabacteroides, Prevotella and Roseburia) shared by PD and stroke, the overlap between the pathologies was greatest. The question of whether AD, PD, and MS share a shared origin or, more accurately, a common outcome is raised by the identifying markers for these diseases overlapping. The low number and poor power for AD, ALS, and stroke make interpretation difficult and provide a lot of room for false positive and false negative results.

 This literature review provides information on the prevalence and treatment of bacterial meningitis among children and adolescents, the severity of meningitis, and the causes of its occurrence. Bacterial meningitis is most common in infants and children. Because their immune systems are weak, the disease develops very quickly, and the symptoms are hidden. This can lead to severe inflammation of the meninges in a short time. Bacterial meningitis is less common in adolescents than in infants and children. This is due to the maturity of the immune system of adolescents, the rapid recognition of symptoms, and the ability to seek medical attention in a timely manner. Adolescents are mainly infected with Meningococcus (Neisseria meningitides). Some meningitis bacteria are resistant to antibiotics and can cause death. Even in people who recover from it, various neurological complications may remain.

 This literature review describes sepsis as a severe clinical condition that develops as a result of infection and leads to a systemic inflammatory response throughout the body. From a microbiological perspective, a wide range of microorganisms can contribute to the development of sepsis. Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and, in some cases, parasites are considered the main etiological agents of sepsis.Among the most common sources of infection leading to sepsis are infections of the lungs (pneumonia), urinary tract infections, gastrointestinal infections, and infections of the skin and soft tissues. In the treatment of sepsis, a microbiologically oriented approach is initially based on empirical antibiotic therapy, followed by a transition to targeted (etiotropic) therapy after identification of the causative pathogen. The correct and timely selection of antimicrobial therapy not only improves patient prognosis but also plays a crucial role in preventing the development of antimicrobial resistance. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the microbiological basis of sepsis, modern diagnostic methods, and treatment strategies. In addition, special emphasis is placed on the importance of early diagnosis, the role of laboratory diagnostics, and the impact of effective intensive care management on clinical outcomes. Microbiological surveillance, infection control measures, adherence to hygiene standards, and vaccination are essential components in the prevention of sepsis.

Heart failure affects millions of people globally and is a significant and growing global health concern. Numerous etiologies, including ischemic heart disease, hypertension, valve anomalies, and cardiomyopathies, can cause this complex condition. The incapacity of the heart to pump blood effectively enough to meet the body's metabolic needs is known as heart failure, and it causes debilitating symptoms, frequent hospital stays, and high death rates. Heart failure has traditionally been treated with an emphasis on improving cardiac contractility, decreasing fluid retention, and symptom relief. These objectives have been accomplished via a combination of device-based interventions, such as implanted cardioverter-defibrillators and cardiac resynchronization therapy, and pharmaceutical therapies, such as beta-blockers, diuretics, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. The unrelenting progression of heart failure, however, continues to be a major clinical concern in spite of recent advancements. Among the complex mechanisms influencing the disease's development are cellular remodeling, cardiac fibrosis, and neurohormonal activation. Researchers and medical professionals have been searching for new therapeutic strategies that target these basic systems in recent years. One such area of research is the cutting-edge field of gene therapy, where promising gene-editing methods like CRISPR-Cas9 may provide ways to fix genetic abnormalities that cause heart failure. Furthermore, there is great potential for rebuilding damaged heart tissue and regaining function through regenerative medicine techniques including tissue engineering and stem cell therapy. Additionally, efforts in precision medicine have gained momentum with the goal of customizing heart failure treatments to each patient's unique profile while accounting for comorbidities, biomarkers, and genetics. Predictive models for early intervention, risk assessment, and individualized therapy recommendations have also been made possible by the integration of AI and machine learning in the management of heart failure. By focusing on the disease's underlying mechanisms, these novel treatments for heart failure have the potential to completely transform the sector, as this narrative review highlights. By investigating these cutting-edge strategies, we seek to offer a thorough understanding of the changing paradigm of heart failure treatment, encouraging optimism in both patients and medical professionals.

 Millions of people worldwide suffer from cardiac arrhythmias, which are a group of disorders marked by irregular heartbeats that greatly increase morbidity and mortality. The definition, categorization, epidemiology, and vital significance of efficient management of cardiac arrhythmias are all covered in this study, which offers a thorough examination of current procedures and new treatments in this area. It investigates the pathophysiology of different arrhythmias, including arrhythmogenesis mechanisms including triggered activity, automaticity, and re-entry. In addition to discussing the clinical presentation of various arrhythmias, ranging from supraventricular to ventricular kinds and bradyarrhythmias, the review covers the most recent diagnostic techniques, such as electrophysiological tests, Holter monitoring, and ECG. We analyze the effectiveness and limitations of current pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment approaches, such as antiarrhythmic medications, catheter ablation, and device therapy; additionally, the review explores novel antiarrhythmic agents, gene therapy, advanced catheter ablation techniques, and cutting-edge device technologies, such as leadless pacemakers and subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs); special considerations for managing arrhythmias in a variety of populations, such as children, the elderly, and pregnant women. The review also looks at the future of arrhythmia care, with a focus on applications of artificial intelligence, customized medicine, and the use of cutting-edge technologies in detection and therapy. In order to improve patient outcomes with cardiac arrhythmias, this study attempts to improve understanding and encourage improvements in the field by integrating current knowledge and prospects.

Storage of collection microbial strains at -20°C in the absence of low-temperature equipment is accompanied by cell damage and reduced viability. Objective. To compare the effectiveness of different freezing regimes (including available two-step methods) for preserving clinical strains of 8 microbial species during long-term storage. Materials and Methods. 24 strains (E. coli, S. aureus, S. epidermidis, B. subtilis, B. cereus, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, C. albicans; 3 strains each) were stored in 20% glycerol at -20°C for 10 months. Four regimes were compared: standard (ST), programmed two-step (PZ-1: +4°C 30 min → -20°C 60 min), rapid transition through -80°C (PZ-2: 60 min in dry ice), shock freezing (ShZ: 24 h at -80°C). CFU/mL was assessed monthly. Results. PZ-2 and ShZ provided the greatest protective effect for Gram-negative bacteria: after 6 months for E. coli – 5.5±0.4 and 5.6±0.4 lg CFU/mL vs. 4.8±0.6 lg with ST (p<0.01); for K. pneumoniae – 5.2-5.3 lg vs. 4.5±0.7 lg (p<0.01). For spore-forming bacteria and C. albicans, the regime had no effect (p>0.05). Conclusions. Two-step freezing with preliminary cooling to -80°C is recommended, increasing the viability of sensitive strains by 0.5-0.8 lg CFU/mL.

The article presents the results of an experimental microbiological study assessing bacterial contamination of paper banknotes in active circulation among students. Swab samples collected from the surface of banknotes were examined using classical bacteriological culture methods on differential and selective media. The findings demonstrated a high degree of contamination with opportunistic microorganisms. Staphylococci and enteric bacteria predominated among the isolated microorganisms. Detection of β-hemolytic strains as well as mannitol-positive isolates indicates the potential epidemiological significance of paper currency as a factor in the transmission of infectious diseases.

Purpose - to evaluate the degree of bacterial contamination of paper banknotes and determine the frequency of detection of potentially pathogenic microorganisms.

Materials and methods - fifteen paper banknotes in active circulation were examined. Sterile swabs were taken from two separate areas of each banknote surface using cotton swabs moistened with physiological saline. Samples were cultured on blood agar to assess hemolytic activity and on Endo medium to detect lactose-positive enterobacteria. Incubation was carried out at 37°C for 24–48 hours. Suspected staphylococcal colonies were subcultured onto Mannitol Salt Agar (7.5% NaCl) to determine mannitol fermentation.

Results - microbial growth was detected in 100% of the samples. Colonies varied in morphology and pigmentation (yellow, yellow-green, pink). β-hemolysis was observed in 60% of the samples on blood agar. Lactose-positive colonies characteristic of Escherichia coli were identified in 73% of cases on Endo medium. Mannitol fermentation was detected in 53% of isolates, suggesting the presence of Staphylococcus aureus. Staphylococci were the most frequently isolated microorganisms (80%).

Conclusion - paper banknotes serve as a reservoir of opportunistic and potentially pathogenic microorganisms and may act as an additional factor in the transmission of infectious diseases.

Helminths are parasitic worms that infect millions of people around the world and remain an important public health problem, especially in developing countries. These parasites can live in different organs of the human body and cause various diseases that negatively affect human health. The most common helminths infecting humans include Ascaris lumbricoides, Taenia saginata, and Enterobius vermicularis, which can lead to digestive disorders, weakness, malnutrition, and other pathological conditions.

Helminth infections are usually transmitted through contaminated food, water, soil, or poor hygiene practices. After entering the human body, these parasites can grow, reproduce, and disrupt the normal functioning of organs and systems. In some cases, long-term infection may cause serious complications and reduce the quality of life. Therefore, studying helminths and understanding their biological characteristics, transmission routes, and impact on the human body is very important in medical biology and parasitology.

Anemia during pregnancy is a common condition that significantly affects both maternal and fetal health. The primary causes of anemia include deficiencies of iron, folate, and vitamin B12, high parity, chronic diseases, infections, and inadequate prenatal care. In mothers, anemia manifests with fatigue, pallor, and tachycardia, while in fetuses it may result in low birth weight, preterm birth, intrauterine growth restriction, and delayed development. Preventive and therapeutic strategies encompass iron, folate, and vitamin B12 supplementation, nutritional counseling, food fortification, treatment of infections, and regular prenatal monitoring. These interventions improve maternal and fetal health, reduce pregnancy-related complications, and contribute to long-term well-being.