The intricate relationship between gut microbiota and mental health is becoming more and more evident in recent research, which also highlights the involvement of the microbiota–gut–brain axis (MGBA) in the pathophysiology of mental and neurodevelopmental diseases. Disorders like depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's are linked to dysbiosis, or changes in the gut microbiota's composition. These microbial imbalances can affect brain function through a variety of mechanisms, including activation of the immune system, alteration of intestinal permeability, modulation of the digestive and central nervous systems, and changes in the production of neuroactive metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, serotonin, and tryptophan derivatives.An increasing amount of research indicates that a number of neurological illnesses are associated with notable alterations in the relative abundance and composition of the gut microbiota. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of the various microbiota that are changed in a variety of neurological conditions, including stroke, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). 52 trials totaling 5496 patients were included. The most commonly implicated bacteria at the genus level are Prevotella, Faecalibacterium and Akkermansia. With eight genera (Akkermansia, Butyricicoccus, Bifidobacterium, Coprococcus, Dorea, Faecalibacterium, Parabacteroides and Prevotella) shared by MS and PD and six genera (Enterococcus, Faecalibacterium, Lactobacillus, Parabacteroides, Prevotella and Roseburia) shared by PD and stroke, the overlap between the pathologies was greatest. The question of whether AD, PD, and MS share a shared origin or, more accurately, a common outcome is raised by the identifying markers for these diseases overlapping. The low number and poor power for AD, ALS, and stroke make interpretation difficult and provide a lot of room for false positive and false negative results.

Gut microbiota, multiple sclerosis, atrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, stroke.

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